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- Figure 8: Residualized Hannity-Carlson instrument values Notes: Figure 8 plots the values of our instrument, \ NonFoxHannityd × FoxShared, residualized by our minimum set of controls: Fox News’ and MSNBC’s share of cable in January 2018, Fox News’ share of television in January 2020, the population density of the county, the log of the county’s total population, the number of predicted TVs turned to non-Fox channels during Hannity, Tucker Carlson Tonight, and The Ingraham Angle.
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- Figure A3: OLS: R2 vs. coefficient estimates under combinations of controls Panel A: Estimates on log cases (March 14, 2020) Panel B: Estimates on log deaths (March 28, 2020) Notes: Figure A3 shows the relationship between the OLS coefficient estimates (y-axis) and the model R2 (x-axis) for log cases on March 14 (Panel A) and for log deaths on March 28 (Panel B) from specifications with every possible combination of our seven sets of county-level controls (race, geography, age, economic, education, health, politics) and our three levels of fixed effects (no fixed effects, census division fixed effects, and state fixed effects). We cluster standard errors at the DMA level.
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- Figure B4: 2SLS: robustness to combinations of controls Panel A: Estimates on cases (March 14, 2020) Panel B: Estimates on deaths (March 28, 2020) Notes: Figure B4 shows robustness of our two-stage least squares estimates for the specifications for log one plus cases on March 14 (Panel A) and log one plus deaths on March 28 (Panel B) under every possible combination of our seven sets of county-level controls (race, geography, age, economic, education, health, politics) and our three levels of fixed effects (no fixed effects, census division fixed effects, and state fixed effects). We cluster standard errors at the DMA level and report 90 percent and 95 percent confidence intervals for each model. Black points are not significant at the p < 0.1 level; blue points are significant at the p < 0.1 level; green points are significant at the p < 0.05 level, and red points are significant at the p < 0.01 level.
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- Figure C4: 2SLS: robustness to combinations of controls Panel A: Estimates on cases (March 14, 2020) Panel B: Estimates on deaths (March 28, 2020) Notes: Figure C4 shows robustness of our two-stage least squares estimates for the specifications for log one plus cases on March 14 (Panel A) and log one plus deaths on March 28 (Panel B) under every possible combination of our seven sets of county-level controls (race, geography, age, economic, education, health, politics) and our three levels of fixed effects (no fixed effects, census division fixed effects, and state fixed effects). We cluster standard errors at the DMA level and report 90 percent and 95 percent confidence intervals for each model. Blue points are significant at the 5 percent level; red points are significant at the 10 percent level; black points are not significant at the 10 percent level.
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- Figure D2: OLS: robustness to combinations of controls Panel A: Estimates on cases (March 14, 2020) Panel B: Estimates on deaths (March 28, 2020) Notes: Figure D2 shows robustness of our OLS estimates for the specifications for log one plus cases on March 14 (Panel A) and log one plus deaths on March 28 (Panel B) under every possible combination of our seven sets of county-level controls (race, geography, age, economic, education, health, politics) and our three levels of fixed effects (no fixed effects, census division fixed effects, and state fixed effects). We cluster standard errors at the DMA level and report 90 percent and 95 percent confidence intervals for each model. Black points are not significant at the p < 0.1 level; blue points are significant at the p < 0.1 level; green points are significant at the p < 0.05 level, and red points are significant at the p < 0.01 level.
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- Figure D4: 2SLS: robustness to combinations of controls Panel A: Estimates on cases (March 14, 2020) Panel B: Estimates on deaths (March 28, 2020) Notes: Figure D4 shows robustness of our two-stage least squares estimates for the specifications for log one plus cases on March 14 (Panel A) and log one plus deaths on March 28 (Panel B) under every possible combination of our seven sets of county-level controls (race, geography, age, economic, education, health, politics) and our three levels of fixed effects (no fixed effects, census division fixed effects, and state fixed effects). We cluster standard errors at the DMA level and report 90 percent and 95 percent confidence intervals for each model. Black points are not significant at the p < 0.1 level; blue points are significant at the p < 0.1 level; green points are significant at the p < 0.05 level, and red points are significant at the p < 0.01 level.
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