Justin Amash

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Justin Amash
Image of Justin Amash

Libertarian Party

Prior offices
Michigan House of Representatives
U.S. House Michigan District 3
Successor: Peter Meijer

Compensation

Net worth

(2012) $1,545,013

Elections and appointments
Last election

August 6, 2024

Education

High school

Grand Rapids Christian High School

Bachelor's

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Law

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Personal
Religion
Orthodox Christian
Profession
Attorney
Contact

Campaign website

Campaign Facebook

Campaign Twitter

Campaign Instagram

Personal Facebook

Personal Instagram

Personal LinkedIn

Justin Amash (Libertarian Party) was a member of the U.S. House, representing Michigan's 3rd Congressional District. He assumed office on January 3, 2011. He left office on January 3, 2021.

Amash (Republican Party) ran for election to the U.S. Senate to represent Michigan. He lost in the Republican primary on August 6, 2024.

Amash was a member of the U.S. House, representing Michigan's 3rd Congressional District. He assumed office on January 5, 2011.

Amash ran for re-election to the U.S. House to represent Michigan's 3rd Congressional District. He withdrew before the general election on November 3, 2020.

He also launched a presidential exploratory committee in April 2020.[1] After participating in Libertarian debates and forums, Amash said he would not run for president on May 16, 2020.[2]

Amash represented Michigan's 3rd Congressional District as a Republican from 2011 to 2019. He published an op-ed in the Washington Post on July 4, 2019, in which he said he was leaving the Republican Party to become an independent.[3]

On April 28, 2020, Amash announced that he had joined the Libertarian Party and was running for the party's nomination for U.S. President instead of running for re-election to the U.S. House.[4] On May 16, 2020, Amash wrote on Twitter, "After much reflection, I’ve concluded that circumstances don’t lend themselves to my success as a candidate for president this year, and therefore I will not be a candidate."[5]

Amash was the chair of the House Liberty Caucus. He said that he based his votes on "Limited government, economic freedom, and individual liberty."[6]

Prior to his service in the U.S. House, Amash served one term in the Michigan House of Representatives from 2008 to 2010.

Biography

Amash was born in 1980 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He attended Grand Rapids Christian High School, graduating as the valedictorian of his class. Amash went on to earn his B.A. and J.D. at the University of Michigan in 2002 and 2005, respectively. Prior to his political career, Amash worked as an attorney.[7]

Career

Below is an abbreviated outline of Amash's academic, professional, and political career:[7]

Committee assignments

U.S. House

2019-2020

At the beginning of the 116th Congress, Amash was assigned to the Oversight and Government Reform Committee. He was first assigned to the committee in 2011 and resigned from the committee on July 8, 2019.[8] Following his resignation from the Oversight and Government Reform Committee, Amash had no committee assignments in the U.S. House.[9]

2017-2018

At the beginning of the 115th Congress, Amash was assigned to the following committees:[10]

2015-2016

Amash served on the following committees:[11]

2013-2014

Amash served on the following committees:[12]

Joint Economic Committee

2011-2012

Amash served on the following House committees:[13]

In March 2012, Amash was one of two Republicans who voted against Paul Ryan's budget plan in the House Budget Committee. Amash and Tim Huelskamp both said they felt the plan did not cut the budget fast enough. In December 2012 it was revealed that both representatives would not serve on the House Budget Committee in the 113th Congress.[14][15]

Key votes: 116th Congress, 2019-2021

The 116th United States Congress began on January 9, 2019, and ended on January 3, 2021. At the start of the session, Democrats held the majority in the U.S. House of Representatives (235-200), and Republicans held the majority in the U.S. Senate (53-47). Donald Trump (R) was the president and Mike Pence (R) was the vice president. We identified the key votes below using Congress' top-viewed bills list and through marquee coverage of certain votes on Ballotpedia.

Key votes: 116th Congress, 2019-2021
Vote Bill and description Status
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (365-65)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (208-199)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (234-193)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (419-6)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (236-173)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (240-190)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (237-187)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (377-48)
Present Yes check.svg Passed (363-40)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (417-3)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (230-192)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (297-120)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (417-1)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (228-164)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Passed (415-2)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (300 -128)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (363-62)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (335-78)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (322-87)
Red x.svg Nay Yes check.svg Passed (411-7)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Guilty (230-197)
Yes check.svg Yea Yes check.svg Guilty (229-198)

Key votes: 115th Congress, 2017-2018

For detailed information about each vote, click here.

114th Congress

CongressLogo.png

The first session of the 114th Congress enacted into law six out of the 2,616 introduced bills (0.2 percent). Comparatively, the 113th Congress had 1.3 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the first session. In the second session, the 114th Congress enacted 133 out of 3,159 introduced bills (4.2 percent). Comparatively, the 113th Congress had 7.0 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the second session.[76][77] For more information pertaining to Amash's voting record in the 114th Congress, please see the below sections.[78]

Economic and fiscal

Trade Act of 2015
See also: The Trans-Pacific Partnership trade deal, 2015

Trade act procedural motion
Nay3.png On June 11, 2015, 34 House Republicans voted against a procedural motion to open up debate on a Senate amendment to the Trade Act of 2015, the primary bill associated with the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The White House and GOP leadership supported the motion, as well as the TPP, while most House Democrats opposed it. The rule passed 217 to 202, but Speaker John Boehner (R) openly expressed his disapproval of the House Republicans who voted against it, telling reporters shortly afterwards, "I made it clear to members today I am not happy about it."[79] Several of these Republicans lost leadership positions in the weeks following the vote, causing some to see a connection between the demotions and the vote against the procedural motion.[80] Amash was one of 34 Republicans to vote against the procedural motion.[81]
Trade adjustment assistance
Nay3.png On June 12, 2015, the House rejected the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) measure in HR 1314—the Trade Act of 2015—by a vote of 126-302. Trade adjustment assistance (TAA) is a federal program providing American workers displaced by foreign trade agreements with job training and services. The measure was packaged with trade promotion authority (TPA), also known as fast-track authority. TPA is a legislative procedure that allows Congress to define "U.S. negotiating objectives and spells out a detailed oversight and consultation process for during trade negotiations. Under TPA, Congress retains the authority to review and decide whether any proposed U.S. trade agreement will be implemented," according to the Office of the United States Trade Representative. Amash was one of 158 Republicans to vote against TAA.[82][83]
Trade promotion authority
Nay3.pngOn June 12, 2015, the House passed the trade promotion authority (TPA) measure in HR 1314—the Trade Act of 2015—by a vote of 219-211. TPA gives the president fast-track authority to negotiate trade agreements sent to Congress without the opportunity for amendment or filibuster. Although the House approved TPA, it was a largely symbolic vote given the measure was part of a package trade bill including trade adjustment assistance (TAA), which was rejected earlier the same day. Amash was one of 54 Republicans to vote against the measure.[84][85]
Trade promotion authority second vote
Nay3.png After the trade adjustment assistance (TAA) and trade promotion authority (TPA) did not pass the House together on June 12, 2015, representatives voted to authorize TPA alone as an amendment to HR 2146—the Defending Public Safety Employees' Retirement Act—on June 18, 2015. The amendment passed by a vote of 218-208, with all voting members of the House maintaining their original positions on TPA except for Ted Yoho (R-Fla.). Amash was one of 50 Republicans to vote against the amendment.[86][87]
Trade adjustment assistance second vote
Nay3.png The House passed HR 1295—the Trade Preferences Extension Act of 2015—on June 25, 2015, by a vote of 286-138. The Senate packaged trade adjustment assistance (TAA) in this bill after the House rejected the TAA measure in HR 1314—the Trade Act of 2015. Along with trade promotion authority (TPA), which Congress passed as part of HR 2146—the Defending Public Safety Employees' Retirement Act—TAA became law on June 29, 2015. Amash was one of 132 Republicans to vote against HR 1295.[88][89]

Defense spending authorization

Nay3.png On May 15, 2015, the House passed HR 1735—the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016—by a vote of 269-151. The bill "authorizes FY2016 appropriations and sets forth policies for Department of Defense (DOD) programs and activities, including military personnel strengths. It does not provide budget authority, which is provided in subsequent appropriations legislation." Amash voted with seven other Republicans and 143 Democrats against the bill.[90] The Senate passed the bill on June 18, 2015, by a vote of 71-25. President Barack Obama vetoed the bill on October 22, 2015.[91]

Nay3.png On November 5, 2015, the House passed S 1356—the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016—by a vote of 370-58. The second version of the $607 billion national defense bill included $5 billion in cuts to match what was approved in the budget and language preventing the closure of the Guantanamo Bay military prison.[92][93] Amash voted with eight other Republicans and 49 Democrats against the bill.[94] On November 10, 2015, the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 91-3, and President Barack Obama signed it into law on November 25, 2015.[95]

2016 Budget proposal

Nay3.png On April 30, 2015, the House voted to approve SConRes11, a congressional budget proposal for fiscal year 2016, by a vote of 226-197. The non-binding resolution was designed to create 12 appropriations bills to fund the government. All 183 Democrats who voted, voted against the resolution. Amash voted with 13 other Republicans against the bill.[96][97][98]

2015 budget

Nay3.png On October 28, 2015, the House passed HR 1314—the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015—by a vote of 266-167. The bill increased military and domestic spending levels and suspended the debt ceiling until March 2017.[99] Amash voted with 166 Republicans against the bill.[100] It passed the Senate on October 30, 2015.[101] President Barack Obama signed it into law on November 2, 2015.

Foreign Affairs

Iran nuclear deal
See also: Iran nuclear agreement, 2015

Yea3.png On May 14, 2015, the House approved HR 1191—the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015—by a vote of 400-25. The bill required President Barack Obama to submit the details of the nuclear deal with Iran for congressional review. Congress had 60 days to review the deal and vote to approve, disapprove, or take no action on the deal. During the review period, sanctions on Iran could not be lifted. Amash voted with 222 other Republican representatives to approve the bill.[102][103]


Approval of Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Nay3.png On September 11, 2015, the House rejected HR 3461—To approve the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, signed at Vienna on July 14, 2015, relating to the nuclear program of Iran—by a vote of 162-269. The legislation proposed approving the nuclear agreement with Iran. Amash voted with 243 Republicans and 25 Democrats against the bill.[104][105]


Suspension of Iran sanctions relief
Yea3.png On September 11, 2015, the House approved HR 3460—To suspend until January 21, 2017, the authority of the President to waive, suspend, reduce, provide relief from, or otherwise limit the application of sanctions pursuant to an agreement related to the nuclear program of Iran—by a vote of 247-186. HR 3460 prohibited "the President, prior to January 21, 2017, from: limiting the application of specified sanctions on Iran or refraining from applying any such sanctions; or removing a foreign person (including entities) listed in Attachments 3 or 4 to Annex II of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA) from the list of designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Asset Control of the Department of the Treasury." Amash voted with 244 Republicans and two Democrats for the bill.[106][107]


Presidential non-compliance of section 2
Yea3.png On September 10, 2015, the House passed H Res 411—Finding that the President has not complied with section 2 of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015—by a vote of 245-186. Section 2 of the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015 required the president to submit all materials related to the nuclear agreement for congressional review. House Republicans introduced the resolution because two agreements between the International Atomic Energy Agency and Iran were not submitted to Congress. Amash voted with 244 Republicans for the resolution.[108][109]

Export-Import Bank

Nay3.png On October 27, 2015, the House passed HR 597—the Export-Import Bank Reform and Reauthorization Act of 2015—by a vote of 313-118. The bill proposed reauthorizing the Export-Import Bank and allowing it to resume offering assistance in the form of loans and insurance to foreign companies that wanted to buy U.S. goods.[110] Amash voted with 116 Republicans and one Democrat against the bill.[111]

Domestic

USA FREEDOM Act of 2015

Nay3.png On May 13, 2015, the House passed HR 2048—the Uniting and Strengthening America by Fulfilling Rights and Ensuring Effective Discipline Over Monitoring Act of 2015 or the USA FREEDOM Act of 2015—by a vote of 338-88. The legislation revised HR 3199—the USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005—by ending the bulk collection of metadata under Sec. 215 of the act, requiring increased reporting from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, and requiring the use of "a specific selection term as the basis for national security letters that request information from wire or electronic communication service providers, financial institutions, or consumer reporting agencies." Amash voted with 46 Republicans and 41 Democrats against the legislation. It became law on June 2, 2015.[112][113]

Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act

Yea3.png On May 13, 2015, the House passed HR 36—the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act—by a vote of 242-184. The bill proposed prohibiting abortions from being performed after a fetus was determined to be 20 weeks or older. The bill proposed exceptions in cases of rape, incest, or to save the life of the mother. Amash voted with 237 Republicans in favor of the bill.[114][115]

Cyber security

Nay3.png On April 23, 2015, the House passed HR 1731—the National Cybersecurity Protection Advancement Act of 2015—by a vote of 355-63. The bill proposed creating an information sharing program that would allow federal agencies and private entities to share information about cyber threats. It also proposed including liability protections for companies.[116] Amash voted with 18 Republicans and 44 Democrats against the bill.[117]

Nay3.png On April 22, 2015, the House passed HR 1560—the Protecting Cyber Networks Act—by a vote of 307-116.[118] The bill proposed procedures that would allow federal agencies and private entities to share information about cyber threats. Amash voted with 36 Republicans and 79 Democrats against the bill.[119]

Immigration

Yea3.png On November 19, 2015, the House passed HR 4038—the American SAFE Act of 2015—by a vote of 289-137.[120] The bill proposed instituting additional screening processes for refugees from Iraq and Syria who applied for admission to the U.S. Amash voted with 241 Republicans and 47 Democrats in favor of the bill.[121]

113th Congress

The second session of the 113th Congress enacted into law 224 out of the 3215 introduced bills (7 percent). Comparatively, the 112th Congress had 4.2 percent of introduced bills enacted into law in the second session.[122] For more information pertaining to Amash's voting record in the 113th Congress, please see the below sections.[123]

National security

NDAA

Nay3.png Amash voted against HR 1960 - the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014. The bill passed the House on June 14, 2013, with a vote of 315 - 108. Both parties were somewhat divided on the vote.[124]

DHS Appropriations

Nay3.png Amash voted against HR 2217 - the DHS Appropriations Act of 2014. The bill passed the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 245 - 182 that was largely along party lines.[125]

CISPA (2013)

Nay3.png Amash voted against HR 624 - the CISPA (2013). The bill passed the House on April 18, 2013, with a vote of 288 - 127. The bill permitted federal intelligence agencies to share cybersecurity intelligence and information with private entities and utilities. The bill was largely supported by Republicans, but divided the Democratic Party.[126]

Economy

Farm Bill (2014)

Nay3.png On January 29, 2014, the U.S. House approved the Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013, H.R. 2642, also known as the Farm Bill.[127] The bill passed by a vote of 251-166. The nearly 1,000-page bill reformed and continued various programs of the Department of Agriculture through 2018. The $1 trillion bill expanded crop insurance for farmers by $7 billion over the next decade and created new subsidies for rice and peanut growers that would kick in when prices drop.[128][129] It also cut the food stamp program an average of $90 per month for 1.7 million people in 15 states.[129] Amash voted with 62 other Republican representatives against the bill.

Budget (2014)

Nay3.png On January 15, 2014, the Republican-run House approved H.R. 3547, a $1.1 trillion spending bill to fund the government through September 30, 2014.[130][131] The House voted 359-67 for the 1,582 page bill, with 64 Republicans and three Democrats voting against the bill.[131] The omnibus package included 12 annual spending bills to fund federal operations.[132] It included a 1 percent increase in the paychecks of federal workers and military personnel, a $1 billion increase in Head Start funding for early childhood education, reduced funding to the Internal Revenue Service and the Environmental Protection Agency and protected the Affordable Care Act from any drastic cuts. Amash joined with the 63 other Republicans and 3 Democrats who voted against the bill.[130][131]

Government shutdown

See also: United States budget debate, 2013

Yea3.png On September 30, 2013, the House passed a final stopgap spending bill before the shutdown went into effect. The bill included a one-year delay of the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate and would have also stripped the bill of federal subsidies for congressional members and staff. It passed through the House with a vote of 228-201.[133] At 1 a.m. on October 1, 2013, one hour after the shutdown officially began, the House voted to move forward with going to a conference. In short order, Sen. Harry Reid rejected the call to conference.[134] Amash voted in favor of the stopgap spending bill that would have delayed the individual mandate.[135]

Nay3.png The shutdown ended on October 16, 2013, when the House took a vote on HR 2775 after it was approved by the Senate. The bill to reopen the government lifted the $16.7 trillion debt limit and funded the government through January 15, 2014. Federal employees also received retroactive pay for the shutdown period. The only concession made by Senate Democrats was to require income verification for Obamacare subsidies.[136] The House passed the legislation shortly after the Senate, by a vote of 285-144, with all 144 votes against the legislation coming from Republican members. Amash voted against HR 2775.[137]

Paul Ryan Budget Proposal

Nay3.png In March 2013 the Republican controlled House passed the budget proposal set out by Wisconsin Rep. Paul Ryan (R) for the third straight year.[138] However, not all Republican representatives voted in favor of the proposal.[138] Amash was one of the 10 Republican Representatives who voted against Ryan's budget proposal.[138]

The proposal was killed after being voted down in the U.S. Senate with a 40-59 vote.[139]

The proposal would have cut about $5 trillion over the next decade and aimed to balance the budget by the end of the 10-year period.[138] The 2013 bill had opposition from 10 Republicans — the same number that voted against it in 2012. In 2011 only four Republicans cast a vote in opposition.[138] Democrats have unanimously voted against the bill every year.[138]

2013 Farm Bill

Nay3.png In July 2013 the Republican controlled House narrowly passed a scaled-back version of the farm bill after stripping out the popular food-stamp program.[140][141] The bill passed on a 216-208 vote, with no Democrats voting in favor.[142] All but 12 Republicans supported the measure.[143] The group consisted mostly of conservative lawmakers more concerned about spending than farm subsidies.[143][144] Amash was one of the 12 who voted against the measure.[143]

The farm bill historically has included both billions in farm subsidies and billions in food stamps. Including both of the two massive programs has in the past helped win support from rural-state lawmakers and those representing big cities.[142] After the bill failed in the House in June 2013 amid opposition from rank-and-file Republicans, House leaders removed the food stamp portion in a bid to attract conservative support.[142]

Federal Pay Adjustment Elimination

Yea3.png Amash voted for HR 273 - Eliminates the 2013 Statutory Pay Adjustment for Federal Employees. The bill passed the House on February 15, 2013, with a vote of 261 - 154. The bill called for stopping a 0.5 percent pay increase for all federal workers from taking effect. The raises were projected to cost $11 billion over 10 years.[145]

Drought Information System

Nay3.png Amash voted against HR 2431 - The National Integrated Drought Information System Reauthorization Act of 2013. The bill passed the House on February 10, 2014 with a vote of 365 - 21 with 45 not voting. All 21 nays came from Republicans.[146] The bill intended to amend the National Integrated Drought Information System Act of 2006 to specify that the National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) Program's purpose shall be to better inform and provide for more timely decision-making to reduce drought related impacts and costs.[147]

Immigration

Morton Memos Prohibition

Yea3.png Amash voted for House Amendment 136 - Prohibits the Enforcement of the Immigration Executive Order. The amendment was adopted by the House on June 6, 2013, with a vote of 224 - 201. The purpose of the amendment as stated on the official text is to "prohibit the use of funds to finalize, implement, administer, or enforce the Morton Memos." These memos would have granted administrative amnesty to certain individuals residing in the United States without legal status.[148] The vote largely followed party lines.[149]

Healthcare

Healthcare Reform Rules

Yea3.png Amash voted for House Amendment 450 - Requires Congressional Approval for Any Rules Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. The amendment was adopted by the House on August 2, 2013, with a vote of 227-185. The amendment requires that all changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act be approved by Congress before taking effect. The vote was largely along party lines.[150]

Social issues

Abortion

Yea3.png Amash voted for HR 1797 - Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act. The resolution passed the House on June 18, 2013, with a vote of 228 - 196 that largely followed party lines. The purpose of the bill was to ban abortions that would take place 20 or more weeks after fertilization.[151]

Government affairs

HR 676

See also: Boehner's lawsuit against the Obama administration

Yea3.png On July 30, 2014, the U.S. House approved a resolution 225 to 201 to sue President Barack Obama for exceeding his constitutional authority. Five Republicans—Thomas Massie of Kentucky, Paul Broun of Georgia, Scott Garrett of New Jersey, Walter Jones of North Carolina and Steve Stockman of Texas—voted with Democrats against the lawsuit.[152] Amash joined the other 224 Republicans in favor of the lawsuit. All Democrats voted against the resolution.[153][154]

Previous congressional sessions

Fiscal Cliff

Nay3.png Amash voted against the fiscal cliff compromise bill, which made permanent most of the Bush tax cuts originally passed in 2001 and 2003 while also raising tax rates on the highest income levels. He was 1 of 151 Republicans that voted against the bill. The bill was passed in the House by a 257 - 167 vote on January 1, 2013.[155]

Issues

House Freedom Caucus

Amash was listed as a member of the House Freedom Caucus according to reports by CNN and Roll Call released in March 2017. The House Freedom Caucus does not have an official membership list. Caucus membership was estimated to be roughly 29 members in March 2017.[156][157] He quit the caucus in June 2019.[158]

Presidential preference

2016 presidential endorsement

✓ Amash endorsed Ted Cruz for the Republican primary in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[159]

See also: Endorsements for Ted Cruz

Amash had previously supported Rand Paul.[160]

Republicans who opposed Trump in 2016

See also: Republicans and their declared positions on Donald Trump

Amash was part of a group of Republican members of Congress who said they would not endorse or vote for Donald Trump. On February 26, 2016, Amash said, "Donald Trump, on the other hand, is genuinely terrifying and 'should go back to The Apprentice,'" according to Reason.com.[161]

A full list of Republicans who opposed Trump can be viewed here.

National Security

NSA surveillance programs

James Clapper

On June 12, 2013, Amash called for the resignation of James Clapper, the Director of National Intelligence, because in a congressional hearing in March 2013, Clapper affirmatively asserted that the National Security Agency was not involved in a large-scale surveillance program to gather data on American citizens.[162]

Amash said, "It now appears clear that the director of national intelligence, James Clapper, lied under oath to Congress and the American people...Perjury is a serious crime ... [and] Clapper should resign immediately."[162]

Conservative Fight Club

According to the conservative website RedState, Amash was one of 16 U.S. House members in the "Conservative Fight Club," a designation meant to describe the "gold standard for conservatives in the House," as outlined by RedState. They were the 16 Republicans who voted against the continuing appropriations resolution to avoid the impending government shutdown in March 2013. This type of resolution is used to fund government agencies when a formal federal budget has not been approved.[163]

Presidential preference

2012

See also: Endorsements by state officials of presidential candidates in the 2012 election

Justin Amash endorsed Ron Paul in the 2012 presidential election.

Elections

2024

See also: United States Senate election in Michigan, 2024

General election

General election for U.S. Senate Michigan

The following candidates ran in the general election for U.S. Senate Michigan on November 5, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Elissa Slotkin
Elissa Slotkin (D)
 
48.6
 
2,690,225
Image of Mike Rogers
Mike Rogers (R)
 
48.3
 
2,671,872
Image of Joseph Solis-Mullen
Joseph Solis-Mullen (L) Candidate Connection
 
1.0
 
56,549
Image of Douglas P. Marsh
Douglas P. Marsh (G) Candidate Connection
 
1.0
 
53,841
Image of Dave Stein
Dave Stein (U.S. Taxpayers Party)
 
0.7
 
41,287
Image of Doug Dern
Doug Dern (Natural Law Party)
 
0.3
 
18,759
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
James Chapman (R) (Write-in)
 
0.0
 
0
Image of Valerie Willis
Valerie Willis (U.S. Taxpayers Party) (Write-in)
 
0.0
 
0

There were no incumbents in this race. Source

Total votes: 5,532,533
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Michigan

Elissa Slotkin defeated Hill Harper in the Democratic primary for U.S. Senate Michigan on August 6, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Elissa Slotkin
Elissa Slotkin
 
76.3
 
712,791
Image of Hill Harper
Hill Harper
 
23.7
 
221,053

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 933,844
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. Senate Michigan

Mike Rogers defeated Justin Amash, Sherry O'Donnell, and Sandy Pensler in the Republican primary for U.S. Senate Michigan on August 6, 2024.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Mike Rogers
Mike Rogers
 
63.2
 
555,766
Image of Justin Amash
Justin Amash
 
15.6
 
137,565
Image of Sherry O'Donnell
Sherry O'Donnell Candidate Connection
 
12.1
 
106,466
Image of Sandy Pensler
Sandy Pensler
 
9.1
 
79,772

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 879,569
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Green convention

Green convention for U.S. Senate Michigan

Douglas P. Marsh advanced from the Green convention for U.S. Senate Michigan on June 15, 2024.

Candidate
✔
Image of Douglas P. Marsh
Douglas P. Marsh (G) Candidate Connection

There were no incumbents in this race.

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Libertarian convention

Libertarian convention for U.S. Senate Michigan

Joseph Solis-Mullen advanced from the Libertarian convention for U.S. Senate Michigan on July 20, 2024.

Candidate
✔
Image of Joseph Solis-Mullen
Joseph Solis-Mullen (L) Candidate Connection

There were no incumbents in this race.

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

Natural Law Party convention

Natural Law Party convention for U.S. Senate Michigan

Doug Dern advanced from the Natural Law Party convention for U.S. Senate Michigan on April 17, 2024.

Candidate
✔
Image of Doug Dern
Doug Dern (Natural Law Party)

There were no incumbents in this race.

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

U.S. Taxpayers Party convention

U.S. Taxpayers Party convention for U.S. Senate Michigan

Dave Stein advanced from the U.S. Taxpayers Party convention for U.S. Senate Michigan on July 27, 2024.

Candidate
✔
Image of Dave Stein
Dave Stein (U.S. Taxpayers Party)

There were no incumbents in this race.

Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Endorsements

Ballotpedia did not identify endorsements for Amash in this election.

2018

See also: United States House of Representatives elections in Michigan, 2018

General election

General election for U.S. House Michigan District 3

Incumbent Justin Amash defeated Cathy Albro and Ted Gerrard in the general election for U.S. House Michigan District 3 on November 6, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Justin Amash
Justin Amash (R)
 
54.4
 
169,107
Image of Cathy Albro
Cathy Albro (D)
 
43.2
 
134,185
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Ted Gerrard (U.S. Taxpayers Party)
 
2.4
 
7,445
 Other/Write-in votes
 
0.0
 
3

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 310,740
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Democratic primary election

Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 3

Cathy Albro defeated Fred Wooden in the Democratic primary for U.S. House Michigan District 3 on August 7, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Cathy Albro
Cathy Albro
 
68.2
 
42,619
Image of Fred Wooden
Fred Wooden Candidate Connection
 
31.8
 
19,903

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 62,522
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

Republican primary election

Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 3

Incumbent Justin Amash advanced from the Republican primary for U.S. House Michigan District 3 on August 7, 2018.

Candidate
%
Votes
✔
Image of Justin Amash
Justin Amash
 
100.0
 
69,817

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

Total votes: 69,817
Candidate Connection = candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

2016

See also: Michigan's 3rd Congressional District election, 2016

Heading into the election, Ballotpedia rated this race as safely Republican. Incumbent Justin Amash (R) defeated Douglas Smith (D) and Ted Gerrard (U.S. Taxpayers) in the general election on November 8, 2016. No candidate faced a primary opponent in August.[164][165][166][167]

U.S. House, Michigan District 3 General Election, 2016
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngJustin Amash Incumbent 59.5% 203,545
     Democratic Douglas Smith 37.5% 128,400
     U.S. Taxpayers Ted Gerrard 3% 10,420
Total Votes 342,365
Source: Michigan Secretary of State

2014

See also: Michigan's 3rd Congressional District elections, 2014

Amash ran for re-election to Michigan's 3rd District in 2014. Amash won the Republican nomination in the primary against Brian Ellis on August 5, 2014. He defeated Bob Goodrich (D) and Tonya Duncan (Green) in the general election on November 4, 2014.

U.S. House, Michigan District 3 General Election, 2014
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngJustin Amash Incumbent 57.9% 125,754
     Democratic Bob Goodrich 39% 84,720
     Green Tonya Duncan 3.1% 6,691
Total Votes 217,165
Source: Michigan Secretary of State
U.S. House, Michigan District 3 Republican Primary, 2014
Candidate Vote % Votes
Green check mark transparent.pngJustin Amash Incumbent 57.4% 39,706
Brian Ellis 42.6% 29,422
Total Votes 69,128
Source: Michigan Secretary of State

Polls

Michigan's 3rd District Republican Primary
Poll Justin Amash Brian EllisMargin of ErrorSample Size
Strategic National (July 12-14, 2014)
 47%24%+/-4.4500
EPIC-MRA (June 10-11, 2014)
 55%35%+/-3.5814
Pratical Political Consulting (May 27-29, 2014)
 42%23%+/-4.56,000
Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org

2012

See also: Michigan's 3rd Congressional District elections, 2012

Amash won re-election in the 2012 election for the U.S. House, representing Michigan's 3rd District.[168] He ran unopposed in the August 7, 2012, Republican primary. He then defeated Steve Pestka (D) and Bill Gelineau (L) in the general election on November 6, 2012.[169]

U.S. House, Michigan District 3 General Election, 2012
Party Candidate Vote % Votes
     Democratic Steve Pestka 44.2% 144,108
     Republican Green check mark transparent.pngJustin Amash Incumbent 52.6% 171,675
     Libertarian Bill Gelineau 3.2% 10,498
     Write-in Steven Butler 0% 2
Total Votes 326,283
Source: Michigan Secretary of State "Official Election Results, 2012 General Election"

Campaign themes

2024

Ballotpedia survey responses

See also: Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection

Justin Amash did not complete Ballotpedia's 2024 Candidate Connection survey.

2020

Justin Amash did not complete Ballotpedia's 2020 Candidate Connection survey.

2012

The following are several issues that were highlighted on Amash's campaign website.[170]

  • Accountability & Transparency

Excerpt: "I am the first-ever Member of Congress to explain every vote I take on the House floor, which I do on my official congressional Facebook Page. In addition, I have never missed a vote as a state legislator or Member of Congress."

  • Economy & Regulations

Excerpt: "Government can best help the economy by making regulations predictable and uncomplicated, simplifying the tax code, and letting businesses stand or fail on their own merit."

  • Education

Excerpt: "The right of parents to educate their children as they see fit, including the right of homeschooling, should not be infringed. Government-mandated curriculums and teaching methods do not properly account for different learning styles, leaving many children confused and falling short of their potential."

  • Environment

Excerpt: "The best way to protect the environment is through strong enforcement of property rights and pursuit of sound economic policy."

  • Healthcare

Excerpt: "As a Member of Congress, I have voted to repeal the President’s plan to force families and individuals to purchase government-approved health insurance... We need reforms that will reduce the real costs of health care, not force participation in a government system."

  • Immigration

Excerpt: "The United States has always welcomed individuals who legally seek to enter our country to work or become citizens, but Congress and the President must make every effort to secure our borders."

  • Life, Faith & Family

Excerpt: "The proper function of government is to protect individual rights—life, liberty, and property. I believe that life begins at conception, and it is unconscionable that government would sanction the taking of the helpless and innocent."

  • National Defense & Civil Liberties

Excerpt: "I have led the fight against big-government initiatives like the Patriot Act, SOPA, CISPA, and the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY 2012."

  • Second Amendment

Excerpt: "Congress must halt the unconstitutional practice of restricting a person’s ability to purchase, transport, store, or possess arms on public lands or on that individual’s private property under the guise of regulating interstate commerce."

  • Social Security & Medicare

Excerpt: "We must keep our promises to seniors and not change benefits for those who are currently receiving or soon will receive Social Security or Medicare... We must begin to phase in significant reforms for the benefit of future generations."

  • State Sovereignty & Individual Rights

Excerpt: "The federal government should not improperly apply the General Welfare Clause, the Commerce Clause, or the Necessary and Proper Clause to justify regulating activities that are not within its authority."

Polls

Steve Pestka vs. Justin Amash
Poll Steve Pestka Justin AmashMargin of errorSample size
(August 18-21, 2012)
 50%42%+/-4.4501
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.

Full history


Campaign finance summary

Note: The finance data shown here comes from the disclosures required of candidates and parties. Depending on the election or state, this may represent only a portion of all the funds spent on their behalf. Satellite spending groups may or may not have expended funds related to the candidate or politician on whose page you are reading this disclaimer. Campaign finance data from elections may be incomplete. For elections to federal offices, complete data can be found at the FEC website. Click here for more on federal campaign finance law and here for more on state campaign finance law.

Justin Amash campaign contribution history
YearOfficeStatusContributionsExpenditures
2024* U.S. Senate MichiganLost primary$914,568 $1,273,383
2020President of the United StatesWithdrew convention$0 N/A**
2020U.S. House Michigan District 3Withdrew general$1,160,520 $853,518
2018U.S. House Michigan District 3Won general$633,938 $769,773
2016U.S. House, Michigan District 3Won $663,139 N/A**
2014U.S. House (Michigan, District 3)Won $1,800,540 N/A**
2012U.S. House Michigan District 3Won $1,313,802 N/A**
2010U.S. House Michigan District 3Won $1,103,513 N/A**
** Data on expenditures is not available for this election cycle
Note: Totals above reflect only available data.

Personal Gain Index

Congressional Personal Gain Index graphic.png
See also: Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress)

The Personal Gain Index (U.S. Congress) is a two-part measurement that illustrates the extent to which members of the U.S. Congress have prospered during their tenure as public servants.
It consists of two different metrics:

PGI: Change in net worth

See also: Changes in Net Worth of U.S. Senators and Representatives (Personal Gain Index) and Net worth of United States Senators and Representatives
Net Worth Metric graphic.png

Based on congressional financial disclosure forms and calculations made available by OpenSecrets.org, Amash's net worth as of 2012 was estimated between $890,026 and $2,200,000. That averages to $1,545,013, which is lower than the average net worth of Republican representatives in 2012 of $7,614,097.96. Amash ranked as the 174th most wealthy representative in 2012.[172] Between 2009 and 2012, Amash's calculated net worth[173] increased by an average of 28 percent per year. Between 2004 and 2014, the average annual percentage increase for a member of Congress was 15.4 percent.[174]

Justin Amash Yearly Net Worth
YearAverage Net Worth
2009$844,388
2012$1,545,013
Growth from 2009 to 2012:83%
Average annual growth:28%[175]
Comparatively, the American citizen experienced a median yearly decline in net worth of -0.94%.[176]

The data used to calculate changes in net worth may include changes resulting from assets gained through marriage, inheritance, changes in family estates and/or trusts, changes in family business ownership, and many other variables unrelated to a member's behavior in Congress.

PGI: Donation Concentration Metric

See also: The Donation Concentration Metric (U.S. Congress Personal Gain Index)

Filings required by the Federal Election Commission report on the industries that give to each candidate. Using campaign filings and information calculated by OpenSecrets.org, Ballotpedia calculated the percentage of donations by industry received by each incumbent over the course of his or her career (or 1989 and later, if elected prior to 1988). Amash received the most donations from individuals and PACs employed by the Republican/Conservative industry.

From 2009-2014, 26.17 percent of Amash's career contributions came from the top five industries as listed below.[177]

Donation Concentration Metric graphic.png
Justin Amash Campaign Contributions
Total Raised $4,044,234
Total Spent $3,126,988
Top five industries that contributed to campaign committee
Republican/Conservative$335,605
Misc Manufacturing & Distribution$227,565
Retired$187,482
Health Professionals$176,509
Retail Sales$131,120
% total in top industry8.3%
% total in top two industries13.93%
% total in top five industries26.17%

Analysis

Note: Because Amash often breaks with the Republican Party for ideologically conservative reasons, some of the analysis points to him being liberal, however, that may or may not be the case because of his reasoning behind certain votes.

Ideology and leadership

See also: GovTrack's Political Spectrum & Legislative Leadership ranking

Based on an analysis of bill sponsorship by GovTrack, Amash was a centrist Republican as of July 2014.[178] This was the same rating Amash received in July 2014.

Like-minded colleagues

The website OpenCongress tracks the voting records of each member to determine with whom he or she votes most and least often. The results include a member from each party.[179]

Amash most often votes with:

Amash least often votes with:


National Journal vote ratings

See also: National Journal vote ratings

Each year National Journal publishes an analysis of how liberally or conservatively each member of Congress voted in the previous year. Click the link above for the full ratings of all members of Congress.

2013

Amash ranked 219th in the conservative rankings in 2013.[180]

2012

Amash ranked 185th in the liberal rankings in 2012.[181]

2011

Amash ranked 192nd in the conservative rankings in 2012..[182]

Voting with party

The website OpenCongress tracks how often members of Congress vote with the majority of the chamber caucus.

2014

Amash voted with the Republican Party 77.7 percent of the time, which ranked 229th among the 234 House Republican members as of July 2014.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many

2013

Amash voted with the Republican Party 78.6 percent of the time, which ranked last among the 233 House Republican members as of June 2013.Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; invalid names, e.g. too many

Lifetime voting record

See also: Lifetime voting records of United States Senators and Representatives

According to the website GovTrack, Amash missed 0 of 3,358 roll call votes from January 2011 to September 2015. This amounted to 0 percent, which was lower than the median of 2.2 percent among representatives as of September 2015.[183]

Congressional staff salaries

See also: Staff salaries of United States Senators and Representatives

The website Legistorm compiles staff salary information for members of Congress. Amash paid his congressional staff a total of $792,266 in 2011. He ranked 45th on the list of the lowest paid Republican representative staff salaries and ranked 50th overall of the lowest paid representative staff salaries in 2011. Overall, Michigan ranked 13th in average salary for representative staff. The average U.S. House of Representatives congressional staff was paid $954,912.20 in fiscal year 2011.[184]

2016 Republican National Convention

See also: Republican National Convention, 2016

Amash was a delegate to the 2016 Republican National Convention from Michigan. Amash was one of 17 delegates from Michigan bound by state party rules to support Ted Cruz at the convention.[185] Cruz suspended his campaign on May 3, 2016. At the time, he had approximately 546 bound delegates. For more on what happened to his delegates, see this page.

Delegate rules

See also: RNC delegate guidelines from Michigan, 2016 and Republican delegates from Michigan, 2016

Delegates from Michigan to the Republican National Convention were elected at district conventions and at the state convention in April 2016. Michigan delegates were allowed to list their preferred candidate on their presidential preference form. 2016 Michigan GOP bylaws stipulate that delegates to the national convention were bound on the first ballot. Delegates bound to a particular candidate became unbound if that candidate publicly withdrew from the race, suspended his or her campaign, endorsed another candidate, or sought the nomination of a different party for any office.

Michigan primary results

See also: Presidential election in Michigan, 2016
Michigan Republican Primary, 2016
Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
Jeb Bush 0.8% 10,685 0
Ben Carson 1.6% 21,349 0
Chris Christie 0.2% 3,116 0
Ted Cruz 24.7% 326,617 17
Carly Fiorina 0.1% 1,415 0
Lindsey Graham 0% 438 0
Mike Huckabee 0.2% 2,603 0
John Kasich 24.3% 321,115 17
George Pataki 0% 591 0
Rand Paul 0.3% 3,774 0
Marco Rubio 9.3% 123,587 0
Rick Santorum 0.1% 1,722 0
Green check mark transparent.pngDonald Trump 36.5% 483,753 25
Other 1.7% 22,824 0
Totals 1,323,589 59
Source: CNN and Michigan Secretary of State

Delegate allocation

See also: 2016 presidential nominations: calendar and delegate rules
Logo-GOP.png

Michigan had 59 delegates at the 2016 Republican National Convention. Of this total, 42 were district-level delegates (three for each of the state's 14 congressional districts). District delegates were allocated proportionally in accordance with the statewide vote; a candidate had to win at least 15% of the statewide vote in order to be eligible to receive any district delegates.[186][187]

Of the remaining 17 delegates, 14 served at large. At-large delegates were allocated proportionally in accordance with the statewide vote; a candidate had to win at least 15% of the statewide vote in order to be eligible to receive any of the state's at-large delegates. In addition, three national party leaders (identified on the chart below as RNC delegates) served as bound delegates to the Republican National Convention.[186][187]

Personal

Note: Please contact us if the personal information below requires an update.
Amash lives in Cascade Charter Township with his wife, Kara, and their three children.[188]

See also

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External links

Candidate

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    Footnotes

    1. ↑ CNN, "Justin Amash announces presidential exploratory committee," April 28, 2020
    2. ↑ Detroit News, "Amash ends brief bid for Libertarian presidential nomination," May 16, 2020
    3. ↑ Washington Post "Justin Amash: Our politics is in a partisan death spiral. That’s why I’m leaving the GOP.," July 4, 2019
    4. ↑ Reason.com, "Justin Amash Becomes the First Libertarian Member of Congress," April 29, 2020
    5. ↑ Politico, "Justin Amash nixes third-party presidential run," May 16, 2020
    6. ↑ U.S. Representative Justin Amash, "Biography," accessed January 30, 2019
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Biographical Guide to Members of Congress, "Justin Amash," accessed December 21, 2011
    8. ↑ [*https://www.rollcall.com/2019/07/08/justin-amash-is-officially-a-man-without-a-party-or-committee/ Roll Call, "Justin Amash is officially a man without a party — or committee," July 8, 2019]
    9. ↑ United States House of Representatives, "Directory of Representatives," accessed May 11, 2020
    10. ↑ U.S. House Clerk, "Official Alphabetical List of the House of Representatives of the United States One Hundred Fifteenth Congress," accessed February 2, 2017
    11. ↑ U.S. House of Representatives, Office of the Clerk, "Committee Information," accessed February 18, 2015
    12. ↑ CQ.com, "House Committee Rosters for the 113th Congress," accessed March 3, 2013
    13. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "House of Representatives Committee Assignments," accessed December 21, 2011
    14. ↑ Budget Committeehtml Slate, "The Republicans Who Voted Against the Ryan Budget Won't Be on the Budget Committee Next Year," December 3, 2012
    15. ↑ The Hill, "Ryan budget passes committee by one vote," March 21, 2012
    16. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1044 - Fairness for High-Skilled Immigrants Act of 2020," accessed March 22, 2024
    17. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6800 - The Heroes Act," accessed April 23, 2024
    18. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1 - For the People Act of 2019," accessed April 23, 2024
    19. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.748 - CARES Act," accessed April 23, 2024
    20. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.5 - Equality Act," accessed April 23, 2024
    21. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.8 - Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2019," accessed April 23, 2024
    22. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6 - American Dream and Promise Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    23. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.1790 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    24. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6201 - Families First Coronavirus Response Act," accessed April 24, 2024
    25. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1994 - Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    26. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3 - Elijah E. Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act," accessed March 22, 2024
    27. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1865 - Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    28. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.1838 - Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    29. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.3884 - MORE Act of 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    30. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6074 - Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2020," accessed April 27, 2024
    31. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.J.Res.31 - Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    32. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.47 - John D. Dingell, Jr. Conservation, Management, and Recreation Act," accessed April 27, 2024
    33. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6395 - William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," accessed April 27, 2024
    34. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.6395 - William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021," accessed April 27, 2024
    35. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.24 - Government Employee Fair Treatment Act of 2019," accessed April 27, 2024
    36. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.755 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors," accessed April 27, 2024
    37. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.Res.755 - Impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors," accessed April 27, 2024
    38. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 434," accessed December 13, 2018
    39. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 284," June 21, 2018
    40. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 282," June 21, 2018
    41. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 434," accessed March 12, 2019
    42. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 549," October 3, 2017
    43. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 344," June 29, 2017
    44. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 342," June 29, 2017
    45. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 256," May 4, 2017
    46. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 405," September 26, 2018
    47. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 399," September 13, 2018
    48. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 313," June 28, 2018
    49. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 257," June 8, 2018
    50. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 216," May 22, 2018
    51. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 127," March 22, 2018
    52. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 69," February 9, 2018
    53. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 60," February 6, 2018
    54. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 44," January 22, 2018
    55. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 33," January 18, 2018
    56. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 708," December 21, 2017
    57. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 692," December 19, 2017
    58. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 670," December 7, 2017
    59. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 637," November 16, 2017
    60. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 589," October 26, 2017
    61. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 557," October 5, 2017
    62. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 528," September 14, 2017
    63. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 480," September 8, 2017
    64. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 441," September 6, 2017
    65. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 299," June 8, 2017
    66. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 249," May 3, 2017
    67. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 230," May 24, 2018
    68. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 49," January 30, 2018
    69. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 631," November 14, 2017
    70. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 435," July 27, 2017
    71. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 413," July 25, 2017
    72. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 437," July 28, 2017
    73. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 407," July 24, 2017
    74. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results For Roll Call 378," July 14, 2017
    75. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 136," March 8, 2017
    76. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 113th Congress," accessed April 29, 2015
    77. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 114th Congress," accessed January 5, 2017
    78. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the One Hundred Fourteenth Congress," April 13, 2015
    79. ↑ Bloomberg Politics, "Three House Republicans Said to Be Punished Over Trade Vote," June 16, 2015
    80. ↑ New York Magazine, "The Trade Vote Reignited the War Within the House GOP," June 26, 2015
    81. ↑ Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 359," accessed July 17, 2015
    82. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 361," June 12, 2015
    83. ↑ Roll Call, "Deadline for TAA Do-Over Vote Extended to July 30 (Updated)," June 15, 2015
    84. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 362," June 12, 2015
    85. ↑ Roll Call, "Deadline for TAA Do-Over Vote Extended to July 30 (Updated)," June 15, 2015
    86. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 374," June 18, 2015
    87. ↑ Politico, "Trade turnaround: House backs new power for Obama," June 18, 2015
    88. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 388," June 24, 2015
    89. ↑ The Hill, "Obama signs trade bills," June 29, 2015
    90. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 239," accessed May 27, 2015
    91. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R. 1735," accessed May 27, 2015
    92. ↑ The Hill, "Redone defense policy bill sails through House," accessed November 12, 2015
    93. ↑ Congress.gov, "S. 1356," accessed November 12, 2015
    94. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 618," accessed November 12, 2015
    95. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to S. 1356)," accessed November 12, 2015
    96. ↑ Congress.gov, "S.Con.Res.11," accessed May 5, 2015
    97. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 183," accessed May 5, 2015
    98. ↑ The Hill, "Republicans pass a budget, flexing power of majority," accessed May 5, 2015
    99. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1314 - Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015," accessed November 1, 2015
    100. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 579," accessed November 1, 2015
    101. ↑ Senate.gov, "On the Motion (Motion to Concur in the House Amendment to the Senate Amendment to H.R. 1314)," accessed November 1, 2015
    102. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.1191 - Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act of 2015," accessed May 16, 2015
    103. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 226," accessed May 16, 2015
    104. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 3461," accessed September 11, 2015
    105. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 493," accessed September 11, 2015
    106. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 3460," accessed September 10, 2015
    107. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 494," accessed September 11, 2015
    108. ↑ Congress.gov, "H Res 411," accessed September 10, 2015
    109. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 492," accessed September 10, 2015
    110. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 597," accessed November 2, 2015
    111. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 576," accessed November 2, 2015
    112. ↑ Congress.gov, "H.R.2048," accessed May 26, 2015
    113. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 224," accessed May 26, 2015
    114. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 36 - the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act," accessed May 16, 2015
    115. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "HR 36," accessed May 16, 2015
    116. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1731," accessed November 2, 2015
    117. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 173," accessed November 2, 2015
    118. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 1560 - Protecting Cyber Networks Act," accessed November 1, 2015
    119. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 170," accessed November 1, 2015
    120. ↑ Congress.gov, "HR 4038 - the American SAFE Act of 2015," accessed November 20, 2015
    121. ↑ Clerk.House.gov, "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 643," accessed November 20, 2015
    122. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, First Session of the 112th Congress," accessed September 5, 2013
    123. ↑ Congressional Record, "Resume of Congressional Activity, Second Session of the 113th Congress," accessed March 4, 2014
    124. ↑ Project Vote Smart, "HR 1960 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014 - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
    125. ↑ Project Vote Smart, "HR 2217 - DHS Appropriations Act of 2014 - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
    126. ↑ Project Vote Smart, "HR 624 - CISPA (2013) - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
    127. ↑ Clerk of U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote 31: H.R. 2642," accessed February 12, 2014
    128. ↑ Politico, "House clears farm bill," accessed February 12, 2014
    129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 New York Times, "Senate passes long-stalled Farm Bill, With clear winners and losers," accessed February 12, 2014
    130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 CNN.com, "House passes compromise $1.1 trillion budget for 2014," accessed January 20, 2014
    131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 131.2 U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote 21," accessed January 20, 2014
    132. ↑ Roll Call, "House Passes $1.1 Trillion Omnibus," accessed January 20, 2014
    133. ↑ Clerk of the U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 504," accessed October 31, 2013
    134. ↑ Buzzfeed, "Government Shutdown: How We Got Here," accessed October 1, 2013
    135. ↑ Clerk of the U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 504," accessed October 31, 2013
    136. ↑ The Washington Post, "Reid, McConnell propose bipartisan Senate bill to end shutdown, extend borrowing," accessed October 16, 2013
    137. ↑ U.S. House, "Final vote results for Roll Call 550," accessed October 31, 2013
    138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 138.2 138.3 138.4 138.5 Washington Post, "10 House Republicans Vote Against Ryan Budget," accessed March 22, 2013
    139. ↑ CBS News, "Senate Rejects Paul Ryan Budget," accessed March 22, 2013
    140. ↑ Washington Post, "Farm bill passes narrowly in House, without food stamp funding," accessed July 15, 2013
    141. ↑ USA Today, "House passes farm bill; strips out food-stamp program," accessed July 15, 2013
    142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 142.2 Fox News, "House narrowly passes farm bill after Republicans carve out food stamps," accessed July 15, 2013
    143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 143.2 Washington Post, "Which Republicans voted against the Farm Bill?" accessed July 15, 2013
    144. ↑ Politico, "Farm bill 2013: House narrowly passes pared-back version," accessed July 15, 2013
    145. ↑ Project Vote Smart, "HR 273 - Eliminates the 2013 Statutory Pay Adjustment for Federal Employees - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
    146. ↑ Clerk of the U.S. House, "FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 5," accessed February 14, 2014
    147. ↑ Thomas Library of Congress, "Bill Summary & Status 113th Congress (2013 - 2014) H.R.2431 All Information," accessed February 14, 2014
    148. ↑ The Library of Congress, "H.AMDT.136," accessed September 16, 2013
    149. ↑ Project Vote Smart, "H Amdt 136 - Prohibits the Enforcement of the Immigration Executive Order - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
    150. ↑ Project Vote Smart, "H Amdt 450 - Requires Congressional Approval for Any Rules Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
    151. ↑ Project Vote Smart, "HR 1797 - Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act - Voting Record," accessed September 16, 2013
    152. ↑ U.S. House, "House Resolution 676," accessed July 30, 2014
    153. ↑ Associated Press, "Suing Obama: GOP-led House gives the go-ahead," July 31, 2014
    154. ↑ Washington Post, "House clears way for lawsuit against Obama," accessed July 30, 2014
    155. ↑ U.S. House, "Roll Call Vote on the Fiscal Cliff," accessed January 4, 2013
    156. ↑ CNN, "What is the House Freedom Caucus and what does it want?" March 23, 2017
    157. ↑ Roll Call, "Republican Members Opposed to GOP Health Care Bill," March 22, 2017
    158. ↑ CNN, "Justin Amash leaves the conservative Freedom Caucus," June 11, 2019
    159. ↑ The Hill, "Rep. Amash endorses Cruz," February 23, 2016
    160. ↑ The Washington Post, "Justin Amash endorses Rand Paul for president," May 4, 2015
    161. ↑ Reason.com, "Amash Says Cruz Isn't a Libertarian, Endorses Him, Wishes Trump Would 'Go Back to The Apprentice,'" accessed March 4, 2016
    162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 The Hill, "GOP's Amash: Clapper should resign," June 12, 2013
    163. ↑ RedState, "Fight Club," accessed March 6, 2013
    164. ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "2016 Michigan Candidate Listing," accessed April 20, 2016
    165. ↑ Politico, "Michigan House Primaries Results," August 2, 2016
    166. ↑ Michigan Secretary of State, "2016 Michigan Candidate Listing," accessed September 6, 2016
    167. ↑ CNN, "Election Results," accessed November 8, 2016
    168. ↑ Politico, "2012 Election Map, Michigan"
    169. ↑ Associated Press primary results
    170. ↑ Amash's Campaign Website, "Issues," accessed October 5, 2012) (dead link)
    171. ↑ U.S. Congress House Clerk, "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 2, 2010," accessed March 28, 2013
    172. ↑ OpenSecrets, "Amash (R-MI), 2012," accessed February 18, 2014
    173. ↑ This figure represents the average annual percentage growth from either 2004 (if the member entered office in 2004 or earlier) or their first year in office (as noted in the chart below) to 2012, divided by the number of years calculated.
    174. ↑ This number was found by dividing each member's total net worth growth percentage by the number of years included in the calculation. For example, for Chellie Pingree, her total net worth increase was divided by five, since it was calculated for five years (2007-2012). If the incumbent had been in office earlier than 2004, it would still only be divided by eight (2004-2012), since those are the only years for which we have available data.
    175. ↑ This figure represents the total percentage growth divided by the number of years for which there are net worth figures for each member.
    176. ↑ This figure was calculated using median asset data from the Census Bureau. Please see the Congressional Net Worth data for Ballotpedia spreadsheet for more information on this calculation.
    177. ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Rep. Justin Amash," accessed September 24, 2014
    178. ↑ GovTrack, "Justin Amash," accessed July 29, 2014
    179. ↑ OpenCongress, "Justin Amash," archived February 28, 2016
    180. ↑ National Journal, "2014 Congressional Vote Ratings," July 29, 2014
    181. ↑ National Journal, "TABLE: House Liberal Scores by Issue Area," February 26, 2013
    182. ↑ National Journal, "Searchable Vote Ratings Tables: House," accessed February 23, 2012
    183. ↑ GovTrack, "Justin Amash," accessed October 19, 2015
    184. ↑ LegiStorm, "Justin Amash," accessed December 15, 2012
    185. ↑ MLive.com, "See who Michigan Republicans are sending to support Donald Trump at the national convention," April 10, 2016
    186. ↑ 186.0 186.1 Republican National Committee, "2016 Presidential Nominating Process," accessed October 6, 2015
    187. ↑ 187.0 187.1 CNN.com, "Republican National Convention roll call vote," accessed July 20, 2016
    188. ↑ Official House Site, "Biography," accessed December 21, 2011
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