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- For each household, we sum all income earned by prime-age household members from casual labor and total labor costs for farm and non-farm businesses. For each consumption quintile, we then compute the total casual payments as a fraction of total casual earnings for all households across all quintiles. Let eq t and pq t denote casual earnings and casual payments, respectively, for households in consumption quintile q at date t. We compute for each quintile fq 2000 = pq 2000 q eq 2000 . The resulting fractions are reported in the sixth row of Table 8. As expected the fraction of total casual earnings paid by households in the lower quintiles is much lower than the fraction paid by households in the upper quintiles. These fractions sum to less than one across consumption quintiles because some casual labor earnings come from urban employers.
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- FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION ONLY A Appendix A.1 History of Public Works Programs in India India has a long history of providing public works dating back to British rule. Three largescale public works programs deserve specic mention. First is the Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme passed in 1976 and still in force today. The NREGA is in part based on the design of the Maharashtra EGS. The NSS Employment Survey shows a signicant amount of work in public works employment both before and after the introduction of the NREGA in the state of Maharashtra.
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