Books by Faris Al-Fadhat
Rajawali Pers, 2023
Salah satu topik penting dalam studi internasional sepanjang lima tahun terakhir adalah hubungan ... more Salah satu topik penting dalam studi internasional sepanjang lima tahun terakhir adalah hubungan sekaligus kontestasi antara Amerika Serika dan Cina, khususnya Perang Dagang. Penelitian dan bacaan mengenai konflik perdagangan dua negara kekuatan ekonomi dunia ini sangat penting mengingat dampaknya yang sangat luas baik terhadap perekonomian global, konstelasi geopolitik, maupun kebijakan nasional negara-negara lain. Buku ini hadir ke tangan pembaca mengupas lebih dalam pertautan antara konflik perdagangan dan pertarungan kekuasaan serta ekspansi kapital dua negara sekaligus menunjukkan paradoks dari sistem neoliberalisme. Selain bertujuan sebagai referensi akademik bagi para peneliti dan mahasiswa, buku ini juga penting sebagai bacaan yang dapat dinikmati secara luas. Buku ini sekaligus bermanfaat bagi pembuat kebijakan dan pelaku bisnis dalam memaknai globalisasi ekonomi dan politik internasional.
Buku ini menghadirkan argumen baru sekaligus memperkuat pendekatan ekonomi politik dalam memahami konflik dagang. Bahwa perang dagang AS-Cina lebih dari sekadar persoalan ketidakseimbangan neraca perdagangan yang dialami oleh AS, melainkan merupakan hasil dari paradoks kapitalisme dan kontestasi kekuasaan antara dua kekuatan ekonomi dunia. Konflik dagang harus dipahami dalam kerangka kompetisi ekspansi kapital antara AS dan Tiongkok, terutama melalui aktivitas korporasi dan investasi internasional. Agresivitas ekspansi ekonomi Cina muncul sebagai ancaman terhadap dominasi AS dalam perekonomian global yang telah berlangsung selama beberapa dekade. Dalam konteks ini, kapitalisme tidak lagi mengampanyekan kerja sama ekonomi yang bebas, tetapi menumbuhkan model kebijakan proteksionisme radikal, yang secara teoretis bertentangan dengan petuah ekonomi neoliberal.
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Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2023
Buku ini mengupas transformasi konglomerat Indonesia, khususnya aktivitas ekonomi dan relasi poli... more Buku ini mengupas transformasi konglomerat Indonesia, khususnya aktivitas ekonomi dan relasi politik mereka dalam dua dekade terakhir. Dalam trajektorinya, para konglomerat—juga disebut dengan pengusaha besar swasta, kelompok bisnis, dan korporasi besar—mendominasi dan membentuk arah perekonomian Indonesia sejak tahun 1970-an hingga akhir 1990-an melalui kedekatan dan perlindungan dari pemerintah Orde Baru.
Meskipun hampir bangkrut dihantam krisis moneter Asia tahun 1997, disusul jatuhnya Presiden Soeharto sebagai patron politik, para konglomerat berhasil bangkit. Kali ini tidak saja kembali menguasai sektor-sektor strategis, tapi terlibat langsung dalam politik dan kebijakan pemerintah. Dalam perkembangannya, salah satu aspek yang tidak banyak mendapat perhatian adalah transformasi konglomerat Indonesia yang semakin terintegrasi ke dalam ekonomi global, yaitu melalui internasionalisasi kapital di pasar Asia Pasifik, khususnya Asia Tenggara, baik melalui merger, akuisisi, dan usaha patungan yang melibatkan perusahaan lintas negara.
Buku ini mengulas transfigurasi konglomerat Indonesia secara mendalam melalui studi terhadap proyek integrasi ekonomi di kawasan Asia Tenggara, yaitu kesepakatan regional Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN. Melalui pendekatan ekonomi politik, buku ini manawarkan argumen dan analisis baru bahwa proyek integrasi ekonomi regional sebenarnya bersumber pada proses perkembangan kapitalisme beserta kekuatan sosial dominan yang muncul di dalamnya. Dalam hal ini, kebangkitan, reorganisasi, dan ekspansi bisnis dari korporasi besar di pasar kawasan—termasuk konglomerat Indonesia—menjadi penopang dan pendorong kerja sama ekonomi regional ASEAN.
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Quatum, 2023
Di tengah kondisi dunia yang terus bergejolak, diwarnai perang Rusia Ukraina serta konflik perdag... more Di tengah kondisi dunia yang terus bergejolak, diwarnai perang Rusia Ukraina serta konflik perdagangan antara Amerika Serikat dan Cina, kebutuhan akan pemahaman yang menyeluruh atas situasi tersebut diperlukan. Meskipun terdapat beberapa perspektif dalam memaknai ekonomi dan politik global kontemporer, cara pandang yang melihat ke trajektori sejarah yang terjadi di masa lalu menjadi sangat penting. Buku ajar ini menawarkan pendekatan sejarah bagi pembaca. Secara khusus buku ini dapat menjadi bahan ajar pada mata kuliah Sejarah Politik Dunia di Program Studi Hubungan Internasional maupun Ilmu Politik. Buku ajar ini disusun secara praktis berdasarkan kajian teoretis dan tujuan kompetensi yang harus dikuasai oleh mahasiswa. Buku ajar ini memuat penjelasan, rangkuman, dan contoh praktis permasalahan mahasiswa dalam memahami sejarah politik global. Secara umum, buku ajar ini merangkum penjelasan sejarah dunia yang mempengaruhi politik global kontemporer, mulai dari munculnya dan ekspansi peradaban Muslim, kebangkitan peradaban Eropa melalui momentum renaisans, reformasi, dan demokratisasi, hingga periode yang sangat penting bagi abad modern yaitu Perang Dunia.
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Samudra Biru, 2023
Lembaga keuangan internasional seperti IMF dan Bank Dunia dibentuk sebagai respon terhadap pelbag... more Lembaga keuangan internasional seperti IMF dan Bank Dunia dibentuk sebagai respon terhadap pelbagai persoalan ekonomi dan pembangunan global pasca Perang Dunia II. Begitu juga AIIB yang dibentuk pemerintah China sejak 2016. Isu sentral yang menjadi perhatian lembaga keuangan internasional seperti peningkatan perdagangan global dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, mobilisasi kapital dan pasar internasional, hingga pembangunan infrastruktur di Asia dan negara-negara berkembang. Apakah peran tersebut dirasakan manfaatnya secara merata, khususnya oleh negara-negara berkembang? Salah satu lensa untuk melihat dampak tersebut melalui keterlibatan institusi finansial global ini dalam mendukung Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan atau Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) yang dirumuskan oleh PBB pada tahun 2015—sebuah proyek global besar yang ambisius dengan tujuan mulia mengentaskan segala bentuk kemiskinan dan kesengsaraan di dunia. Salah satu tantangan dari implementasi 17 target SDGs adalah pendanaan yang terbatas, terlebih bagi negara berpenghasilan rendah dan menengah. Lembaga keuangan internasional hadir memberikan pendanaan pada beragam program di berbagai negara yang berbeda. Buku ini hadir untuk melihat peran lembaga finansial global dalam program SDGs: apakah ia hadir sebagai pendorong ketercapaian SDGs atau justru menghambat dan menimbulkan persoalan baru. Buku ini mendiskusikan peran empat lembaga yaitu IMF, World Bank, WTO, dan AIIB pada berbagai proyek seperti kebijakan SDGs di ASEAN, krisis ekonomi di Argentina, ebakan utang di Sri Lanka, hingga program keluarga rarapan di Indonesia.
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Samudra Biru, 2022
Buku ini mengupas secara mendalam transformasi sosial, ekonomi, dam politik kawasan Asia Timur ya... more Buku ini mengupas secara mendalam transformasi sosial, ekonomi, dam politik kawasan Asia Timur yang selalu diwarnai oleh konteks yang lebih luas dari kontestasi geoekonomi dan geopolitik. Hal ini terejawantahkan dalam dua hal: Pertama, pembangunan ekonomi di kawasan ini berjalan sangat masif yang diikuti oleh internasionalisai kapital. Kedua, kuatnya persaingan ekonomi dan kekuasaan antara Jepang dan Cina, serta upaya Korea Selatan mengantisipasi ekspansi kapital Cina dan bagaimana negara gingseng ini mulai memainkan perannya sebagai middle-power di kawasan.
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Palgrave Macmillan, 2019
This book analyzes the social forces and political coalitions driving regional integration projec... more This book analyzes the social forces and political coalitions driving regional integration projects in Asia with a focus on ASEAN and Indonesian conglomerates. It asks which social forces, within the domestic political economy of Asian states, are driving governments to seek regional arrangements for economic governance. In particular the book asks how the emergence, reorganization, and expansion of capitalist class have conditioned political support for regional economic integration. By addressing these issues, the book emphasizes that the wellspring of regional economic institution projects stem from the process of capitalist development and the social forces it has unleashed. The book’s aims place the social and class relations that underpin regional projects – rather than the institutions which result from them—at the centre of the analysis of regional integration. The research for this account draws primarily on primary documents from archival and field research conducted by the author—including company documents and in-depth interviews, government reports and policies, and trade publications and data sources, which is supplemented with secondary sources where relevant.
Reviews:
“This book makes a valuable contribution to the literature on regional economic integration and regional economic governance through its case study of the ASEAN Economic Community project using a social relations approach. Faris Al-Fadhat shows, persuasively, that regional economic governance is best understood through the lens of the internationalization of capital, state transformation and social conflict. The work’s originality lies in building on and advancing earlier political economy works on ASEAN economic cooperation and integration that emphasized the importance of domestic social forces in shaping the form and outcomes of regional governance.” (Professor Helen E S Nesadurai, Monash University, Malaysia Campus)
“This book makes an important contribution to leading debates within political economy by explaining how evolving interests under late capitalism are intertwined with the emergence of novel patterns of governance in Southeast Asia. Faris Al-Fadhat’s book demonstrates how well-positioned and increasingly-internationalised fractions of capital had a distinct interest in delinking from their national confines and required a certain institutional architecture to be in place, at multiple levels, for this to happen. I am aware of no contemporary study of Southeast Asia or – more specifically – of Indonesia that has come close to what Al-Fadhat has achieved with this book.” (Associate Professor Toby Carroll, City University of Hong Kong)
“Proposing a new theoretical framework for understanding regional economic governance, this book eschews the problem-solving orientation of liberal and realist perspectives in favour of an approach that emphasizes the social foundations of state behaviour. This framework differs from much other work on the political economy of Southeast Asia—in particular work that has a national focus—by emphasizing the internationalization of capital, the emergence of internationalized fractions of capital, and their attendant effects on the region’s governance. Faris Al-Fadhat provides an original and innovative analysis that makes an important contribution to our understanding of the region’s political economy and the Indonesian state.” (Professor Andrew Rosser, The University of Melbourne, Australia)
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Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, perselisihan antara korporasi di sektor farmasi dan tembakau telah... more Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, perselisihan antara korporasi di sektor farmasi dan tembakau telah mengungkap sisi lain dari industri nikotin dan farmasi. Bahwa perdagangan produk-produk tembakau juga menunjukkan kontestasi kepentingan ekonomi dan politik antara perusahaan besar di dua sektor ini, baik di tingkat domestik maupun internasional. Karya monograf ini menjelaskan kemunculan konflik antara korporasi di sektor farmasi dan perusahaan di sektor tembakau (rokok) yang juga dikenal dengan istilah nicotine war, kontestasi perdagangan yang dimulai oleh beberapa korporasi farmasi disebabkan ancaman atas ekspansi bisnis dari industri rokok secara global. Secara spesifik, buku ini mengelaborasi bagaimana strategi yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan farmasi dalam mempertahankan kepentingan mereka di tengah semakin majunya sektor tembakau. Kehadiran monograf ini di tangan pembaca diharapkan dapat membuka diskusi lebih luas dan pengetahuan baru dalam kajian ekonomi politik internasional, khususnya perdagangan lintas negara antara aktor-aktor korporasi besar di sektor tembakau dan farmasi. Semoga kehadiran Monograf ini dapat memperkaya literatur dan bisa menjadi rujukan bagi penelitian lanjutan, khususnya para mahasiswa dan akademisi yang memberi minat besar terhadap pendekatan ekonomi politik dalam studi Hubungan Internasional.
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Palgrave Macmillan, 2020
This chapter examines the transformation of social classes and state forms in Southeast Asia. It ... more This chapter examines the transformation of social classes and state forms in Southeast Asia. It charts in particular the emergence of a fraction of the bourgeoisie with a strong international orientation, denoted partly in the forms of cross-border corporate mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures. Combined with broader shifts in the global political economy, this has generated pressures to transform Southeast Asian states, shifting them from a national-developmentalist orientation towards “regulatory statehood” with important transnationalised elements. This restructuring of the state enables its active role in facilitating the global expansion of capital through various regulations and negotiations. Accordingly, the political dominance of transnationalised capital is being organised in and through the internationalisation of the state.
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Pustaka Pelajar, 2019
Buku ini mengupas tentang ekonomi politik Jepang, khususnya perubahan kebijakan ekonomi luar nege... more Buku ini mengupas tentang ekonomi politik Jepang, khususnya perubahan kebijakan ekonomi luar negeri Jepang terhadap negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenaggara. Buku ini menelusuri perubahan politik luar negeri Jepang melalui peran dan polarisasi aktor-aktor politik domestik dalam proses pembuatan kebijakan politik luar negeri terhadap ASEAN. Studi kasus yang lebih spesifik adalah lahirnya Doktrin Koizumi, yang mana salah satu kebijakan politik cukup pentingnya adalah gagasan Jepang tentang kerjasama ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP). Kehadiran Doktrin Koizumi serta secara khusus AJCEP memiliki implikasi cukup penting bagi perubahan orientasi politik luar negeri Jepang di Asia Tenggara setelah itu. Perubahan tersebut misalnya, tampak ketika Shinzo Abe kembali menjadi Perdana Menteri di tahun 2012 hingga sekarang. Tidak saja dia memilih Asia Tenggara sebagai tujuan pertama kunjungan luar negerinya tetapi dia menjadi pemimpin Jepang yang pertama kali mengunjungi seluruh negara-negara anggota ASEAN pada periode pertamanya memimpin (2012-2013).
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Perth USAsia Centre, 2018
For the past two decades, the Indonesian economy has experienced significant growth and developme... more For the past two decades, the Indonesian economy has experienced significant growth and development, including major changes in its corporate structure.
Many Indonesian big businesses have transformed their integration with the global economy are moving from a focus on the domestic market, to become large
business groups seeking international linkages through trade and investment beyond the Indonesian market. International economic activity is not something
new for Indonesian businesses, which have been exporting and receiving foreign direct investment (FDI) for many decades. However, a recent qualitative change
has occurred as these businesses have become integrated into complex regional value chains and have emerged as leaders (rather than just followers) of regional economic integration. The transformation carried out by Indonesian businesses is part of an internationalisation strategy that has benefited from their business networks across Southeast Asia
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AIPSSA, 2017
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Prudent Media, 2012
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Prophetic Freedom, 2007
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Papers by Faris Al-Fadhat
Journal of Contemporary Asia, Jan 17, 2023
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Journal of Islamic World and Politics, Nov 29, 2022
This article examines the cybersecurity relations between China and the US under the Trump admini... more This article examines the cybersecurity relations between China and the US under the Trump administration. It explores the changes in the US cybersecurity policy in 2019, where the US government took a protectionist approach to ban the operation of China's software and hardware in the US, and how such a decision predisposes the trade war between the two countries, which President Trump previously started. Appling the political economy approach of the cybersecurity concept, this research argues that the protectionist cybersecurity policy by the Trump administration was driven by the US business interest followed by security concern to lead the global technological transformation, balance the international economy, and preserve the US citizen's big data. Such policy, nevertheless, has intensified the trade war between the US and China, specifically in the technology and big data sectors. This study contributes to the broader literature on cybersecurity that has been much discussed in recent years.
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Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2022
Purpose This study aims to investigate the opinion of a group of informants in Seoul – South Kore... more Purpose This study aims to investigate the opinion of a group of informants in Seoul – South Korea’s foremost destination – on the possibility of developing a halal tourism policy that is closer to the wishes of Muslim customers, which is also in line with Islamic principles. Design/methodology/approach This research investigated the perceptions of 17 key informants. The data was conducted through interview about the possibility of developing an industry that is more in line with the lifestyle of Muslim tourists and more in line with halal criteria. Findings This study shows that the idea is quite attractive, especially among Seoul tourism industry players and even the South Korean Government itself. Although the potential for halal tourism is recognized, its development is currently divided into three groups, namely, groups that support the development of the policy, groups that reject and groups who do not care about it. Originality/value The research in this paper shows further d...
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Jurnal PACIS, Nov 29, 2022
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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2021
This study focuses on the influence of Artificial Intelligence in the form of application (softwa... more This study focuses on the influence of Artificial Intelligence in the form of application (software) supporting South Korea’s halal tourism policy. Specifically, this study analyses the types of correlations between the software and the implementation of halal tourism policies in South Korea. This illustrates the influence of applications on users as Muslim tourists in South Korea. Thirty applications were randomly selected, and data were collected from Google Play Store devices through Android for the period between 2010-2020. In this study a qualitative approach was applied, and literature study was chosen to examine the data. Indicators available on the Google Play Store was used, complemented by the criteria of halal tourism collected by the authors from various sources. Based on these indicators, the results of the analysis revealed that more than 50 percent of the mentioned applications were helpful for users (Muslim tourists) led to a conclusion that artificial intelligence s...
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Nation State: Journal of International Studies, 2023
This article examines the factors shaping Indonesia's Local Content Requirements (LCR) policy on ... more This article examines the factors shaping Indonesia's Local Content Requirements (LCR) policy on the telecommunications manufacturing industry, specifically on the production of smartphones from 2015 to 2020. The LCR policy mandates both foreign and domestic corporations to utilize local content up to a specified minimum threshold. The Indonesia's LCR policy on the telecommunications industry is set at a minimum of 30%. This local content could be derived from labor, raw materials for product manufacturing, or investment. Nevertheless, the implementation of the Indonesia's LCR policy is considered contradictory to the previous government's endeavors to augment the level of foreign direct investment. This is because the LCR policy is seen as a protectionist measure that may potentially hinder foreign companies, thereby inducing a decrease in investment. This study applies a political economy approach with library research data collection methods and subsequently analyzed using qualitative methods. The result of this research shows that the Indonesian government's LCR policy is underpinned by two primary factors and interests. Firstly, it aims to support corporate interests, particularly the development of the local telecommunications industry. Secondly, the policy is motivated by a long-term ambition to increase the participation of Indonesian businesses in Global Value Chain (GVC) networks.
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Since the end of the Cold War, the forms, instruments and mechanisms of regional economic institu... more Since the end of the Cold War, the forms, instruments and mechanisms of regional economic institution in many parts of the globe have increasingly become a matter of scholarly debate. The prominent accounts emerging from International Relations (IR) theory draw attention to the functional process of such regional project. The problem with this perspective lies in the static notion of the state that separates it from the underlying processes of social forces and political coalitions. The political economy literature, on the contrary, with its focus on domestic politics places more analytical weight on the capitalist class and its position/s with respect to regional governance. Yet, even this literature is limited by its focus on the role of ‘national capital’. This obscures the role of internationalization process in constituting transnational or regionalized capitalist interests and forces. In contrast, this thesis develops a new social and class relations approach for explaining th...
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Books by Faris Al-Fadhat
Buku ini menghadirkan argumen baru sekaligus memperkuat pendekatan ekonomi politik dalam memahami konflik dagang. Bahwa perang dagang AS-Cina lebih dari sekadar persoalan ketidakseimbangan neraca perdagangan yang dialami oleh AS, melainkan merupakan hasil dari paradoks kapitalisme dan kontestasi kekuasaan antara dua kekuatan ekonomi dunia. Konflik dagang harus dipahami dalam kerangka kompetisi ekspansi kapital antara AS dan Tiongkok, terutama melalui aktivitas korporasi dan investasi internasional. Agresivitas ekspansi ekonomi Cina muncul sebagai ancaman terhadap dominasi AS dalam perekonomian global yang telah berlangsung selama beberapa dekade. Dalam konteks ini, kapitalisme tidak lagi mengampanyekan kerja sama ekonomi yang bebas, tetapi menumbuhkan model kebijakan proteksionisme radikal, yang secara teoretis bertentangan dengan petuah ekonomi neoliberal.
Meskipun hampir bangkrut dihantam krisis moneter Asia tahun 1997, disusul jatuhnya Presiden Soeharto sebagai patron politik, para konglomerat berhasil bangkit. Kali ini tidak saja kembali menguasai sektor-sektor strategis, tapi terlibat langsung dalam politik dan kebijakan pemerintah. Dalam perkembangannya, salah satu aspek yang tidak banyak mendapat perhatian adalah transformasi konglomerat Indonesia yang semakin terintegrasi ke dalam ekonomi global, yaitu melalui internasionalisasi kapital di pasar Asia Pasifik, khususnya Asia Tenggara, baik melalui merger, akuisisi, dan usaha patungan yang melibatkan perusahaan lintas negara.
Buku ini mengulas transfigurasi konglomerat Indonesia secara mendalam melalui studi terhadap proyek integrasi ekonomi di kawasan Asia Tenggara, yaitu kesepakatan regional Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN. Melalui pendekatan ekonomi politik, buku ini manawarkan argumen dan analisis baru bahwa proyek integrasi ekonomi regional sebenarnya bersumber pada proses perkembangan kapitalisme beserta kekuatan sosial dominan yang muncul di dalamnya. Dalam hal ini, kebangkitan, reorganisasi, dan ekspansi bisnis dari korporasi besar di pasar kawasan—termasuk konglomerat Indonesia—menjadi penopang dan pendorong kerja sama ekonomi regional ASEAN.
Reviews:
“This book makes a valuable contribution to the literature on regional economic integration and regional economic governance through its case study of the ASEAN Economic Community project using a social relations approach. Faris Al-Fadhat shows, persuasively, that regional economic governance is best understood through the lens of the internationalization of capital, state transformation and social conflict. The work’s originality lies in building on and advancing earlier political economy works on ASEAN economic cooperation and integration that emphasized the importance of domestic social forces in shaping the form and outcomes of regional governance.” (Professor Helen E S Nesadurai, Monash University, Malaysia Campus)
“This book makes an important contribution to leading debates within political economy by explaining how evolving interests under late capitalism are intertwined with the emergence of novel patterns of governance in Southeast Asia. Faris Al-Fadhat’s book demonstrates how well-positioned and increasingly-internationalised fractions of capital had a distinct interest in delinking from their national confines and required a certain institutional architecture to be in place, at multiple levels, for this to happen. I am aware of no contemporary study of Southeast Asia or – more specifically – of Indonesia that has come close to what Al-Fadhat has achieved with this book.” (Associate Professor Toby Carroll, City University of Hong Kong)
“Proposing a new theoretical framework for understanding regional economic governance, this book eschews the problem-solving orientation of liberal and realist perspectives in favour of an approach that emphasizes the social foundations of state behaviour. This framework differs from much other work on the political economy of Southeast Asia—in particular work that has a national focus—by emphasizing the internationalization of capital, the emergence of internationalized fractions of capital, and their attendant effects on the region’s governance. Faris Al-Fadhat provides an original and innovative analysis that makes an important contribution to our understanding of the region’s political economy and the Indonesian state.” (Professor Andrew Rosser, The University of Melbourne, Australia)
Many Indonesian big businesses have transformed their integration with the global economy are moving from a focus on the domestic market, to become large
business groups seeking international linkages through trade and investment beyond the Indonesian market. International economic activity is not something
new for Indonesian businesses, which have been exporting and receiving foreign direct investment (FDI) for many decades. However, a recent qualitative change
has occurred as these businesses have become integrated into complex regional value chains and have emerged as leaders (rather than just followers) of regional economic integration. The transformation carried out by Indonesian businesses is part of an internationalisation strategy that has benefited from their business networks across Southeast Asia
Papers by Faris Al-Fadhat
Buku ini menghadirkan argumen baru sekaligus memperkuat pendekatan ekonomi politik dalam memahami konflik dagang. Bahwa perang dagang AS-Cina lebih dari sekadar persoalan ketidakseimbangan neraca perdagangan yang dialami oleh AS, melainkan merupakan hasil dari paradoks kapitalisme dan kontestasi kekuasaan antara dua kekuatan ekonomi dunia. Konflik dagang harus dipahami dalam kerangka kompetisi ekspansi kapital antara AS dan Tiongkok, terutama melalui aktivitas korporasi dan investasi internasional. Agresivitas ekspansi ekonomi Cina muncul sebagai ancaman terhadap dominasi AS dalam perekonomian global yang telah berlangsung selama beberapa dekade. Dalam konteks ini, kapitalisme tidak lagi mengampanyekan kerja sama ekonomi yang bebas, tetapi menumbuhkan model kebijakan proteksionisme radikal, yang secara teoretis bertentangan dengan petuah ekonomi neoliberal.
Meskipun hampir bangkrut dihantam krisis moneter Asia tahun 1997, disusul jatuhnya Presiden Soeharto sebagai patron politik, para konglomerat berhasil bangkit. Kali ini tidak saja kembali menguasai sektor-sektor strategis, tapi terlibat langsung dalam politik dan kebijakan pemerintah. Dalam perkembangannya, salah satu aspek yang tidak banyak mendapat perhatian adalah transformasi konglomerat Indonesia yang semakin terintegrasi ke dalam ekonomi global, yaitu melalui internasionalisasi kapital di pasar Asia Pasifik, khususnya Asia Tenggara, baik melalui merger, akuisisi, dan usaha patungan yang melibatkan perusahaan lintas negara.
Buku ini mengulas transfigurasi konglomerat Indonesia secara mendalam melalui studi terhadap proyek integrasi ekonomi di kawasan Asia Tenggara, yaitu kesepakatan regional Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN. Melalui pendekatan ekonomi politik, buku ini manawarkan argumen dan analisis baru bahwa proyek integrasi ekonomi regional sebenarnya bersumber pada proses perkembangan kapitalisme beserta kekuatan sosial dominan yang muncul di dalamnya. Dalam hal ini, kebangkitan, reorganisasi, dan ekspansi bisnis dari korporasi besar di pasar kawasan—termasuk konglomerat Indonesia—menjadi penopang dan pendorong kerja sama ekonomi regional ASEAN.
Reviews:
“This book makes a valuable contribution to the literature on regional economic integration and regional economic governance through its case study of the ASEAN Economic Community project using a social relations approach. Faris Al-Fadhat shows, persuasively, that regional economic governance is best understood through the lens of the internationalization of capital, state transformation and social conflict. The work’s originality lies in building on and advancing earlier political economy works on ASEAN economic cooperation and integration that emphasized the importance of domestic social forces in shaping the form and outcomes of regional governance.” (Professor Helen E S Nesadurai, Monash University, Malaysia Campus)
“This book makes an important contribution to leading debates within political economy by explaining how evolving interests under late capitalism are intertwined with the emergence of novel patterns of governance in Southeast Asia. Faris Al-Fadhat’s book demonstrates how well-positioned and increasingly-internationalised fractions of capital had a distinct interest in delinking from their national confines and required a certain institutional architecture to be in place, at multiple levels, for this to happen. I am aware of no contemporary study of Southeast Asia or – more specifically – of Indonesia that has come close to what Al-Fadhat has achieved with this book.” (Associate Professor Toby Carroll, City University of Hong Kong)
“Proposing a new theoretical framework for understanding regional economic governance, this book eschews the problem-solving orientation of liberal and realist perspectives in favour of an approach that emphasizes the social foundations of state behaviour. This framework differs from much other work on the political economy of Southeast Asia—in particular work that has a national focus—by emphasizing the internationalization of capital, the emergence of internationalized fractions of capital, and their attendant effects on the region’s governance. Faris Al-Fadhat provides an original and innovative analysis that makes an important contribution to our understanding of the region’s political economy and the Indonesian state.” (Professor Andrew Rosser, The University of Melbourne, Australia)
Many Indonesian big businesses have transformed their integration with the global economy are moving from a focus on the domestic market, to become large
business groups seeking international linkages through trade and investment beyond the Indonesian market. International economic activity is not something
new for Indonesian businesses, which have been exporting and receiving foreign direct investment (FDI) for many decades. However, a recent qualitative change
has occurred as these businesses have become integrated into complex regional value chains and have emerged as leaders (rather than just followers) of regional economic integration. The transformation carried out by Indonesian businesses is part of an internationalisation strategy that has benefited from their business networks across Southeast Asia
Available at: https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/expanding-horizons-indonesias-regional-engagement-indo-pacific-era/
Keywords: Indonesian conglomerates; economic regionalism; ASEAN economic community; Indonesia