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- Hi ha dues hipòtesis principals respecte als orígens de la civilització etrusca en la primera Edat del ferro: desenvolupament autòcton in situ fora de la cultura de Villanova, o colonització d'Itàlia des del Pròxim Orient. La tesi d'una població autòctona que va divergir genèticament ha estat suggerida com a possibilitat per Cavalli-Sforza. La classificació per part d'Helmut Rix de l'etrusc com a integrant de la família de llengües tirrenes, amb el lemni i el rètic, reflecteix aquesta ambigüitat. Rix veu l'etrusc relacionat amb el rètic, la llengua parlada en el Alps, al nord d'Etrúria, suggerint connexions autòctones, però d'altra banda el Lemni la llengua trobada a la "Estela de Lemnos" sembla relacionat també amb l'etrusc, el que implica o bé una presència etrusca a Lemnos o bé una expansió tirrènica cap a l'Egeu. El lemni podria haver arribat a la Mar Egea durant l'Edat del bronze Tardana, quan els governants micènics van reclutar grups de mercenaris de Sicília, Sardenya i d'altres parts de la península italiana. La llengua dels etruscs era d'una família diferent de la dels pobles itàlics i celtes veïns, que parlaven llengües indoeuropees. L'estudi més novell del mtDNA (2013) suggereix que el etruscs estan molt a prop de la població neolítica d'Europa Central i de les altres poblacions toscanes. Això coincideix amb el rètic llengua que va ser parlada al nord del Alps en l'àmbit de la cultura dels camps d'urnes d'Europa Central. La cultura de Villanova es va conformar a partir de la cultura de les urnes cap a l'any 1.100 aC i aquesta cultura és anterior a la civilització etrusca. (ca)
- Otázka původu Etrusků není v současnosti zcela objasněna. Již od starověku se lze setkat s různými hypotézami. Současné archeologické výzkumy některé z nich zcela či částečně vyloučily, na straně druhé se však objevily nové teorie. V bádání o Etruscích se samotná otázka jejich původu objevuje často a je považována za významnou, všeobecně však platí, že kultura, kterou označujeme jako „etruskou“, se vyvinula teprve na území Etrurie v Itálii. (cs)
- In antiquity, several theses were elaborated on the origin of the Etruscans from the 5th century BC, when the Etruscan civilization had been already established for several centuries in its territories, that can be summarized into three main hypotheses. The first is the autochthonous development in situ out of the Villanovan culture, as claimed by the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus who described the Etruscans as indigenous people who had always lived in Etruria. The second is a migration from the Aegean sea, as claimed by two Greek historians: Herodotus, who described them as a group of immigrants from Lydia in Anatolia, and Hellanicus of Lesbos who claimed that the Tyrrhenians were the Pelasgians originally from Thessaly, Greece, who entered Italy at the head of the Adriatic sea. The third hypotheses was reported by Livy and Pliny the Elder, and puts the Etruscans in the context of the Rhaetian people to the north and other populations living in the Alps. The first Greek author to mention the Etruscans, whom the Ancient Greeks called Tyrrhenians, was the 8th-century BC poet Hesiod, in his work, the Theogony. He mentioned them as residing in central Italy alongside the Latins. The 7th-century BC Homeric Hymn to Dionysus referred to them as pirates. Unlike later Greek authors, such as Herodotus and Hellanicus, these earlier Greek authors did not suggest that Etruscans had migrated to Italy from elsewhere. According to prehistoric and protohistoric archaeologists, anthropologists, etruscologists, geneticists, linguists, all the evidence gathered so far points to an autochthonous origin of the Etruscans. Moreover, there is no archeological evidence for a migration of the Lydians or the Pelasgians into Etruria. It was only in the 5th century BC, when the Etruscan civilization had been established for several centuries, that Greek writers started associating the name "Tyrrhenians" with the "Pelasgians" or the "Lydians". There is consensus among modern scholars that these Greek accounts did not contain true facts that actually happened. The earliest evidence of a culture that is identifiably Etruscan dates from about 900 BC: this is the period of the Iron Age Villanovan culture, considered to be the earliest phase of Etruscan civilization, which itself developed from the previous late Bronze Age Proto-Villanovan culture in the same region, part of the central European Urnfield culture system. Helmut Rix's classification of the Etruscan language in the Tyrsenian language family reflects the ambiguity of the stories about their origins. Rix finds Etruscan on the one hand genetically related to the Rhaetic language spoken in the Alps north of Etruria, suggesting autochthonous connections, but on the other hand he notes that the Lemnian language found on the "Lemnos stele" is closely related to Etruscan, entailing either Etruscan presence in "Tyrsenian" Lemnos, or "Tyrsenian" expansion westward to Etruria. After more than 90 years of archaeological excavations at Lemnos, nothing has been found that would support a migration from Lemnos to Etruria, the indigenous inhabitants of Lemnos, also called in ancient times Sinteis, were the Sintians, a Thracian population. Some scholars believe the Lemnian language might have arrived in the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from Sicily, Sardinia and various parts of the Italian peninsula. Other scholars have concluded that the Lemnian inscriptions might be due to an Etruscan commercial settlement on the island that took place before 700 BC, not related to the Sea Peoples. An mtDNA study published in 2013 concluded that the Etruscans' mtDNA appears very similar to that of Neolithic population from Central Europe and to other Tuscan populations. This coincides with the Rhaetic language, which was spoken south and north of the Alps in the area of the Urnfield culture of Central Europe. The Villanovan culture, the early period of the Etruscan civilization, derives from the Proto-Villanovan culture that branched from the Urnfield culture around 1200 BC. An autochthonous population that diverged genetically was previously suggested as a possibility by Cavalli-Sforza. A 2019 genetic study by Stanford, published in the journal Science, which analyzed the autosomal DNA of 11 Iron Age samples from the areas around Rome, concluded that Etruscans (900-600 BC) and the Latins (900-200 BC) from Latium vetus were genetically similar, and Etruscans also had Steppe-related ancestry despite speaking a pre-Indo-European language. A 2021 genetic study by Max Planck Institute, Universities of Tübingen, Florence, and Harvard, published in the journal Science Advances, analyzed the autosomal DNA of 48 Iron Age individuals from Tuscany and Lazio and confirmed that the Etruscan individuals displayed the ancestral component Steppe in the same percentages as found in the previously analyzed Iron Age Latins, and that the Etruscans' DNA completely lacks a signal of recent admixture with Anatolia or the Eastern Mediterranean, concluding that the Etruscans were autochthonous and they had a genetic profile similar to their Latin neighbors. Both Etruscans and Latins joined firmly the European cluster, 75% of the Etruscan male individuals were found to belong to haplogroup R1b, especially R1b-P312 and its derivative R1b-L2 whose direct ancestor is R1b-U152, while the most common mitochondrial DNA haplogroup among the Etruscans was H. (en)
- Comme dans le cas de beaucoup d'autres peuples, les avis des historiens, antiques et modernes, diffèrent à propos de l'origine des Étrusques, exogène (lydienne) ou autochtone (villanovienne), sans que l'une soit nécessairement exclusive de l'autre. Le consensus actuel (2021) parmi les archéologues, ainsi que les études de paléogénétique, favorisent l'hypothèse d'un développement autochtone. (fr)
- Sull'origine e la provenienza degli Etruschi è fiorita nei secoli una vasta letteratura, non solo in ambito storico e archeologico. Le teorie esposte dalle fonti storiche a partire dal V secolo a.C., ovvero cinquecento anni dopo le prime manifestazioni in Italia della civiltà etrusca, appaiono infatti piuttosto discordanti; tale circostanza dimostra che sull'argomento non vi era tra i Greci un'identità di visioni. Considerate le strette relazioni commerciali e culturali tra Greci ed Etruschi è verosimile ritenere che gli stessi Etruschi non possedessero una propria tradizione su un'eventuale provenienza da altre aree del Mediterraneo o d'Europa; se tale tradizione fosse esistita, gli storici greci e latini l'avrebbero certamente riferita. Le tesi sull'origine degli Etruschi elaborate nell'antichità possono essere suddivise in due filoni: l'origine orientale e l'origine autoctona. Un terzo filone, riguardante un'origine settentrionale del popolo etrusco, si basa su alcune considerazioni dello storico romano Tito Livio a proposito della popolazione alpina dei Reti ma fu elaborato dagli storici solamente durante il XVIII ed il XIX secolo. Le tesi antiche hanno dato vita a un lungo dibattito, gli studiosi moderni hanno messo in dubbio che le tesi antiche contenessero sempre fatti realmente accaduti, e hanno concluso che fossero delle narrazioni, in molti casi, basate su invenzioni totalmente artificiose. Tutte le evidenze fino a oggi raccolte dall'archeologia preistorica e protostorica, dall'antropologia, dall'etruscologia, e dalla genetica, sono in favore dell'origine autoctona degli Etruschi. La fase più antica della civiltà etrusca è la cultura villanoviana, attestata a partire dal IX secolo a.C., che deriva, a sua volta, dalla cultura protovillanoviana (XII - X secolo a.C.). (it)
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- Otázka původu Etrusků není v současnosti zcela objasněna. Již od starověku se lze setkat s různými hypotézami. Současné archeologické výzkumy některé z nich zcela či částečně vyloučily, na straně druhé se však objevily nové teorie. V bádání o Etruscích se samotná otázka jejich původu objevuje často a je považována za významnou, všeobecně však platí, že kultura, kterou označujeme jako „etruskou“, se vyvinula teprve na území Etrurie v Itálii. (cs)
- Comme dans le cas de beaucoup d'autres peuples, les avis des historiens, antiques et modernes, diffèrent à propos de l'origine des Étrusques, exogène (lydienne) ou autochtone (villanovienne), sans que l'une soit nécessairement exclusive de l'autre. Le consensus actuel (2021) parmi les archéologues, ainsi que les études de paléogénétique, favorisent l'hypothèse d'un développement autochtone. (fr)
- Hi ha dues hipòtesis principals respecte als orígens de la civilització etrusca en la primera Edat del ferro: desenvolupament autòcton in situ fora de la cultura de Villanova, o colonització d'Itàlia des del Pròxim Orient. La tesi d'una població autòctona que va divergir genèticament ha estat suggerida com a possibilitat per Cavalli-Sforza. La llengua dels etruscs era d'una família diferent de la dels pobles itàlics i celtes veïns, que parlaven llengües indoeuropees. (ca)
- In antiquity, several theses were elaborated on the origin of the Etruscans from the 5th century BC, when the Etruscan civilization had been already established for several centuries in its territories, that can be summarized into three main hypotheses. The first is the autochthonous development in situ out of the Villanovan culture, as claimed by the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus who described the Etruscans as indigenous people who had always lived in Etruria. The second is a migration from the Aegean sea, as claimed by two Greek historians: Herodotus, who described them as a group of immigrants from Lydia in Anatolia, and Hellanicus of Lesbos who claimed that the Tyrrhenians were the Pelasgians originally from Thessaly, Greece, who entered Italy at the head of the Adriatic s (en)
- Sull'origine e la provenienza degli Etruschi è fiorita nei secoli una vasta letteratura, non solo in ambito storico e archeologico. Le teorie esposte dalle fonti storiche a partire dal V secolo a.C., ovvero cinquecento anni dopo le prime manifestazioni in Italia della civiltà etrusca, appaiono infatti piuttosto discordanti; tale circostanza dimostra che sull'argomento non vi era tra i Greci un'identità di visioni. Considerate le strette relazioni commerciali e culturali tra Greci ed Etruschi è verosimile ritenere che gli stessi Etruschi non possedessero una propria tradizione su un'eventuale provenienza da altre aree del Mediterraneo o d'Europa; se tale tradizione fosse esistita, gli storici greci e latini l'avrebbero certamente riferita. (it)
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