- Abramovitz, Moses, and David, Paul A., Economic Growth in America: Historical Parables and Realities, Dc Economist, vol. 121(3), 1973a, pp. 253-72.
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Abramovitz, Moses, and David, Paul A., Reinterpreting Economic Growth: Parables and Realities of the American Experience, American Economic Review, vol. 58(2), May, 1973b.
- Arrow, K.J., Chenery, H.B., Minhas, B.S., and Solow, R.M., Capital-Labor Substitution and Economic Efficiency, Reviewof Economic Statistics, 43, August 1961: pp. 225-50.
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- B. Population, Immigration and the Foreign Born A classic publication on the growth of the U.S. population is that of Conrad and Irene B. Taeuber, The Changing Population of the United States, New York: Wiley, 1958. The historical data are reviewed and discussed by Michael R. Haines in The population of the United States, 1790-1920 in this volume. His chapter has a useful bibliographical note. Another analysis of the forces governing long-term trends and fluctuations is that of Richard A. Easterlin in his chapter in This Volume (CEHUS, vol. 3).
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- Bureau of Economic Analysis, as presented in Department of Commerce, National Income and Product Acco tints of the United States, vol. I, 1929-1958 and vol. 111959-1988, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992 and 1993.
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Cain, Louis P., and Patterson, Donald G., Factor Biases and Technical Change in Manufacturing: The American System, 1850-1919, Journal of Economic History, June 1981, 41(2), pp. 341-60.
Contemporary interest in the subject begins with papers by Moses Abramovitz, Catching Up, Forging Ahead and Falling Behind, Journal of Economic History, 466, No. 2 (June 1986) and William J. Baumol, Productivity Growth, Convergence and Welfare, American Economic Review, 766, No. 5 (December 1996). Among the studies that followed, there has been an effort to identify the limits of the simple, or unconditional, hypothesis and the conditions prerequisite to strong convergence and catch-up. See Robert J. Barro, Economic Growth in a Cross-Section of Countries, Ouarterly Journal of Economics, 106, No. 2 (1991), William Baumol, Sue Anne Batey Blackman and Edward Wolff, Productivity and American Leadership: The Long View, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1989 and Moses Abramovitz and Paul A. David, Convergence and Deferred Catchup, in The Mosaic of Economic Growth, edited by Ralph Landau, Timothy Taylor and Gavin Wright, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.
D. Capital Stock The basic estimates for much of the nineteenth century are the work of Robert E. Gallman, The United States Capital Stock in the Nineteenth Century in Long-term Factors in American Economic Growth, edited by Stanley L. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press for National Bureau of Economic Research, Studies B2 in Income and Wealth, vol. 51, 1986. For more recent data from 1890 to 1950 see John W. Kendrick, cited above in Section IA. Underlying Kendricks estimates are those of Raymond Goldsmith, A Study of Saving in the United States, vol. III, Princeton, J.J.: Princeton University Press, 1956. The U.S. Department of Connierce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Fixed Reproducible Tangible Wealth of the United States. 1925-89. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1993, contains the basic official estimates of the total and its principal components. The series is continued annually in the Survey of Current Business.
- David, Paul A., and Theo van de Klundert, Biased Efficiency Growth and Capital-Labor Substitution in the U.S., 18991960, American EconomicReview, vol. 55 (3), June 1965: pp. 357-9. B5 Dc Tocqueville, Alexis, Democracy in America, vol. II, 1840, Reprint, New York: Vintage Books, 1945.
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- David, Paul A., Historical Economics in the Long Run: Some Implications of Path Dependence, in HistoricalAnalysis in Economics, (GD. Snooks, ed), London: Routledge, 1993.
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- David, Paul A., The Changing Morphology of American Macroeconomic Growth - A Course of Lectures Delivered in the Faculty of Economics of the University of Ancona, March 1998: Lecture No. 2.
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- Gerschenkron, Alexander, A Rejoinder, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, May 1954, pp. 287-93.
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- Gerschenkron, Alexander, Social Attitudes, Entreprene~irship and Economic Development, in Leon H. D~ipriez and Do~iglas C. Hague (eds.), Economic Progress: Papers and Proceedings of a Round Table Held by the International Economic Association, pp. 307-29, Loijvain: Institut de Recherches Economiq~ies et Sociales, 1955.
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- Gerschenkron, Alexander, Social Attitudes, Entreprene~iship and Economic Development, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, Oct. 1953, pp. 1-19.
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- Goldsmith, Raymond, National Wealth of the United States in the Post war Period, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963.
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Gordon, Robert J., Problems in the Measurement and Performance of Service-Sector Productivity in the United States, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, Number 5519, 1996, Table 6.
Griliches, Zvi, The Discovery of the Residual: A Historical Note, Journal of Economic Literature, xxxiv, No. 3 (September 1996), pp. 1324-30.
- I. Statistical sources, trends and fluctuations The most convenient, authoritative compilation of long-term statistical information is the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1870, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 1975. The following sections contain references to outstanding sources of statistics on particular subjects together with discussions by the compilers of the estimates and of the forces governing their trends and fluctuations.
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II. Long Swings in Economic Growth The pioneering studies of this subject were made by Simon Kuznets in Secular Movement in Production and Prices, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1930 and Arthur F. Burns, Production Trends in the United States Since 1870, New York, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1934. Brinley Thomas, Migration and Economic Growth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954 is a thorough study of the inverse relations between long swings in British and American growth and their connections with the movements of population and capital.
IV. Historical Studies of U.S. Technological Progress B3 There is a very large historical literature dealing with the technological progress of particular industries and processes and another large theoretical literature. Good selections of work bearing on these subjects may be found in Nathan Rosenberg, The Economics of Technological Change, Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1971, and Exploring the Black Box: Technology. Economics and History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. David Mowery and Nathan Rosenberg, Technological Change in the United States in the Twentieth Century, in The Cambridge History of The United States, S.L. Engerman and RE. Gallman (eds.). This volume is an authoritative survey of major twentieth-century developments. The following are a number of important historical studies of technological progress that have a broad significance for American growth.
James, John A. and Skinner, Jonathan S., The Resolution of the Labor-Scarcity Paradox, Journal of Economic History, 45(3), September 1985, pp 5 13-40.
Jorgenson, Dale, Productivity and Economic Growth, in Berndt, Ernst R., and Triplett, Jack E. (eds.), Fifty Years of Economic Measurement, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1990, Table 3.1.
- Kendrick, John, W., Post war Producti vity Trends in the United States, 1948-1969, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1973.
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- Landes, David S., French Business and the Businessman: A Social and Cultural Analysis,: in Edward M. Earle, (ed), Modern France, Problems of the Third and Fourth Republics, pp. 334-53, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951.
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Landes, David S., French Entrepreneurship and Industrial Growth in the Nineteenth Century, Journal of Economic History, May 1949, pp. 45-61.
- Landes, David S., Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: A Comment, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, May 1954, pp. 245-72.
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- Lazonick, William, Social Organization and Technological Leadership, in Chap. 6. W.J. Baumol, Richard R. Nelson, and Edward N. Wolff, eds., Convergence of Productivity, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
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Maddison, Angus, Growth and Slowdown in Advanced Capitalist Countries: Techniques of Quantitative Assessment, Journal of Economic Literature, June 1987, 25(2), pp. 649-98.
Metcalfe, J. Stan, The Evolutionary Explanation of Total Factor Productivity Growth: Macro Measurement and Micro Process, CRIC Discussion Paper No. 1, University of Manchester, June 1997. B6 Miller, (ed), Men in Business, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1952.
Nelson, Richard R., and Winter, Sidney G., In Search of a Useful Theory of Innovations, Research Policy, 1977, 6(1), 31-42.
- Notable studies of particular aspects of long swings may be found in Kuznets, Long Swings in the Growth of Population and Related Economic Variables, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, February 1958, 25-52; Kuznets and Rubin, Immigration and the Foreign Born, op.cit in Section I.B, above; Jeffrey G. Williamson, American Growth and the Balance of Payments, Durham, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1964; Richard Easterlin, Population, Labor Force and Long Swings in Economic Growth, New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1968 (distributed by Columbia University Press, N.Y. and London); and Moses Abramovitz, The Monetary Side of Long Swings in U.S. Economic Growth (1973), reissued as Publication No. 471 by the Center for Economic Policy Research of Stanford University, 1997.
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- On impediments to investment and innovation, F. Denison (ed), Accounting for Slower Economic Growth, Washington, D.C.: The Brooking Institution, 1979; Michael L. Dertouzos, Richard K. Lester and Robert M. Solow, and the MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity, Made in America: Regaining the Productive Edge, Cambridge, MA, London: MIT Press, 1989.
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On the potential for technological progress and the shift of technological regimes: Zvi Griliches, Productivity Puzzles and R&D: Another Non-explanation, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2, No. 4, Fall, 1988, 9-21; Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators - A Survey, Journal of Economic Literature, S. Gilfillan, The Sociology of Invention, Chicago, 1934; C. Freeman and C. Perez, Structural Crises of Adjustment, Business Cycles and Investment Behavior, in G. Dosi et al., (eds.), Technical Change and Economic Theory, London: Pinter, 1988; Paul A. David Computer and Dynamo: The Modern Productivity Paradox in a Not-too-distant Mirror, in Technology and Productivity: The Challenge for Economic Policy, Paris: OECD, 1991; Elhanan Helpman, ed., General Purpose Technologies and Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.
Salter, W.E.G., Productivity and Technical Change, Second Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962.
Samuelson, Paul, Parable and Realism in Capital Theory: The Surrogate Production Function, Review of Economic Studies, XXIX, 80 (June 1962): pp. 193-206.
- Sato, R., Fiscal Policy in a Neoclassical Growth Model: An Analysis of Time Required for Equilibriating Adjustment, Review of Economic Studies, XXX, 82 (February) 1963: pp. 263-8.
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- Sawyer, John E., In Defense of an Approach: A Comment on Professor Gerschenkron s Social Attitudes, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, May 1954, pp. 173-86.
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- Sawyer, John E., Strains in the Social Structure of Modern France, in Modern France, Problems of the Third and Fourth Republics, Edward Mead Earle, (Ed.), Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951, Chap. 17.
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Schultz, Theodore W., Capital Formation by Education, Journal of Political Economy, 68 (December) 1960: pp. 571-83.
Simon Kuznets and Ernest Rubin, Immigration and the Foreign Born, National Bureau of Economic Research, Occasional Paper 46, 1954, is a valuable paper of statistics and analysis bearing both on population and the labor force. C. Labor Force, Employment, Manhours.
- Simon Kuznets Capital in the American Economy, London: Oxford University Press for Nat. Bur. Econ. Research, 1961, Ch. 7 is a more mature and rounded statement of his view. Moses Abramovitz in The Nature and Significance of Kuznets Cycles, Economic Development and Cultural Change, IX, No. 2 (April, 1961), 225-48, presents a quite different hypothesis about the underlying causes of the long swings. This article also offers a brief survey of the preceding literature and extensive reference to the relevant evidence.
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- Soete, Luc, and Verspagen, Bart, Recent Comparative Trends in Technology Indicators in the OECD Area, in Technology and Productivity: The Challenge for Economic Policy, Paris: OECD, 1991, 249-74.
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- Solmon, Lewis C., Estimates of the Costs of Schooling in 1880 and 1890, Explorations in Economic History, 7(4), (Supplement), Summer 1970, pp. 531-81.
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- Stanley Lebergott s Manpower in Economic Growth: The American Record Since 1800, New York: McGraw Hill, 1964 is a basic source of labor force figures together with an insightful analysis. See also the references above to David and Weiss for the nineteenth century, to Kendrick for the early twentieth century and to the National Income and Product Accounts for the period since 1929. All are cited above in Section l.A of this Bibliography.
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- Tinbergen, Jan, Zur Theorie der langfristigen Weltwirschaftsentwickiung, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 55, No. 3 (1942).
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- U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1870, Washington DC, Government Printing Office, 1975, Series H-420, 424 and 433.
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- Vatter, Harold G. and Robert L.Thompson, Consumer Asset Formation and Economic Growth: The United States Case, Economic Journal, 76 (June), 1966: pp. 3 12-27.
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Vatter, Harold G., Has There Been a Twentieth-Century Consumer Duirables Revolution?, Journal of Economic History, 27(1), March 1967: pp. 1-16.
Veblen, Thorstein, Imperial Germany and the Industrial Revolution, New York, 1915.
- VI. The International Perspective Angus Maddisons Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992, Paris: OECD, 1995 is the most important general survey of data bearing on economic growth over a long period of time. It is the culmination of work stretching back over a quarter of a century which yielded a rich series of books and papers. Maddison s work follows on that of Simon Kuznets who was the pioneer of such international comparative studies. Kuznets work led up to his classic book, Modern Economic Growth: Rate. Structure and Spread, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1966.
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VII. References to Works Cited in Endnotes (The works referenced here are not cited in text footnotes.) Abramovitz, Moses, Resource and Output Trends in the United States since 1870, American Economic Review, May, 1956.