Abstract

Introduction

With increased early detection of prostate cancer and high survival rates, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) has been playing an ever more important role in patient care. An ideal HRQOL instrument is brief to administer and comprehensively covers multiple areas related to HRQOL. Indeed, instruments measuring illness-specific domains reflect HRQOL among prostate cancer patients more accurately, since urinary incontinence, bowel function and sexual activity are particularly important ^1,2. Abbreviated forms of longer instruments that maintain their breadth without significantly sacrificing reliability have been developed for the general population (e.g., SF-12) ³. At the same time, item reduction has played a critical part of developing the often-used Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) scale for oncology patients ⁴ and the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA-SI) for patients with obstructive voiding ⁵.

The 50-item Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC) instrument ⁶ was developed and validated to expand the scope of the 20-item University of California, Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index (UCLA-PCI) by adding items on irritative symptoms and to assess the impact of hormonal therapy ⁷. The EPIC-50 instrument includes urinary incontinence and irritation/obstruction items, along with bowel, sexual and vitality/hormonal domains, each with function and bother sub-domains. Although comprehensive, its initial 50-item version is a lengthy tool to administer and its length can be even more problematic when combined with other patient-report questionnaires. Therefore, we sought to develop a reduced length version of EPIC tool to facilitate its use in research as well as routine prostate cancer care.

Material and Methods

Item Reduction

In order to create a shorter version of the EPIC (Figure 1), all items were assessed for elimination using an iterative process. Item-scale correlations were assessed for each item; items with weaker correlations were dropped. When two items, such as a bother and function, focused on the same concept, the one with the higher item-scale correlation was retained. Items deemed to be measuring constructs that were particularly clinically relevant were more likely to be retained. After the initial set of drops, new domain scores were calculated. A full battery of psychometric tests was completed (Cronbach's alpha, item-scale correlations and test-retest reliability coefficients) and each domain was correlated with the corresponding scores from the full EPIC-50. This process was repeated until all psychometric properties reached acceptable levels. Just as in the original EPIC, all domains for EPIC-26 are reported on a 0 to 100 score, with higher scores representing favourable HRQOL ⁶.

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Figure 1

EPIC-26: The 26-item Extended Prostate Index Composite questionnaire (50% reduction in size of usable hardcopy format).

Results

The complete, ready to use EPIC-26 is depicted in Figure 1, with 26 of the 50 items from the original 50-item EPIC retained for the abbreviated instrument (Table 1). Since the urinary incontinence domain contained only 4 items in the full length EPIC-50 (item-scale correlation r ≥0.66 for each) each of these 4 items were retained in EPIC-26. Of the 7 items in the EPIC-50 urinary irritation/obstruction domain, dysuria and weak stream bother items were retained in EPIC-26 based on having the highest correlation with the domain score, while hematuria frequency items were kept for content. Of the 14 items in the EPIC-50 bowel domain, 3 bother items (urgency, frequency, pain) and the overall problem item were retained in EPIC-26 based on having the highest item-scale correlation, while fecal incontinence and hematochezia items were retained for content. Of the 13 items in the EPIC-50 sexual domain, 5 function items (poor erections, difficulty with orgasm, erection not firm, erection not reliable and poor sexual function) were retained in EPIC-26 based on having the highest item-scale correlation, while the overall sexuality problem item was retained for content. Of the 11 items in the EPIC-50 vitality/hormonal domain, 2 items (depression, lack of energy) were retained in EPIC-26 based on having the highest correlation with the domain score and 3 items (hot flashes, breast problems and weight change) were kept for content. Function and bother scales of the EPIC-50 were collapsed into single domains to reduce the number of items and because their correlation within a domain was high (r =0.64-0.87) ⁶. The final EPIC-26 instrument contains 5 multi-item domains: urinary incontinence (4 items), urinary irritation/obstruction (4 items), bowel (6 items), sexual (6 items) and vitality/hormonal function (5 items); in addition, the EPIC-26 retains the single item measure of overall urinary bother from the UCLA-PCI. This item is retained as a distinct measure from the urinary incontinence and urinary irritative subscales because it has overlapping conceptual and biometric correlation with both of these distinct subscales. Missing data were minimal, with a median of 7 (2.8%) missing responses for the 26 items (range 2 [0.8%] to 14 [5.6%]).

Table 1

Correlation between individual items and total scores for the EPIC-50 and EPIC-26 among prostate cancer patients treated with brachytherapy, external-beam radiation and radical prostatectomy (n=252).

Quality-of-life domain and EPIC questionnaire item	Item number		Item-scale correlation
	EPIC-50**	EPIC-26	EPIC-50	EPIC-26
Urinary domains
Incontinence subscale (4)
Leaking >1 time per day*	1	1	0.75	0.75
Frequent dribbling*	4	2	0.77	0.77
Any pad use*	5	3	0.66	0.66
Leaking problem*	6	4.a	0.83	0.83
Irritation/obstruction subscale (4)
Dysuria	7	4.b	0.77	0.65
Hematuria	8	4.c	0.36	0.32
Weak stream	9	4.d	0.69	0.67
Frequency	11	4.e	0.66	0.61
Overall urinary problem (1)*	12	5	n/a	n/a
Bowel domain (6)
Urgency	20	6.a	0.74	0.77
Frequency	21	6.b	0.80	0.81
Fecal incontinence	23	6.c	0.68	0.65
Bloody stools	24	6.d	0.59	0.55
Rectal pain	25	6.e	0.74	0.65
Overall bowel problem*	26	7	0.83	0.83
Sexual domain (6)
Poor erections*	28	8.a	0.83	0.86
Difficulty with orgasm*	29	8.b	0.73	0.68
Erections not firm*	30	9	0.77	0.79
Erections not reliable*	31	10	0.79	0.81
Poor sexual function*	35	11	0.82	0.80
Overall sexuality problem*	39	12	0.58	0.50
Vitality or hormonal domain (5)
Hot flashes	45	13.a	0.50	0.38
Breast problems	46	13.b	0.39	0.31
Depression	48	13.c	0.70	0.62
Lack of energy	49	13.d	0.65	0.58
Weight change	50	13.e	0.49	0.42

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^*These 12 items (1, 2, 3, 4.a, 5, 7, 8.a, 8.b, 9, 10, 11, 12) are the original UCLA-PCI items ⁷, retained for generalizability and clinically significant assessment. Item 5 in EPIC-50 and item 12 in EPIC-26 are the UCLA Urinary bother item, and because this item related to both the incontinence and irritative/obstructive scale in factor analyses and conceptual content, the item is not included in either the irritative/obstructive nor in the urinary incontinence scale, but is retained to enable assessment of overall urinary bother as might be influenced by either or both of these domains.

^**Item numbers are taken from the published version of EPIC-50 ⁶.

Summary scores for the 26-item EPIC tool correlate strongly with the corresponding summary scores for the original EPIC-50 (r ≥0.96 for all summary domains; Table 2), whereas each EPIC-26 domain score is conceptually distinct from the other domains and merits distinct measure, for example that the urinary irritative/obstructive domain is distinct from urinary incontinence, with only moderate correlation between these 2 conceptually distinct domains (r = 0.36-0.41; Table 2). We have previously shown that EPIC-50 HRQOL domain scores have low correlations with other instruments that were not specific to prostate cancer ⁶. The one exception was a strong correlation between the AUA-SI and the EPIC-50 irritation/obstruction urinary scale (r =0.77); the Pearson correlation coefficient between the EPIC-26 urinary irritative/obstructive domain and the AUA-SI is 0.79.

Table 2

Correlation between EPIC-26 and EPIC-50 domain scores.

	EPIC-26 domain
EPIC-50 HRQOL domain	Urinary
	Incontinence	Irritation or obstruction	Bowel	Sexual	Vitality or hormonal
Urinary summary
Incontinence	1.00	0.41	0.20	0.23	0.27
Irritation or obstruction	0.36	0.97	0.40	0.24	0.38
Bowel summary	0.19	0.39	0.97	0.21	0.48
Sexual summary	0.21	0.29	0.25	0.96	0.28
Hormonal summary	0.27	0.40	0.44	0.27	0.96

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Correlation r for convergent EPIC-26 and EPIC-50 domains are highlighted in bold and underlined typeface.

Finally, we determined the characteristics of each EPIC-26 domain summary score (Table 3). Modest ceiling effects are evident in the urinary, bowel, and vitality/hormonal scores, and not in the sexual HRQOL score, with 31-46% of subjects scoring the maximum possible score in these domains. Nevertheless, each of the five domain summary scores had strong internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.70-0.90) and reliability (test-retest reliability coefficient=0.69-0.90).

Table 3

Characteristics of EPIC-26 domain-specific scores.

HRQOL domain	Mean score (SD)	Scoring minimum (%)	Scoring maximum (%)	Median (Range)	Cronbach's alpha	Test-retest
Urinary
Incontinence	83.2 (22.9)	1.3	46.4	93.8 (0.0-100.0)	0.86	0.87
Irritation or obstruction	80.5 (20.2)	0.4	24.7	87.5 (0.0-100.0)	0.74	0.80
Bowel	85.0 (19.3)	0.0	34.0	91.7 (8.3-100.0)	0.89	0.86
Sexual	34.4 (28.1)	13.5	0.4	30.5 (0.0-100.0)	0.90	0.90
Vitality or hormonal	87.1 (15.0)	0.0	30.8	90.0 (30.0-100.0)	0.70	0.69

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Comment

The development of HRQOL instruments requires a balance between clinical usefulness and comprehensiveness. Lengthy HRQOL questionnaires can often be shortened, eliminating redundant items, while minimizing sacrificed validity, as has been achieved during the development and validation of the AUA-SI ⁵ and other tools ^3,4. The 8-item AUA-SI was developed from an initial 16 questions, which were reduced to one bother item and 7 function items. Of the function questions, 6 (emptying, frequency, intermittency, urgency, weak stream and nocturia) were retained for their high correlation with the bother item while the hesitancy item was kept for content.

The UCLA-PCI was selected as the foundation for the EPIC because, at the time of EPIC development, the UCLA-PCI had already been broadly used, had robust construct validity and was the first instrument to have been validated for measurement of patient-reported outcomes in early stage prostate cancer. The initial 50-item version of the EPIC instrument retained 17 of the original UCLA-PCI questions; retained and refined the assessment of urinary incontinence, bowel/rectal, and sexual domains that comprised the range of HRQOL queried by UCLA-PCI; and expanded the scope of HRQOL assessment to include urinary irritative/obstructive and vitality/hormonal domains not covered in the UCLA-PCI. The brief format of EPIC-26 retains these 5 domains and 12 of the original UCLA-PCI questions, achieving the goal of being both clinically useful and retaining the comprehensiveness of the original EPIC.

EPIC-26 has been used in a multi-center, prospective study of change in prostate cancer HRQOL after primary treatment for early stage prostate cancer in 1201 men ⁹. Findings from this study, which are relevant to general use of the EPIC-26, include observed pre-treatment EPIC HRQOL scores that can be considered as reflecting norms among men with early stage prostate cancer who have not yet undergone treatment. The mean pre-treatment scores were 93.5 for urinary incontinence, 87.8 for urinary irritation/obstruction, 95.9 for bowel/rectal, 70.7 for sexual and 92.1 for the vitality/hormonal HRQOL domain scores.

Several other instruments have been developed for measuring prostate cancer-specific HRQOL outcomes. The 29-item instrument developed by Clark and Talcott ¹⁰ was validated in patients treated with prostatectomy or external-beam radiation, spanning urinary incontinence and irritation/obstruction, bowel and sexual domains, but did not include questions in the vitality/hormonal domain. The instrument used by Madalinska et al. ² consists of the UCLA-PCI urinary and bowel domains and a sexual function module previously developed in patients with erectile dysfunction ¹¹, as the UCLA-PCI sexual domain was deemed insufficiently detailed. It does not include a vitality/hormonal or urinary irritation/obstruction domain. The tool published by Giesler et al. ¹² consists of urinary, sexual, bowel and cancer worry domains. While it includes a unique anxiety domain, the 52-item tool is lengthy and does not distinguish between urinary incontinence and irritative/obstructive symptoms. The 12-item FACT - Prostate module ¹³ was developed in patients with more advance prostate cancer than the setting queried by EPIC and does not distinguish between urinary, bowel, sexual and vitality/hormonal domains, providing a single summary score instead of individual domain scores. The 17-item Prostate Cancer Outcomes Study ¹⁴ used 5 of the original UCLA-PCI urinary incontinence and bowel questions along with a new sexual function domain, but it did not include urinary irritation/obstruction or vitality/hormonal domains.

The EPIC-26 is a broadly accepted, user-friendly instrument that measures HRQOL concerns related to early prostate cancer. EPIC has been used to asses the impact of aging on domain-specific HRQOL ¹⁵, satisfaction and regret with prostatectomy ¹⁶, erectile dysfunction in patient treated with external beam radiation ¹⁷ and HRQOL among patients treated with bladder preservation therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer ¹⁸. Having been successfully used in the field by several investigative teams suggests the EPIC has robust construct validity. Although EPIC-26 improves the ease of administration, the EPIC-50 remains valuable whenever there is a need to evaluate function as distinct from bother.

Our development and validation of EPIC-26 presented herein has limitations. The abbreviated EPIC-26 takes about 10 minutes to complete, and although this length is more practical for widespread research use than are longer versions, it may nevertheless be cumbersone to administer routinely in some clinical practice settings. Accordingly, in the next phase of refinement of the EPIC instrument we plan to explore item reduction and format revision to facilitate ease of administration further; however, excessive item reduction can compromise reliability of a patient-report instrument. ⁸ Another potential limitation of this study was our use, for item reduction, of cohort data that had been collected some 10 years previously. Nevertheless, the contemporary relevance of EPIC-26 has been ascertained in a subsequent, contemporary, multi-center study, and ultimately a robust HRQOL instrument should retain relevance through an extended period of time, as exemplified by the SF-36 and other tools. ³

The EPIC-26 is a validated short form of EPIC-50 that has been effectively employed to follow long-term domain-specific changes in HRQOL among prostate cancer survivors in single-centre ¹⁹ and multi-institutional studies, ⁹ with the latter having been facilitated by availability of a telephone script for administration of EPIC-26 by phone survey or Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI). In practice, the EPIC-26 instrument is completed quickly, taking 10-15 minutes to administer ⁹, making it a comprehensive and practical tool for use in research and making it less onerous than the 50-item EPIC for use either in combination with other patient-report instruments or for efficient administration in routine clinical practice.

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Footnotes

References