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- Appendix IV: Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) Administratively, Nigeria is divided into 36 states and Abuja, the federal capital territory. Each state is subdivided into local government areas (LGAs), and each LGA is divided into localities. In addition to these administrative units, during the 2006 Population Census, each locality was subdivided into convenient areas called census enumeration areas (EAs). The sample frame for this survey was the list of EAs used in that census. The EAs were stratified separately by urban and rural areas. Rural areas are defined as a locality with a population of less than 20,000 constitutes.
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Aschauer, D. A. (1989). Is public expenditure productive. Journal of Monetary Economics, 23, 177–200. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/overview#2.
Banerjee, Abhijit, Esther Duflo, and Nancy Qian (2012) “On the Road: Access to Transportation Infrastructure and Economic Growth in China†NBER Working Paper 17897 Burgess, Robin and Dave Donaldson, 2012, “Railroads and the Demise of Famine in Colonial Indiaâ€, working paper Casaburi, Lorenzo, Glennerster, Rachel and Tavneet Suri “Rural Roads and Intermediated Trade: Regression Discontinuity Evidence from Sierra Leoneâ€, MIT Working paper Chandra, A., & Thompson, E. (2000). Does public infrastructure affect economic activity? Evidence from the rural interstate highway system. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 30(4), 457–490.
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Deichmann, U., Fay, M., Koo, J., & Lal, S. V. (2002). Economic structure, productivity, and infrastructure quality in southern Mexico. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Demetriades, P., & Mamuneas, T. (2000). Inter-temporal output and employment effects of public infrastructure capital: Evidence from 12 OECD economies. Economic Journal, 110(465), 687–712.
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- Dercon, Stefan, Daniel O. Gilligan, John Hoddinott, and Tassew Woldehanna (2008) “The Impact of Agricultural Extension and Roads on Poverty and Consumption Growth in Fifteen Ethiopian Villages†IFPRI Discussion Paper 00840 Donaldson, David and Richard Hornbeck, 2013, “RAILROADS AND AMERICAN ECONOMIC GROWTH: A “MARKET ACCESS†APPROACHâ€, Working paper Donaldson, David. 2012. Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the impact of transportation infrastructure. Processed, mit.
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- Dormann, Carsten, et al. Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review. Ecography 30.5 (2007): 609-628.
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Dorosh, Paul, et al. Road connectivity, population, and crop production in Subâ€Saharan Africa. Agricultural Economics 43.1 (2012): 89-103.
Emran, Shahe and Zhaoyang Hou (2013) “Access to Markets and Household Consumption: Evidence from Rural China†Review of Economics and Statistics, 95.2, pp. 682-697.
- Faber, Benjamin (2012), “Trade Integration, Market Size, and Industrialization: Evidence From China’s National Truck Highway Systemâ€,Working Paper, LSE.
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Fafchamps, M., Moser, C., 2003. Crime, isolation, and law enforcement. J. African Economies 12, 625–671.
Fan, S., P. Hazell, and S. Thorat (2000). “Government Spending, Growth and Poverty in Rural India,†American Journal of Agricultural Economics 82 (4), pp. 1038-1051.
Feltenstein, A. and Ha, J. (1995).'The role of infrastructure in Mexican economic reform.' The World Bank Economic Review, vol. 9, pp. 287-304.
Foster, V., & Araujo, M. (2004). Does infrastructure reform work for the poor? A case study from Guatemala. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Foster, Vivien, and Cecilia Briceño-Garmendia (2008) “Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic.†Overhauling the Engine of Growth: Infrastructure in Africa. September. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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- Foster, Vivien, and Nataliya Pushak. (2011) “Nigeria's infrastructure: a continental perspective.†Policy Research Working Paper 5686. The World Bank. June, 2011.
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- Gachassin, Marie, (2010) “Roads Impact on Poverty Reduction: A Case Study of Cameroon†Garcia-López, Miquel-ngel, Adelheid Holl, and Elisabet Viladecans-Marsal. 2013.
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Gibson, John and Scott Rozelle (2003), “Poverty and Access to Roads in Papua New Guineaâ€, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(1): 159-185.
- Gonzalez-Navarro, Marco and Quintana-Domeque, Climent, Roads to Development: Experimental Evidence from Urban Road Pavement (February 23, 2010). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1558631 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1558631 Gunasekara, K., W.P. Anderson, and T. R. Lakshmanan (2008 November) “Highway Induced Development: Evidence from Sri Lankaâ€, World Development.
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- Gwatkin, D.R., S. Rutstein, K. Johnson, R.P. Pande, and A. Wagstaff. 2000. Socioeconomic differences in health, nutrition, and population. HNP/Poverty Thematic Group. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
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Gwilliam, Ken (2011) “Africa’s Transport Infrastructure: Mainstreaming Maintenance and Management†World Bank.
- Hawkins, Bradford A., et al. Red herrings revisited: spatial autocorrelation and parameter estimation in geographical ecology. Ecography 30.3 (2007): 375-384.
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- Ihori, T., & Kondo, H. (2001). The efficiency of disaggregate public capital provision in Japan. Public Finance and Management, 1(2), 161–182.
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Jacoby, H., 2000. Access to markets and the benefits of rural roads. Econ. J. 110, 713– 737.
- Jacoby, Hanan G. and Bart Minten (2009) “On Measuring the Benefits of Lower Transportation Costs†Journal of Development Economics 89(1): 28-38 Jedwab, Remi and Alexander Moradi (2012) “Colonial Investments and Long-Term Development in Africa: Evidence from Ghanaian Railroads†Working Paper Khandker, Shahidur and Gayatri Koolwal (2011), “Estimating the Long-Term Impacts of Rural Roadsâ€, Policy ResearchWorking Paper 5867, World Bank.
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Khandker, S. R., Z. Bakht, and G. B. Koolwal (2006, April). “The Poverty Impact of Rural Roads : Evidence from Bangladeshâ€. Policy Research Working Paper Series 3875, The World Bank.
Kuku-Shittu, Oluyemisi, Astrid Mathiassen, Amit Wadhwa, Lucy Myles, Akeem Ajibola (2013) “Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis†IFPRI Discussion Paper 01275 Lakshmanan, T.R. and W. Anderson, 2007, “Transport’s Role in Regional Integration Processes†Market Access, Trade in Transport Services and Trade Facilitation, Round Table 134. OECDECMT, Paris, pp. 45-71.
- Lakshmanan, T.R. and W. Anderson, 2002. A White Paper on “Transportation Infrastructure, Freight Services Sector, and Economic Growthâ€, prepared for the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
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- Levine, Ned. CrimeStat III: a spatial statistics program for the analysis of crime incident locations (version 3.0). Houston (TX): Ned Levine & Associates/Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice (2004).
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- Lichstein, Jeremy W., et al. Spatial autocorrelation and autoregressive models in ecology. Ecological monographs 72.3 (2002): 445-463.
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Lokshin, M., & Yemtsov, R. (2003). Evaluating the impact of infrastructure rehabilitation projects on household welfare in rural Georgia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
- Martincus, Christian Volpe, Jerónimo Carballo, and Ana Cusolito. Routes, exports, and employment in developing countries: Following the trace of the Inca roads. InterAmerican Development Bank, mimeograph (2012).
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Michaels, G. (2008): The Effect of Trade on the Demand for Skill | Evidence from the Interstate Highway System, Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(4).
Minten, B., Kyle, S., 1999. The effect of distance and road quality on food collection, marketing margin, and traders’ wages: evidence from the former Zaire. J. Devel. Econ. 60, 467–495.
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Mu, R. and D. van de Walle (2007, August). Rural Roads and Poor Area Development in Vietnam. Policy Research Working Paper Series 4340, The World Bank.
Munnell, A. (1990). How does public infrastructure affect regional economic performance. New England Economic Review, (September–October), 11–32.
- Nadiri, I., & Mamuneas, T. (1996). Contributions of highway capital to output and productivity growth in the US economy and industries. Washington, DC: Administrative Office of Policy Development, Federal Highway Administration.
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- National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. 2009. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Abuja, Nigeria: National Population Commission and ICF Macro. Paul J. Gertler, Marco Gonzalez-Navarro, Tadeja Gracner, Alexander D. Rothenberg, “Road network: “The Role of Road Quality Investments on Economic Activity and Welfare: Evidence from Indonesia’s Highwaysâ€, working paper.
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- PFM. Vol. 1 No. 2 Tobler, Waldo (1993) “Three presentations on geographical analysis and modeling nonisotropic geographic modeling speculations on the geometry of geography global spatial analysisâ€. NATIONAL CENTER FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION AND ANALYSIS. TECHNICAL REPORT 93-1. February 1993 Uchida, H. and Nelson, A. (2009) “Agglomeration Index: Towards a New Measure of Urban Concentration.†Background paper for the World Bank’s World Development Report Warr, Peter, (2008), “How Road Improvement Reduces Poverty: The Case of Laos,†Agricultural Economics, 39, pp. 269-279.
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- Rutstein, Shea O. and Kiersten Johnson. 2004. The DHS Wealth Index. DHS Comparative Reports No. 6. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro.
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Shreshtha, Slesh A. (2012). Access to the North-South Roads and Farm Profits in Rural Nepal. Working Paper, National University of Singapore Shirley, W., & Winston, C. (2004). Firm inventory behavior and the returns from highway infrastructure investments. Journal of Urban Economics, 55, 398–415.
Stifel, David, Bart Minten, and Bethlehem Koro (2012) “Economic Benefits and Returns to Rural Feeder Roads: Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Setting in Ethiopia†IFRPI Policy Research Institute Working Paper Stifel, David, and Bart Minten. 2008. “Isolation and Agricultural Productivity.†Agricultural Economics, 39 (1): 1–15.
- Sturm, J. (2001). The impact of public infrastructure capital on the private sector of the Netherlands: An application of the symmetric generalized McFadden Cost Function.
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- Suburbanization and highways: When the Romans, the Bourbons and the first cars still shape Spanish cities. Working Paper Ghosh, Tilottama, et al. (2010) Shedding light on the global distribution of economic activity. The Open Geography Journal 3.1: 148-161.
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- The primary sampling unit (PSU), or cluster, for the 2008 NDHS was defined on the basis of enumeration area (EA) from the 2006 census frame. A minimum requirement of 80 households (400 population) for the cluster size was imposed in the design. If the selected EA has a population smaller than this minimum, a supplemental household listing was conducted in the neighboring EA. Although in Nigeria a majority of the population resides in rural areas, the urban areas in some states were over-sampled in order to provide reliable information for the total urban population at the national level.
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- Washington DC: World Bank Publications.World Bank. 2014. Sustainable transport for all : helping people to help themselves. IDA at work. Washington, DC : World Bank Group.
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- World Bank. 2007: Evaluation of World Bank Support to Transportation Infrastructure.
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