Adkins R.L. 1991. “East European Economic Reform: Are New Institutions Emerging ?†Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXV, N2, June.
- Almost any change takes time and so do its repercussions (...) it takes time for successful modes of action to crystallize into institutions. It takes time even for the participants to find out which action was successful and which was not. It takes further time for such knowledge to become diffused among potential imitators (Lachmann, 1970, p.89). The creation process of new-original institutions follows logically the same kind of constraints and difficulties. One may recognise here the Mengerian distinction between pragmatic and organic institutions.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Bell M.W., Hoe E.K., Kochhar K. 1993. China at the Threshold of a Market Economy, International Monetary Fund, Occasional Paper, 107, September.
- Brown W.S. 1993. “Economic Transition in Estoniaâ€, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXVII, N 2, June.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Cao Y., Qian Y., Weingast B. 1999. From federalism, Chinese style to privatization, Chinese style, Economics of Transition, vol.7 (1).
Che J. and Qian Y. 1998. “Institutional Environment, Community Government, and Corporate Governance : Understanding China’s Township-Village Enterprisesâ€, The Journal of Law, Economics and Organization, vol.14, n1.
- Cook P. 1995. The move to the market ?, Saint-Martin Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Dulbecco Ph., Dutraive V. 1999. The Meaning of Market : Comparing Austrian and Institutional Economics, in Garrouste P., Ioannides S. (eds), Evolution and Path-dependence in Economic Ideas: Past and Present, Edward Elgar.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Elliott J.E., Dowlah A.F. 1993. “Transition Crises in the Post-Soviet Eraâ€, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXVII, N2, June.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Ericson R.E. 1991. The Classical Soviet-Type Economy: Nature of the System and Implications for Reform, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5, no. 4, pp.11-27.
- Fan G. 1995. Incremental Changes and dual-track transition: understanding the case of China, Economic Policy, December.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Fan G. 1996. Political Economy Perspective of China's Economic Transition, IDREC Working Paper, CERDI-University of Clermont 1 (France), November.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- For Jin and Hayes, the leading sectors that have successfully created positive feedbacks for economic transformation are the agricultural, service, and foreign trade and investment sectors (1997, p.86-91).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Giersch H. 1997. Privatization at the end of the century, Springer.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Groenewegen J. 1997. Institutions of Capitalisms: American, European, and Japanese Systems Compared, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, June, pp.333-47.
- Hirschman A.O. 1970. Exit, Voice and Loyalty, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Jefferson G.H., Rawski G. 1994. Enterprise Reform in Chinese Industry, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 8, Number 2, Spring, pp.47-70.
Jin D., Haynes K.E. 1997. Economic Transition at the Edge of Order and Chaos: China's Dualist and Leading Sectoral Approach, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXXI, No. 1, March, pp.79-101 Johnston M.F. 1999. “Beyond Regional Analysis : Manufacturing zones, Urban Employment and Spatial Inequality in Chinaâ€, The China Quaterly, January.
- Kornaï, J. 1990. “The Affinity between Ownership Forms and Coordination Mechanisms : The Common Experience of Reform in Socialist countriesâ€, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol.4, n3, summer 1990.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Koslowski R. 1992. Market Institutions, East European Reform, and Economic Theory, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXVI, No.3, September, pp.673-705.
Kozul-Wright R., Rayment P. 1997. The institutional hiatus in economies in transition and its policy consequences , Cambridge Journal of Economics, 21.
- Krug B. 1997. “Privatization in China : something to learn from?†in Giersch.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Lachmann L. 1970. The Legacy of Max Weber, Heinemann, London.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Lachmann L. 1979. The Flow of Legislation and the Permanence of the Legal Order, in Don Lavoie (ed.) (1994) : Expectations and the Meaning of Institutions, Essays in Economics by Ludwig Lachmann, Routledge, London.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lachmann L. 1994. On the economics of time and ignorance, in Boettke P., Prychitko D. (eds.) : The Market Process, Essays in Contemporary Austrian Economics, Edward Elgar.
- Langlois R. 1993. Orders and Organizations: Towards an Austrian Theory of Social Institutions, in Caldwell B.J. and Boehm St. (eds), Austrian Economics: Tensions and New Directions, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Li D. 1996. “A theory of Ambiguous Property Rights in Transition Economies : the Case of the Chinese non-state sectorâ€, Journal of Comparative Economics, 23.
- Li L.C. 1997. “Provincial Discretion and National Power : Investment Policy in Guandong and Shanghai, 1978-93â€, The China Quaterly.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Lichtenstein P.M. 1996. A New-Institutionalist Story about the Transformation of Former Socialist Economies: A Recounting and an Assessment, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXX, No. 1, March, pp.243-65.
Liew L.H. 1995. Gradualism in China's Economic Reform and the Role for a Strong Central State, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXIX, No. 3, September, pp.883-95.
Lin J.Y., Nugent J. B. 1995. Institutions and economic development, in Behrman J. and Srinivasan T.N. (eds), Handbook of Development Economics, Elsevier Science B.V. Lin J.Y., Cai F., Li Z. 1994. China's Economic Reforms, Pointers for Other Economies in Transition?, The World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper, 1310, June.
Murphy K.M., Shleifer A., Nishinh R.W. 1992. The transition to a Market Economy: Pitfalls of Partial Reform, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107, pp.889-906.
Naughton B. 1994. “Chinese Institutional Innovation and privatisation from Belowâ€, American Economic Review, May.
- Nelson R., Winter S. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge Mass.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- North D. 1986. The New Institutional Economics, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 142/1.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- North D. 1990. Institutions, institutional change and economic performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
North D. 1994. “Economic Performance Through Timeâ€, The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, N3, June.
- Oi J.C. 1995. The role of the Local State in China’s transitional Economy, The China Quaterly.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- On this point see, for example, Kornai’s work (1990). The reduction of transaction costs constitutes another incentive.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Ostas D.T. 1992. “Institutional Reform in East-Central Europe: Hungarian and Polish Contract Lawâ€, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXVI, N 2, June.
- Park A., Rozelle S., Wong C., Ren C. 1996. “ Distributional Consequences of Reforming Local Public Finance in Chinaâ€, The China Quaterly.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Perkins D. 1992. China's Gradual Approach to Market Reforms, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Discussion Paper No. 52, December.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Perkins D. 1994. Completing China's Move to the Market, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 8, Number 2, Spring, pp.23-46.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Putterman L. 1997. “On the past and future of China’s Township and Village-Owned Enterprisesâ€, World Development, vol.25, n10.
- Qian Y., Roland G. 1996. “The soft budget constraint in Chinaâ€, Japan and the World Economy, 8. Qian Y., Xu C. 1993. “Why China’s economic reform differ : the M-form hierarchy and entryexpansion of non-state sectorâ€, The Economy of Transition, n1.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Schlack R.F. 1993. “Going to Market in Bulgaria: Uphill on a Knife Edgeâ€, Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. XXVII, N 2, June.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Schotter A. 1981. The Economic Theory of Social Institutions, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- See Che and Qian (1998), for an historical analysis.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- See, for example, the numerous contributions to The Journal of Economic Issues, especially Adkins (1991), Ostas (1992), Koslowski (1992), Brown (1993), Elliot and Dowlah (1993), Schlack (1993), Liew (1995), Lichtenstein (1996)... “An institution provides means of orientation to a large number of actors. It enables them to co-ordinate actions by means of orientation to a common signpost†(Lachmann, 1970, p.45).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Singh A. 1993. The Plan, the Market and Evolutionary Economic Reform in China, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Discussion Paper No. 76, December.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Some are more fundamental than others in the sense that they are basic institutions of the society, they must exist before there can be markets which function smoothly (Lachmann, 1994, p.50). The issue is, of course, all the more important because the institutional change affects long-term plans. It is well known, however, that economic efficiency was not Mao’s main concern.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Sometimes little, or no, farm land remained in rural areas so that the distinction between urban and rural areas is not so clear (Putterman, 1997).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- That is a situation in which all institutions will easily fit into a coherent whole (Lachmann, 1970, p.69).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- That is, if the institutional framework rewards piracy then piratical organisations will come into existence; and if the institutional framework rewards productive activities then organisations-firms-will come into existence to engage in productive activities (North, 1994, p.361). Planning can simply stop its function as the central agency of resource allocation. One may recognise here the case of Russia.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Walder A.G. 1995. “Local governments as industrial firmsâ€, American Journal of Sociology, vol.101, n2, september.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Wong Ch. 1991 “Central-local relations in an era of fiscal decline. The paradox of fiscal decentralization in post-Mao Chinaâ€, The China Quaterly, 128.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Yang D.L. 1994. “Reform and restructuring of central-local relationsâ€, in Goodman and Segal.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Yang D.L. 1997. Beyond Beijing. Liberalization and the regions in China, Routledge.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Yusuf S. 1994. China's Macroeconomic Performance and Management During Transition, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 8, Number 2, Spring, pp.71-92.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now