Ahn, S. C., Y. H. Lee, and P. Schmidt (2001). GMM estimation of linear panel data models with time-varying individual effects. Journal of Econometrics 101, 219â255.
Almeida, H., M. Campello, B. Laranjeira, and S. Weisbenner (2012). Corporate debt maturity and the real effects of the 2007 credit crisis. Critical Finance Review 1, 3â58.
Badoer, D. C. and C. M. James (2016). The determinants of long-term corporate debt issuances. The Journal of Finance 71, 457â492.
Bai, J. (2013). Fixed-effects dynamic panel models, a factor analytical method. Econometrica 81, 285â314.
Baker, M. (2009). Capital market-driven corporate finance. Annual Review of Financial Economics 1, 181â205.
Bauer, M. and G. D. Rudebusch (2014). The signaling channel for Federal Reserve bond purchases. International Journal of Central Banking 10, 233â289.
Begenau, J. and J. Salomao (2019). Firm financing over the business cycle. The Review of Financial Studies 32, 1235â1274.
Bernanke, B. S. (2020). The new tools of monetary policy. American Economic Review 110, 943â83.
Bhamra, H. S., L.-A. Kuehn, and I. A. Strebulaev (2010). The aggregate dynamics of capital structure and macroeconomic risk. The Review of Financial Studies 23, 4187â4241.
Bhattarai, S. and C. J. Neely (2022). An analysis of the literature on international unconventional monetary policy. Journal of Economic Literature 60, 527â97.
- Bolton, P., N. Wang, and J. Yang (2021). Leverage dynamics under costly equity issuance. NBER Working Paper No. 26802.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Campello, M., J. R. Graham, and C. R. Harvey (2010). The real effects of financial constraints: Evidence from a financial crisis. Journal of Financial Economics 97, 470â487.
Chakraborty, I., I. Goldstein, and A. MacKinlay (2020). Monetary stimulus and bank lending. Journal of Financial Economics 136, 189â218.
Chudik, A., K. Mohaddes, M. H. Pesaran, and M. Raissi (2017). Is there a debt-threshold effect on output growth? Review of Economics and Statistics 99, 135â150.
Chudik, A., M. H. Pesaran, and J.-C. Yang (2018). Half-panel jackknife fixed-effects estimation of linear panels with weakly exogenous regressors. Journal of Applied Econometrics 33, 816â 836.
DâAmico, S. and T. B. King (2013). Flow and stock effects of large-scale treasury purchases: Evidence on the importance of local supply. Journal of Financial Economics 108, 425â448.
Dang, V. A., M. Kim, and Y. Shin (2012). Asymmetric capital structure adjustments: New evidence from dynamic panel threshold models. Journal of Empirical Finance 19, 465â482.
- DeAngelo, H. (2022). The capital structure puzzle: What are we missing? Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 57(2), 413â454.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Duchin, R., O. Ozbas, and B. A. Sensoy (2010). Costly external finance, corporate investment, and the subprime mortgage credit crisis. Journal of Financial Economics 97, 418â435.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Erel, I., B. Julio, W. Kim, and M. S. Weisbach (2011). Macroeconomic conditions and capital raising. The Review of Financial Studies 25, 341â376.
Flannery, M. J. and K. P. Rangan (2006). Partial adjustment toward target capital structures. Journal of Financial Economics 79, 469â506.
Foley-Fisher, N., R. Ramcharan, and E. Yu (2016). The impact of unconventional monetary policy on firm financing constraints: Evidence from the maturity extension program. Journal of Financial Economics 122, 409â429.
Frank, M. Z. and V. K. Goyal (2009). Capital structure decisions: which factors are reliably important? Financial Management 38, 1â37.
- Frank, M. Z. and V. K. Goyal (2022). Empirical corporate capital structure. HKUST Business School Research Paper No. 2022-091.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Gagnon, J., M. Raskin, J. Remache, and B. Sack (2011). The financial market effects of the Federal Reserveâs large-scale asset purchases. International Journal of Central Banking 7, 3â43.
Giambona, E., R. Matta, J.-L. Peydro, and Y. Wang (2020). Quantitative easing, investment, and safe assets: the corporate-bond lending channel. Barcelona GSE Working Paper, n. 1179.
Graham, J. R. and M. T. Leary (2011). A review of empirical capital structure research and directions for the future. Annual Review of Financial Economics 3, 309â345.
Graham, J., M. T. Leary, and M. R. Roberts (2014). How does government borrowing affect corporate financing and investment? NBER Working Paper No. 20581.
Greenlaw, D., J. D. Hamilton, E. Harris, and K. D. West (2018). A skeptical view of the impact of the Fedâs balance sheet. NBER Working Paper No. 24687.
- Greenwood, R., S. Hanson, and J. C. Stein (2010). A gap-filling theory of corporate debt maturity choice. The Journal of Finance 65, 993â1028.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Grieser, W., C. Hadlock, J. LeSage, and M. Zekhnini (2022). Network effects in corporate financial policies. Journal of Financial Economics 144(1), 247â272.
GuÌrkaynak, R. S. and J. H. Wright (2012). Macroeconomics and the term structure. Journal of Economic Literature 50, 331â67.
Hadlock, C. J. and J. R. Pierce (2010). New evidence on measuring financial constraints: Moving beyond the KZ index. The Review of Financial Studies 23, 1909â1940.
Halling, M., J. Yu, and J. Zechner (2016). Leverage dynamics over the business cycle. Journal of Financial Economics 122, 21â41.
Hansen, B. E. (1999). Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels: Estimation, testing, and inference. Journal of Econometrics 93, 345â368.
- Hansen, B. E. (2011). Threshold autoregression in economics. Statistics and its Interface 4, 123â127.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Ihrig, J., E. Klee, C. Li, M. Wei, and J. Kachovec (2018). Expectations about the Federal Reserveâs balance sheet and the term structure of interest rates. International Journal of Central Banking 12, 341â390.
- International Monetary Fund (2019). Global financial stability report: Lower for longer. Washington, DC, October.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Kaplan, S. N. and L. Zingales (1997). Do investment-cash flow sensitivities provide useful measures of financing constraints? The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, 169â215.
Krishnamurthy, A. and A. Vissing-Jorgensen (2011). The effects of quantitative easing on interest rates: channels and implications for policy. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 42, 215â265.
- Krishnamurthy, A. and A. Vissing-Jorgensen (2013). The ins and outs of LSAPs. In Kansas City Federal Reserve Symposium on Global Dimensions of Unconventional Monetary Policy, pp. 57â111.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Kuttner, K. N. (2018). Outside the box: unconventional monetary policy in the great recession and beyond. Journal of Economic Perspectives 32, 121â46.
Leary, M. T. and M. R. Roberts (2005). Do firms rebalance their capital structures? The Journal of Finance 60, 2575â2619.
- Leary, M. T. and M. R. Roberts (2010). The pecking order, debt capacity, and information asymmetry. Journal of Financial Economics 95, 332â355.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Leary, M. T. and M. R. Roberts (2014). Do peer firms affect corporate financial policy? The Journal of Finance 69, 139â178.
Lemmon, M. L. and J. F. Zender (2010). Debt capacity and tests of capital structure theories.
Lemmon, M. L., M. R. Roberts, and J. F. Zender (2008). Back to the beginning: persistence and the cross-section of corporate capital structure. The Journal of Finance 63, 1575â1608.
- LSAP is the (scaled) amount of U.S. Treasuries and agency MBS purchased by the Fed; Ïâ1(γ) denotes the one-quarter lagged proportion of firms in an industry with DA below the γ-th quantile. The sample consists of an unbalanced panel of 3, 647 U.S. publicly traded non-financial firms observed at a quarterly frequency over the period 2007:Q1 - 2018:Q3. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) are computed using the delta method (*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- LSAP is the (scaled) amount of U.S. Treasuries and agency MBS purchased by the Fed; Ïâ1(γ) denotes the one-quarter lagged proportion of firms in an industry with DA below the γ-th quantile. The sample only includes firms with at least 8 time observations, resulting in an unbalanced panel of 3, 236 U.S. publicly traded non-financial firms observed at a quarterly frequency over the period 2007:Q1 - 2018:Q3. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) are computed using the delta method (*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- LSAP is the (scaled) amount of U.S. Treasuries and agency MBS purchased by the Fed; Ïâ1(γ) denotes the one-quarter lagged proportion of firms in an industry with DA below the γ-th quantile. The sample only includes firms with at least 8 time observations, resulting in an unbalanced panel of 3, 236 U.S. publicly traded non-financial firms observed at a quarterly frequency over the period 2007:Q1 - 2018:Q3. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) are computed using the delta method (*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- LSAP is the (scaled) amount of U.S. Treasuries and agency MBS purchased by the Fed; Ïâ1(γ) denotes the one-quarter lagged proportion of firms in an industry with DA below the γ-th quantile. The sample only includes firms with at least 8 time observations, resulting in an unbalanced panel of 3, 236 U.S. publicly traded non-financial firms observed at a quarterly frequency over the period 2007:Q1 - 2018:Q3. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) are computed using the delta method (*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
MacKay, P. and G. M. Phillips (2005). How does industry affect firm financial structure? The Review of Financial Studies 18, 1433â1466.
- MEP Sep 2011 Dec 2012 The Fed purchased $667bn of 6- to 30-year Treasuries offset by sales of $634bn in Treasuries with remaining maturities less or equal to 3 years and $33 billion of Treasuries â redemptions. Principal payments from agency debt and MBS were also reinvested.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Myers, S. C. (1984). Capital structure puzzle. NBER Working Paper No. 1393.
Nickell, S. (1981). Biases in dynamic models with fixed effects. Econometrica 49, 1417â1426.
Ottonello, P. and T. Winberry (2020). Financial heterogeneity and the investment channel of monetary policy. Econometrica 88, 2473â2502.
- Program Start Date End Date Description QE1 Nov 2008 Mar 2010 The Fed purchased $175 billion (bn) in agency debt, $1,250bn in agency MBS, and $300bn in longer-term Treasury securities.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- QE2 Nov 2010 Jun 2011 The Fed purchased $600bn of longer-dated Treasuries.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Rodnyansky, A. and O. M. Darmouni (2017). The effects of quantitative easing on bank lending behavior. The Review of Financial Studies 30, 3858â3887.
Seo, M. H. and Y. Shin (2016). Dynamic panels with threshold effect and endogeneity. Journal of Econometrics 195, 169â186.
Swanson, E. T. (2021). Measuring the effects of Federal Reserve forward guidance and asset purchases on financial markets. Journal of Monetary Economics 118, 32â53.
- The estimated quantile threshold parameters are shown in Table D.23. All regressions include both firmspecific effects and time effects. Columns (1) and (4) include industry-specific linear time trends, columns (2) and (5) include the interaction of industry dummies and real GDP growth, while columns (3) and (6) include both. LSAP is the (scaled) amount of U.S. Treasuries and agency MBS purchased by the Fed; Ïâ1(γ) denotes the one-quarter lagged proportion of firms in an industry with DA below the γ-th quantile. The sample consists of an unbalanced panel of 3, 647 U.S. publicly traded non-financial firms observed at a quarterly frequency over the period 2007:Q1 - 2018:Q3. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) are computed using the delta method (*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- The sample consists of an unbalanced panel of 3, 647 U.S. publicly traded non-financial firms observed at a quarterly frequency over the period 2007:Q1 - 2018:Q3. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) are computed using the delta method (*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- The sample only includes firms with at least 10 time observations, resulting in an unbalanced panel of 3, 011 U.S. publicly traded non-financial firms observed at a quarterly frequency over the period 2007:Q1 - 2018:Q3. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) are computed using the delta method (*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- The sample only includes firms with at least 8 time observations, resulting in an unbalanced panel of 3, 236 U.S. publicly traded non-financial firms observed at a quarterly frequency over the period 2007:Q1 - 2018:Q3. Robust standard errors (in parentheses) are computed using the delta method (*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1).
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
- Tong, H. (1990). Non-linear time series: a dynamical system approach. Oxford University Press.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Wansbeek, T. and A. Kapteyn (1989). Estimation of the error-components model with incomplete panels. Journal of Econometrics 41, 341â361.
- Woodford, M. (2012). Methods of policy accommodation at the interest-rate lower bound. The Changing Policy Landscape, Jackson Hole Economic Symposium, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Jackson Hole, Wyo., Aug. 31.
Paper not yet in RePEc: Add citation now
Wright, J. H. (2012). What does monetary policy do to long-term interest rates at the zero lower bound? The Economic Journal 122, F447âF466.