Albalate, D. and Bel-Piñana, P. 2016. Winners and Losers in Toll Motorway Renegotiations: an empirical evaluation of the Spanish pioneers. Public Money and Management, 36(5), 365-372.

Albalate, D. and Bel, G. 2012. Motorways, tolls and road safety: evidence from Europe. SERIEs, 3, 457473.

Albalate, D. and Rosell, J. 2019. On the efficiency of toll motorway companies in Spain. Research in Transportation Economics, 76, 100747.

Albalate, D., and Bel, G. 2009. Regulating concessions of toll motorways: An empirical study on fixed vs. variable term contracts. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 43, 219-229.

Amdal, E., Bardsen, G., Johansen, K. and Welde, M. 2007. Operating costs in Norwegian toll companies. Transportation, 34, 681-695.

Assaf, A.G., Gillen, D. and Barros, C. 2012. Performance assessment of UK airports: evidence from a Bayesian dynamic frontier model. Transportation Research Part E, 48, 603-615.

Atkinson, S.E. and Primont, D. (2002). Stochastic estimation of firm technology, inefficiency, and productivity growth using shadow cost and distance functions. Journal of Econometrics, 108(2), 203225.

Baeza, M.A. and Vassallo, J.M. 2010. Private concession contracts for toll roads in Spain: analysis and recommendations. Public Money & Management, 30, 299-304.

Bel, G., Bel-Piñana, P. and Rosell, J. 2017. Myopic PPPs: risk allocation and hidden liabilities for taxpayers and users. Utilities Policy, 48, 147-156.

Benfratello, L., Iozzi, A. and Valbonesi. 2009. Technology and incentive regulation in the Italian motorways industry. Journal of Regulatory Economics, 35, 301-221.

Chang, V. and Tovar, B. 2014. Drivers explaining the inefficiency of Peruvian and Chilean ports terminals. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 67, 190-203.

Choi, O., Stefanou, S.E. and Stokes, J.R. 2006. The dynamics of efficiency improving allocation. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 25(1), 159-171.

Chung, D. and Hensher, D.A. 2018. Public private partnerships in the provision of tolled roads: shared value creation, trust and control. Transportation Research Part A, 118, 341-359.

Colombi, R., Martini, G. and Vittadini, G. 2017. Determinants of transient and persistent hospital efficiency: the case of Italy. Health Economics, 26, 5-22.

Cornwel, C., Schmidt, P. and Sickles, R.C. 1990. Production frontiers with cross–sectional and time-series variation in efficiency levels. Journal of Econometrics, 46(1), 185–200.

Das, A., and Kumbhakar, S.C. 2016. Markup and efficiency of Indian banks: an input distance function approach. Empirical Economics, 51(4), 1689-1719.

De Palma, A. and Lindsey, R. 2000. Private toll roads: Competition under various ownership regimes. The Annals of Regional Science, 34, 13–35.

Elburz, Z., Nijkamp, P. and Pels, E. 2017. Public infrastructure and regional growth: Lessons from metaanalysis. Journal of Transport Geography, 58, 1-8.

Emvalomatis, G. 2012. Adjustment and unobserved heterogeneity in dynamic stochastic frontier models. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 37, 7-16.

Emvalomatis, G., Stefanou, S.E. and Lansik, A.O. 2011. A reduced-form model for dynamic efficiency measurement: application to dairy farms in Germany and The Netherlands. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 93(1), 161-174.

Engel, E., Fischer, R. and Galetovic, A. 2001b. Least-present-value-of-revenue auctions and highway franchising. Journal of Political Economy, 109(5), 993–1020.

Engel, E., Fischer, R. and Galetovic, A. 2007. The basic public finance of Public-Private Partnerships. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(1), 83-111.

Filippini, M. and Greene, W. H. 2016. Persistent and transient productive inefficiency: A maximum simulated likelihood approach. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 45(2), 187–196.

Filippini, M., Geissmann, T. and Greene, W.H. 2018. Persistent and transient cost efficiency – an application to the Swiss hydropower sector. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 49, 65-77.

Galán, J. and Pollitt, M.G. 2014. Inefficiency persistence and heterogeneity in Colombian electricity utilities. Energy Economics, 46, 31-44.

Galán, J., Veiga, H. and Wiper, M.P. 2015. Dynamic effects in inefficiency: evidence from the Colombian banking sector. European Journal of Operational Research, 240, 562-571.

Greene, W. 2005a. Fixed and random effects in stochastic frontier models. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 23, 7–32.

Greene, W. 2005b. Reconsidering heterogeneity in panel data estimators of the stochastic frontier model. Journal of Econometrics, 126, 269-303.

Grout, P.A. 2003. Public and Private sector discount rates in public-private partnerships. The Economic Journal, 113(486), C62-C68.

Hart, O. 2003. Incomplete contracts and Public Ownership: remarks, and an application to Public-Private Partnerships. The Economic Journal, 113(486), C69-C76.

Holl, A. 2011. Factors influencing the location of new motorways: large scale motorway building in Spain.

Kumbhakar, S.C. 1990. Production frontiers, panel data, and time-varying technical inefficiency. Journal of Econometrics, 46(1), 201–211.

Kumbhakar, S.C. 2012. Specification and estimation of primal production models. European Journal of Operational Research, 217, 509-518.

Kumbhakar, S.C. 2013. Specification and estimation of multiple output technologies: a primal approach. European Journal of Operational Research, 231, 465-473.

Kumbhakar, S.C. and Lien, G. 2017. Yardstick Regulation of Electricity Distribution – a Disentangling Short Run and Long-Run Inefficiencies. The Energy Journal, 38(5), 17-37.

Lu, Z. and Meng, Q. 2018. Impacts of pavement deterioration and maintenance cost on Pareto-efficient contracts for highway franchising. Transportation Research Part E, 113, 1-21.

Maritime Economics & Logistics, 9, 148–171 Turró, M and Penyalver, D. 2019. Hunting white elephants on the road. A practical procedure to detect harmful projects of transport infrastructure. Research in Transportation Economics, 75, 3-20.

Maskin, E. and Tirole, J. 2008. Public-private partnerships and government spending limits. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 26(2), 412-420.

Massiani, J. and Ragazzi, G. 2008. Costs and efficiency of highway concessionaires: a survey of Italian operators. European Transport, 38, 85-106.

Melo, P. C., Graham, D. J. and Brage-Ardao, R. 2013. The productivity of transport infrastructure investment: A meta-analysis of empirical evidence. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 43(5), 695-706.

Minviel, J.J. and Sipiläinen, T. 2018. Dynamic stochastic analysis of the farm subsidy-efficiency link: evidence from France. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 50, 41-54.

Newbery, D.M. 1988. Road damage externalities and road user charges. Econometrica, 56(2): 295-316.

Odeck, J. 2008. How efficient and productive are road toll companies? Evidence from Norway. Transport Policy, 15, 232-241.

Odeck, J. 2019. Estimating and predicting the operational costs of road tolls: an econometric assessment using panel data. Transportation Research Part A, 130, 466-478.

Odeck, J. and Welde, M. 2017. The accuracy of toll road traffic forecasts: an econometric evaluation. Transportation Research Part A, 101, 73-85.

Odeck, J., and Bråthen, S. 2002. Toll financing in Norway: The success, the failures and perspectives for the future. Transport Policy, 9, 253-260.

Pitt, M.M. and Lee, L.F. 1981. The measurement and sources of technical inefficiency in the Indonesian weaving industry. Journal of Development Economics, 9, 43-64.

Sarmento, J., Renneboog, L. and Verga-Matos, P. 2017. Measuring highway efficiency by a DEA approach and the Malmquist index. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 17(4), 530551.

Skevas, I., Emvalomatis, G. and Brümmer, B. 2018a. Productivity growth measurement and decomposition under a dynamic efficiency specification: the case of German dairy farms. European Journal of Operational Research, 271, 250-261.

Skevas, I., Emvalomatis, G. and Brümmer, B. 2018b. Heterogeneity of long-run technical efficiency of German dairy farms: a Bayesian approach. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 69(1), 58-75.

Small, K.A. and Winston, C. 1988. Optimal Highway durability. American Economic Review, 78(3): 560569.

Smith, A. S. 2012. The application of stochastic frontier panel models in economic regulation: Experience from the European rail sector. Transportation Research Part E, 48(2), 503-515.

Spiegelhalter, D., Best, N., Carlin, B., and van der Linde, A. (2002). Bayesian measures of model complexity and fit. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 64(4), 583–616.

Trujillo, L., and Tovar, B. 2007. The European port industry: an analysis of its economic efficiency.

Tsionas, E.G. 2006. Inference in dynamic stochastic frontier models. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 21(5), 669–676.

Tsionas, E.G. and Kumbhakar, E.G. 2014. Firm heterogeneity, persistent and transient technical inefficiency: a generalized true random effects model. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 29(1), 110– 132.

Tsionas, E.G. and Mamatzakis, E.C. 2017. Adjustment costs in the technical efficiency: An application to global banking. European Journal of Operational Research, 256, 640-649.

Ubbels, B., and Verhoef, E. T. 2008. Auctioning concessions for private roads. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 42, 155-172.

Welde, M., and Odeck, J. 2011. The efficiency of Norwegian road toll companies. Utilities Policy, 19, 162171.

Xiao, F., Yang, H., and Han, D. 2007. Competition and efficiency of private toll roads. Transportation Research Part B, 41, 292-308.

Yarmukhamedov, S., Smith, A.S.J. and Thiebaud, J.C. 2020. Competitive tendering, ownership and cost efficiency in road maintenance services in Sweden: a panel data analysis. Transportation Research Part A, 136, 194-204.

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper

Full description at Econpapers || Download paper