Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences

Perfectionism, as a personality characteristic, is considered as an enduring tendency to set exceedingly high standards and struggle to realize them. The purpose of this study was to determine validity and reliability of the Persian version of Dun and colleagues sport perfectionism-2 (2010), respectively. In this regard and to confirm the construct validity of the questionnaire, 420 male and female athletes with different skill levels (novice, non-elite and elite) in 10 team and individual sports, selected by random sampling and then completed the questionnaire. For this purpose, the first using a translation - back translation method, content and face validity of Persian version of questionnaire were confirmed by 3 sport psychologists and 3 English teaching specialists. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on structural equations was used for validation of structure of questionnaire, Cronbach alpha coefficient was used for validation of internal consistency of questionnaire, and intra-class correlation coefficient under test-retest method with 2-week interval was used to study temporal reliability. The results showed that the first model of sports perfectionism scale was not support the favorable fit and thus does not confirm the validity of the first measurement model (42 questions). But after eliminating the three questions, the second model with 39 questions, had acceptable fit index (RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.91, TLI = 0.90), internal consistency (α>0/70), and temporal reliability (α>0/75), indicating good validity and reliability of modified Persian version of sport perfectionism scale. Therefore, The Persian version of the modified sport perfectionism-2 scale can be characterized as a tool to study and evaluate the personality traits of Iranian athletes will benefit.

Background: Nowadays the widespread use of cell phones has increased concerns about the biological effects of electromagnetic fields on human body. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of physical activity in moderating the effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) emitted from cell phones on rat locomotor activity. Material and Methods: Male Albino-Wistar rats (no=70) were divided into seven groups: Short and Longterm physical activity; Control, ELF-EMF; Sham; Long-term physical activity+ELF-EMF; Short-term physical activity+ELF-EMF. Short and Longterm physical activity groups were forced to daily treadmill running (30 minutes) for one week and one month, respectively. ELF-EMF group was exposed to ELF-EMF cell phone simulator for three hours during the period. Having placed in the ELF-EMF simulator device, the physical activity+ELF-EMF groups were transferred to treadmill. Locomotor activity were analyzed as distance, time and speed of ...

The purpose of this study was to determine the construct validity and reliability of Persian version of the Athletes Coping Strategies Questionnaire in Competitive Sport. A number of 258 athletes (108 male and 158 female) were selected and completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and discriminate validity and Cronbach Alpha Coefficient were used to determine the construct validity and internal consistency. The results showed that the first model of coping strategies questionnaire in competitive sport (39 questions) was not favorable fit indexes. After eliminating the four questions of the social withdrawal factor, the second model with 35 questions had acceptable fit index and internal consistency. MANOVA test results also showed significant differences in using the coping strategies of thought control, mental imagery, logical analysis, and disengagement /resignation between elite and sub-skilled groups and between skilled and sub-skilled groups and inventing of unp...

Understanding and promoting positive aspects of well-being in older adults is important given the growing number of older adults. The main purpose of this study was to investigatethe relationship between optimism, self-actualization, religious orientation and psychological well being on active and non active olders. The results indicate that positive significant relationship between optimism, selfactualization, and religious orientation with psychological well being on active and non active olders. Optimism, self-actualization, religious orientation can predict active olders and non active olders psychological well being.

Understanding and promoting positive aspects of well-being in older adults is important given the growing number of older adults. The main purpose of this study was to investigatethe relationship between optimism, self-actualization, religious orientation and psychological well being on active and non active olders. The results indicate that positive significant relationship between optimism, selfactualization, and religious orientation with psychological well being on active and non active olders. Optimism, self-actualization, religious orientation can predict active olders and non active olders psychological well being.

Zinc and selenium are essential minerals and have roles for more than 300 metabolic reactions in the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate how exhaustive exercise affects testosterone levels and plasma lactate in cyclists who were supplemented with oral zinc and selenium for 4 weeks. For this reason, 32 male road cyclists were selected equally to four groups: PL group, placebo; Zn group, zinc supplement (30 mg/day); Se group, selenium supplement (200 μg/day); and Zn–Se group, zinc–selenium supplement. After treatment, free, total testosterone, and lactate levels of subjects were determined before and after exhaustive exercise. Resting total, free testosterone, and lactate levels did not differ significantly between groups, and were increased by exercise (P > 0.05). Serum total testosterone levels in Zn group were higher than in Se group after exercise (P P P > 0.05). The results showed that 4-week simultaneous and separately zinc and selenium supplementation had no significant effect on resting testosterone and lactate levels of subjects who consume a zinc and selenium sufficient diet. It might be possible that the effect of zinc supplementation on free testosterone depends on exercise.

The present study aimed to identify factors affecting the tendency of former elite wrestlers to drug abuse. The study was conducted with three different approaches toward this phenomenon, namely bio-medical, psychological and sociological approaches.
In this regard, an attempt was made to identify the above-mentioned factors, using Grounded Theory and in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was carried out using three phases of coding, including selective, axial and open coding. The acquired data from the interviews, were identified in three distinct paradigms and ultimately were presented as a larger model which reflects the factors from the three approaches' perspectives.
Based on what the participants said, in each approach, different factors were identified. In our paradigm model of bio-medical factors affecting former elite wrestlers' tendency to drug abuse, the following factors were identified: motivation and sexual drive, intensive exercises and injuries as causal factors; physical pain as mediating factor; retirement age and first experience with drugs as moderating factors and finally physiological need and doping as contextual factors.
In our paradigm model of psychological approach we came up with these factors: pleasure-seeking, adjustment disorder with stress, traumatic experience and sport-related feelings of anxiety as causal factors; depression and mood changes as mediating factors; cognitive errors and a lack of sports counseled as moderating factors, and finally low self-confidence and arrogance as contextual factors.
From the perspective of sociological approach, our model included the following factors: social discrimination and a lack of wholesome fun as causal factors; loss of dignity and a feeling of being forgotten as mediating factors; effect of media and disorganized sports programs for former athletes as moderating factors; and finally socioeconomic status (SES), availability of drugs and sports level as contextual factors.
Ultimately the combination of these three models lead to our final model.
It was noticeable that the athletes' drug abuse in all three approaches developed in four stages as follows: recreation drug abuse, variety of drug use, continuity of drug use and finally compulsion to use drugs. At first the consequences of drug abuse were pleasant to them, but after a while, drug abuse resulted in unpleasant and harmful consequences in terms of physical, psychological and social issues.

Background: Exercise is one of the methods affecting cardiovascular adaptation, but its cellular and molecular pathways and mechanisms are unknown. T-Box Transcription Factor 5 (TBX5) gene seems to be one of the factors involved in regulating cardiac hypertrophy. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8-week exercise program with different intensities on the expression of TBX5 gene in the heart of male Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 24 male adult Wistar rats were divided into three groups of High Intensity Training (HIT), Low Intensity Training and (LIT) and control. Training groups performed the exercise program for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week. The exercise program for the HIT group consists of running on a treadmill with five 8-min intervals at 85-90% VO2 max intensity divided into 2-min intervals at 50-60% VO2 max intensity, while for the LIT group it was included five 8-min intervals with 50-60% VO2 max intensity divided into 2-m...