Papers by GONZALO BUTRON PRIDA
Rubrica Contemporanea, 2024
This work presents an approach to the absolutist sexennium based on a re-reading of the souvenirs... more This work presents an approach to the absolutist sexennium based on a re-reading of the souvenirs, memoirs and the correspondence of a series of exceptional personalities, mainly Spanish politicians and military officers, counterbalanced by the external view offered by the papers of the almighty Duke of Wellington and the impressions of the more anonymous George Ticknor, an American traveller who visited Spain in 1818. Taken together, these testimonies allow us to refine the prevailing view of these years, so that, along with its categorisation as a period entirely dominated by intolerance, reprisals, the king's double-dealing and the power of the so-called camarilla, it is also possible to consider the existence of other voices that enrich the characterisation of the king and his closest circle, and which also give an account of the attempts to develop a more pragmatic policy on key issues such as political repression, relations with American colonies or the resolution of the critical financial problem.
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Este volumen colectivo, en el que participan especialistas europeos y
americanos, aborda el estud... more Este volumen colectivo, en el que participan especialistas europeos y
americanos, aborda el estudio de la crisis de independencia
desencadenada en 1808 en la monarquía española, que quebraría las
bases sobre las que se había sustentado durante siglos el mundo
hispánico y que conduciría a la reformulación de las relaciones tanto
entre los españoles europeos y americanos -que durante unos años
serían planteadas en términos de enfrentamiento abierto-, como entre
los propios españoles americanos, que acabarían despojándose de su
condición de españoles mediante un complicado proceso que los llevó, a
diferencia de las antiguas colonias inglesas del norte de América, a
emprender por separado su trayectoria política libre de la tutela de la
España europea.
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G. Butrón (ed.). Actores, miradas y representaciones. La cuestión americana en el Trienio Liberal (1820-1823), Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2023, 2023
This paper studies the diplomatic relations between the Spanish liberal regime and the United Sta... more This paper studies the diplomatic relations between the Spanish liberal regime and the United States during the Liberal Triennium.
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A la lid. Cívicos aceros, patrias emergentes y lucha de ideas en el Trienio Liberal, 1820-1824, 2024
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J.-C. Caron et A. Dubet (dirs), La modernisation de l'Espagne. Entre réformes et conflits (XIXe-XXe sècles), 2023
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LETRAS LIBRES, 2023
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Barrientos, María del Mar y Lozano, Lola (Eds.): Revolución y diplomacia: el Trienio Liberal y America, 2023
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El Argonauta español, 2020
espanolCon el restablecimiento del liberalismo la prensa y la opinion publica recobrarian la vita... more espanolCon el restablecimiento del liberalismo la prensa y la opinion publica recobrarian la vitalidad perdida en 1814. A pesar de perder la posicion hegemonica disfrutada en el pasado, la prensa de Cadiz volvio a ser referente de la riqueza del debate politico durante el Trienio, asi como tambien de su enrarecimiento, que genero sucesivas polemicas en torno a los limites de la libertad, incluida la de prensa. EnglishThe restoration of Liberalism in 1820 allowed the press and the public opinion to regain the vitality evaded in 1814. Despite losing the hegemonic position enjoyed in the past, the Cadiz press once again became a reference for the knowledge of the richness of the political debate during the Triennium, as well as to understand its deterioration, which generated successive controversies around the limits of freedom, including that of the press. francaisLa restauration du liberalisme en 1820 a permis a la presse et a l'opinion publique espagnole de retrouver la vitalite perdue en 1814. Malgre la perte de la position hegemonique dont elle jouissait dans le passe, la presse de Cadix redevint une reference pour connaitre la richesse du debat politique au cours du Triennat liberal, ainsi que sa deterioration, qui a engendre des controverses successives sur les limites de la liberte, y compris celle de la presse.
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Pasado y Memoria, 2023
Although distant and opposed by definition, the different liberal and absolutist governments –whi... more Although distant and opposed by definition, the different liberal and absolutist governments –which replaced each other from the end of the Triennium to the beginning of the second restoration of absolutism– converged both in their failure to acknowledge the seriousness of the situation faced by the still officially Spanish provinces in America, and in their inability to provide feasible proposals to solve it, largely because of their reluctance to give up the idea of keeping the Spanish monarchy united and to
assume that, at least in some territories, the process of independence was non-reversible. The result was a failure of their policies, characterised by excessive idealism and lack of both pragmatism and material resources. On the liberal side, the initial optimism about the idea of achieving conciliation both by giving up the use of force and by trusting the goodness of the recently recovered Cádiz constitutional framework, came up against an obstacle that proved insurmountable: the inability to negotiate with the Americans considering independence an alternative. On the absolutist side,
the lack of resources to put together a new expedition made it necessary to look for other ways of re-establishing Ferdinand’s sovereignty in America. Among them stands out the idea of holding a European conference in Paris, with a view to reaching an arrangement compatible with the Spanish king rights; however, failure to secure the United Kingdom involvement prevented the initiative from succeeding. The result was the frustration of any conciliatory approach and the thwarting of the chances of fostering future relations on the basis of reciprocity and mutual recognition.
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Pasado y Memoria, 2023
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El pacifismo en España desde 1808 hasta el «No a la Guerra» de Iraq , 2023
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HISPANIA NOVA, 21, 2023
This paper analyses the challenges and tensions caused by the policy of moderation inspired by Fr... more This paper analyses the challenges and tensions caused by the policy of moderation inspired by France in 1823 as an alternative to the Spanish constitutional regime. French proposals barely convinced a moderate minority, while their royalist allies clung to absolutism and strongly resisted the political concessions, rendering useless in this respect the enormous military and economic effort made by France during the military campaign. From October onwards, once freed from constitutional control, Ferdinand VII confirmed this same intransigent policy, avoiding any concession, however moderate it might be. He also promoted a policy of punishing the vanquished, which he tried to impose despite the pressure exerted by his allies to grant a wideranging amnesty.
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Andalucia En La Historia, 2014
El artículo analiza la evolución de la política española durante los meses finales de 1813 e inic... more El artículo analiza la evolución de la política española durante los meses finales de 1813 e iniciales de 1814, esto es, entre la liberación de Fernando VII y su entrada en Madrid, que marcan un período de enorme incertidumbre en torno al futuro político del régimen constitucional
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Ayer, 2022
Resumen: Este trabajo estudia las claves de la política exterior española du-rante el Trienio Con... more Resumen: Este trabajo estudia las claves de la política exterior española du-rante el Trienio Constitucional y su claro impacto en la pérdida de posi-ciones de España en Europa y América. En la primera, el régimen liberal no logró frenar el acoso de las potencias legitimistas e, incapaz de tejer alianzas estratégicas, acabó luchando en solitario y perdiendo la batalla por la supervivencia. En América, la apuesta del nuevo régimen por la negociación fracasó ante la resistencia a ceder al reconocimiento previo de la independencia exigido por sus antiguas provincias, todo ello en un contexto marcado por los fuertes intereses económicos y geoestratégicos puestos en juego en aquel continente, que presionaron a favor del reco-nocimiento internacional de los nuevos Estados americanos. Palabras clave: liberalismo, política exterior, Trienio Constitucional, in-dependencia americana.
Abstract: This article studies Spanish foreign policy during the Constitutional Triennium and Spain's resulting loss of influence in Europe and America. In Europe, the liberal regime failed to deflect the continual harassment by the absolutist powers. Unable to forge strategic alliances, it waged an isolated and losing battle against them. In the Americas, the new regime's commitment to negotiation failed due to its resistance to grant independence to its former provinces. The strong economic and geostrategic interests at stake in the continent favoured the international recognition of the new American states.
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Ayer, 2001
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Revista De Historia De El Puerto, 1998
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Signos Históricos, 2021
This paper studies the different political scenarios raised during the Liberal Trienni... more This paper studies the different political scenarios raised during the Liberal Triennium in Spain as an alternative to the Constitution of 1812, whose strength as a symbol constrained the public debate on its perfectibility. On the one hand, it analyzes the moderate proposals for constitutional reform, among which were those of the former afrancesados; on the other hand, it explores the political universe of the royalists, which came to propose intermediate proposals beyond the idea of a complete return to absolutism
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Rubrica Contemporánea, 2020
La movilización armada de la sociedad propiciada por la revolución liberal incluyó el fomento de... more La movilización armada de la sociedad propiciada por la revolución liberal incluyó el fomento de la idea de comprometer con el nuevo orden a los ciudadanos completos, aquellos que no solo habían de disfrutar en exclusiva de los derechos políticos, sino también del derecho a portar armas. Se formaron, en consecuencia, una serie de milicias ciudadanas dependientes normalmente de los ayuntamientos y con un fuerte componente de clase, herederas en gran medida de las ya existentes en la Edad Moderna, pero con la particularidad de contar con un significado y una implicación política muy superior. La necesidad de defender lo propio, junto al interés por posicionarse en el nuevo escenario abierto por la revolución, sacó a las burguesías locales de su aversión a los alistamientos y las implicó ampliamente en los nuevos cuerpos armados. Sin embargo, las milicias acabaron resultando un problema conforme el Antiguo Régimen fue derrotado y la revolución fue revisada en sentido moderado. Por un lado, por las pugnas internas por su control, y por otro por su conversión en foco de contestación del poder central, sobre todo cuando estaba ocupado por el enemigo político.
ABSTRACT The military mobilization of society fostered by the liberal revolution included the promotion of the idea of the entire citizenship committing to the new order. They were not only to enjoy political rights alone, but also the right to bear arms. Consequently, a series of citizen militias, usually dependent on the municipalities and with a strong class component, were formed, heirs to a large extent of those existing in the Modern Age, but with the particularity of having much greater political implications and significance. The need to defend their own interests, together with the importance of them achieving strategic positions in the new scenario opened by the revolution, shook the local bourgeoisies from their usual aversion to enlistment and led them to get involved in these new armed militias. However, as the Old Regime was defeated and the revolution was revised towards a more moderate stance the militias became a problem: On the one hand, because of internal struggles for their control, and on the other, due to them becoming a focus of opposition to the central power, especially when the position was occupied by the political enemy.
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Bulletin d'Histoire Contemporaine de l'Espagne, 2020
The besieged Cádiz of 1823 was an exceptional political arena, in which the final act of the mo... more The besieged Cádiz of 1823 was an exceptional political arena, in which the final act of the movement initiated by Spanish liberalism in 1820 was represented. Internationally abandoned, constricted by an increasingly complete blockade, unable to massively mobilize the population and without military and financial resources enough to believe in a possible victory, the Spanish liberals faced the dilemma of resisting with honor or to negotiate and renounce the constitutional regime of 1812. In this article we analyze the series of tensions and misunderstandings caused by this dilemma, which ended up cracking the foundations of the liberal family facing, among others, the king, the government and the Cortes.
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Papers by GONZALO BUTRON PRIDA
americanos, aborda el estudio de la crisis de independencia
desencadenada en 1808 en la monarquía española, que quebraría las
bases sobre las que se había sustentado durante siglos el mundo
hispánico y que conduciría a la reformulación de las relaciones tanto
entre los españoles europeos y americanos -que durante unos años
serían planteadas en términos de enfrentamiento abierto-, como entre
los propios españoles americanos, que acabarían despojándose de su
condición de españoles mediante un complicado proceso que los llevó, a
diferencia de las antiguas colonias inglesas del norte de América, a
emprender por separado su trayectoria política libre de la tutela de la
España europea.
assume that, at least in some territories, the process of independence was non-reversible. The result was a failure of their policies, characterised by excessive idealism and lack of both pragmatism and material resources. On the liberal side, the initial optimism about the idea of achieving conciliation both by giving up the use of force and by trusting the goodness of the recently recovered Cádiz constitutional framework, came up against an obstacle that proved insurmountable: the inability to negotiate with the Americans considering independence an alternative. On the absolutist side,
the lack of resources to put together a new expedition made it necessary to look for other ways of re-establishing Ferdinand’s sovereignty in America. Among them stands out the idea of holding a European conference in Paris, with a view to reaching an arrangement compatible with the Spanish king rights; however, failure to secure the United Kingdom involvement prevented the initiative from succeeding. The result was the frustration of any conciliatory approach and the thwarting of the chances of fostering future relations on the basis of reciprocity and mutual recognition.
Abstract: This article studies Spanish foreign policy during the Constitutional Triennium and Spain's resulting loss of influence in Europe and America. In Europe, the liberal regime failed to deflect the continual harassment by the absolutist powers. Unable to forge strategic alliances, it waged an isolated and losing battle against them. In the Americas, the new regime's commitment to negotiation failed due to its resistance to grant independence to its former provinces. The strong economic and geostrategic interests at stake in the continent favoured the international recognition of the new American states.
ABSTRACT The military mobilization of society fostered by the liberal revolution included the promotion of the idea of the entire citizenship committing to the new order. They were not only to enjoy political rights alone, but also the right to bear arms. Consequently, a series of citizen militias, usually dependent on the municipalities and with a strong class component, were formed, heirs to a large extent of those existing in the Modern Age, but with the particularity of having much greater political implications and significance. The need to defend their own interests, together with the importance of them achieving strategic positions in the new scenario opened by the revolution, shook the local bourgeoisies from their usual aversion to enlistment and led them to get involved in these new armed militias. However, as the Old Regime was defeated and the revolution was revised towards a more moderate stance the militias became a problem: On the one hand, because of internal struggles for their control, and on the other, due to them becoming a focus of opposition to the central power, especially when the position was occupied by the political enemy.
americanos, aborda el estudio de la crisis de independencia
desencadenada en 1808 en la monarquía española, que quebraría las
bases sobre las que se había sustentado durante siglos el mundo
hispánico y que conduciría a la reformulación de las relaciones tanto
entre los españoles europeos y americanos -que durante unos años
serían planteadas en términos de enfrentamiento abierto-, como entre
los propios españoles americanos, que acabarían despojándose de su
condición de españoles mediante un complicado proceso que los llevó, a
diferencia de las antiguas colonias inglesas del norte de América, a
emprender por separado su trayectoria política libre de la tutela de la
España europea.
assume that, at least in some territories, the process of independence was non-reversible. The result was a failure of their policies, characterised by excessive idealism and lack of both pragmatism and material resources. On the liberal side, the initial optimism about the idea of achieving conciliation both by giving up the use of force and by trusting the goodness of the recently recovered Cádiz constitutional framework, came up against an obstacle that proved insurmountable: the inability to negotiate with the Americans considering independence an alternative. On the absolutist side,
the lack of resources to put together a new expedition made it necessary to look for other ways of re-establishing Ferdinand’s sovereignty in America. Among them stands out the idea of holding a European conference in Paris, with a view to reaching an arrangement compatible with the Spanish king rights; however, failure to secure the United Kingdom involvement prevented the initiative from succeeding. The result was the frustration of any conciliatory approach and the thwarting of the chances of fostering future relations on the basis of reciprocity and mutual recognition.
Abstract: This article studies Spanish foreign policy during the Constitutional Triennium and Spain's resulting loss of influence in Europe and America. In Europe, the liberal regime failed to deflect the continual harassment by the absolutist powers. Unable to forge strategic alliances, it waged an isolated and losing battle against them. In the Americas, the new regime's commitment to negotiation failed due to its resistance to grant independence to its former provinces. The strong economic and geostrategic interests at stake in the continent favoured the international recognition of the new American states.
ABSTRACT The military mobilization of society fostered by the liberal revolution included the promotion of the idea of the entire citizenship committing to the new order. They were not only to enjoy political rights alone, but also the right to bear arms. Consequently, a series of citizen militias, usually dependent on the municipalities and with a strong class component, were formed, heirs to a large extent of those existing in the Modern Age, but with the particularity of having much greater political implications and significance. The need to defend their own interests, together with the importance of them achieving strategic positions in the new scenario opened by the revolution, shook the local bourgeoisies from their usual aversion to enlistment and led them to get involved in these new armed militias. However, as the Old Regime was defeated and the revolution was revised towards a more moderate stance the militias became a problem: On the one hand, because of internal struggles for their control, and on the other, due to them becoming a focus of opposition to the central power, especially when the position was occupied by the political enemy.
Este volumen se acerca a la historia de este fracaso dirigiendo la mirada hacia una serie de actores y representaciones hasta ahora no tan explorados y cuyo examen aporta nuevos matices que enriquecen el conocimiento y el debate en torno al modo en que se ultimó, casi por completo, el final de la presencia española en América. Tomando el Trienio como referente principal, aunque no en un sentido restrictivo, este conjunto de trabajos transita por la nostalgia de mundos pasados que fueron y que se pensaron que podían ser, como el recreado por los fidelistas durante la agonía del Perú colonial, por los veteranos italianos de las guerras napoleónicas o por un antiguo virrey que hubo de buscar acomodo en el oscuro y triste Madrid del absolutismo restaurado; repara también en los hombres de ciencia y en los negociantes, obligados a reconducir sus trayectorias vitales cosmopolitas y adaptarlas a las fronteras levantadas sobre unos mundos antes abiertos al continuo trasiego de ideas y mercancías; finalmente, se preocupa por el modo en que los Estados Unidos se posicionaron ante el horizonte de oportunidades que le abría la América postespañola.
Cádiz, 31 de mayo - 2 de junio de 2023
La obligada atención a la forma de articular los medios de asegurar la propia supervivencia del liberalismo peninsular relegó a un segundo plano la cuestión americana, de ahí que la atención de este encuentro se dirija a la recuperación de los escenarios de debate, la generación de expectativas y las respuestas y propuestas que fueron planteadas durante el Trienio en torno a la cuestión americana, en la que tantos actores e intereses estaban implicados.
Jueves 23 de febrero
https://www.lac.ox.ac.uk/event/lac-history-seminar-series-el-sueno-monarquico-de-francia-la-cuestion-americana-y-los-cien-mil