Grab

Grab
	Obični grab
	Lišće običnog graba
Naučna klasifikacija
Carstvo:	Plantae
Kladus:	Tracheophytes
Kladus:	Angiospermae
Kladus:	Eudicotidae
Kladus:	Rosids
Red:	Fagales
Porodica:	Betulaceae
Potporodica:	Coryloideae
Rod:	Carpinus; L.
Sinonimi
	Distegocarpus Siebold & Zucc

Grab (lat. Carpinus) rod је korisnog, ukrasnog drveća iz porodice breza (Betulaceae). Porekla imena ovog roda nije potpuno razjašnjeno. Moguće je da dolazi keltskih reći karr (drvo) i penne (glava), što je bilo staro ime za grab kod Rimljana, ili dolazi od grčkog karpinos (plodonosan).

Najvažnija vrsta obični grab (Carpinus betulus). Ovo drvo je izuzetno tvrdo, žilavo i teško ga je rascepiti, pa se koristi za izradu raznog alata, kao i za ogrev.^[2] Druga poznata vrsta belograb ili beli grab (Carpinus orientalis), niskog je rasta, ali je takođe čvrsto, pa se koristi u stolarstvu.^[3]

Rasprostranjenost

Oko 30–40 vrsta je javlja širom većine umerenih regiona severne hemisfere, sa najvećim brojem vrsta u istočnoj Aziji, a posebno u Kini. Samo dve vrste se javljaju u Evropi, jedna u istočnoj Severnoj Americi, i jedna u Mezoamerici.^[1]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Carpinus betulus se može naći u Evropi, Turskoj i Ukrajini.^[8]

Vrste

Carpinus betulus^[9]^[10]
Carpinus caroliniana^[11]
Carpinus chuniana
Carpinus cordata^[12]
Carpinus dayongiana
Carpinus eximia
Carpinus faginea
Carpinus fangiana^[13]
Carpinus fargesiana
Carpinus firmifolia
Carpinus hebestroma
Carpinus henryana
Carpinus japonica^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]
Carpinus kawakamii
Carpinus kweichowensis
Carpinus laxiflora^[18]^[19]^[20]^[21]
Carpinus lipoensis
Carpinus londoniana
Carpinus luochengensis
Carpinus mengshanensis
Carpinus microphylla
Carpinus mollicoma
Carpinus monbeigiana
Carpinus omeiensis
Carpinus orientalis^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]
Carpinus paohsingensis
†Carpinus perryae Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr, 2003^[26]^[27]
Carpinus polyneura
Carpinus pubescens
Carpinus purpurinervis
Carpinus putoensis^[28]^[29]^[30]
Carpinus rankanensis
Carpinus rupestris
Carpinus schuschaensis
Carpinus shensiensis
Carpinus shimenensis
†Carpinus tengshongensis W.C.Cheng}-^[31]
Carpinus tientaiensis
Carpinus tropicalis
Carpinus tsaiana
Carpinus tschonoskii
Carpinus turczaninowii Hance^[32]
Carpinus viminea

Reference

^ ^а ^б „Carpinus L., Sp. Pl.: 998 (1753)”. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ^{[мртва веза]}
^ Priroda i biljke: Obični grab
^ Prirodfa i biljke: Bijeli grab
^ Flora of China, Vol. 4 Page 289, 鹅耳枥属 e er li shu, Carpinus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753.
^ Flora of North America, Vol. 3, Hornbeam, Carpinus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 432, 1754.
^ „Carpinus betulus L.”. Altervista Flora Italiana.
^ „2013 BONAP North American Plant Atlas. TaxonMaps”. Biota of North America Program.
^ Carpinus betulus. 2.nd Ed., The Royal Horticultural Society, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, London, pp. 234, 235.
^ Brown, John (1816). Encyclopaedia Perthensis. 23. стр. 364.
^ Rackham, Oliver (2003). Ancient Woodland; its history, vegetation and uses in England (New Edition). Castlepoint Press. ISBN 978-1-897604-27-4.
^ Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. стр. 319–322.
^ „Carpinus cordata Blume | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science”. Plants of the World Online (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 31. 1. 2021.
^ „Carpinus fangiana”. Rogers Trees and Shrubs. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 7. 2011. г.
^ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ „Carpinus japonica”. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 7. 2011. г.
^ Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Japan IIa: 1-550. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.
^ Blume, Carl (Karl) Ludwig von. 1851. Museum Botanicum 1: 308
^ Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). „aka-shide Carpinus laxiflora”. Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN. IUCN. 2014: e.T194624A2353470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194624A2353470.en . Приступљено 2. 5. 2023.
^ „Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume”. Plants of the World Online (на језику: енглески). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Приступљено 2. 5. 2023.
^ Madden, Virg (2020). „loose-flower hornbeam Carpinus laxiflora”. Virginia Big Tree Program. Virginia Tech. Приступљено 2. 5. 2023.
^ Stowell, Jerald P. (1978). The Beginner's Guide to American Bonsai. стр. 129. ISBN 9784770013026.
^ „Carpinus”. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). ARS, USDA. Приступљено 24. 10. 2008.
^ „World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew”. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 01. 2022. г. Приступљено 20. 05. 2023.
^ Czerepanov, S. K. 1981. Sosudistye Rasteniia SSSR. 509 pages. Nauka, Leningradskoe Otd-nie, Leningrad
^ Browicz, Kasimierz. Flora Iranica : Flora des Iranischen Hochlandes und der Umrahmenden Gebirge : Persien, Afghanistan, Teile von West-Pakistan, Nord-Iraq, (cont) 97: 2. 1972.
^ Pigg, K. B.; Manchester, S. R.; Wehr, W. C. (2003). „Corylus, Carpinus, and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America”. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (5): 807—822. S2CID 19802370. doi:10.1086/376816.
^ Forest, F.; Savolainen, V.; Chase, M. W.; Lupia, R.; Bruneau, A.; Crane, P. R. (2005). „Teasing apart molecular-versus fossil-based error estimates when dating phylogenetic trees: a case study in the birch family (Betulaceae)”. Systematic Botany. 30 (1): 118—133. S2CID 86080433. doi:10.1600/0363644053661850.
^ Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). „Carpinus putoensis”. Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN. IUCN. 2014: e.T32303A2813038. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T32303A2813038.en . Приступљено 13. 11. 2021.
^ eFloras. „Carpinus putoensis”. Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Приступљено 11. 4. 2012.
^ Wilson, Edward O. The Future of Life. Vintage Books, New York: 2002.
^ Dai, Jing; Sun, Bainian; Xie, Sanping; Lin, Zhicheng; Wu, Jingyu; Dao, Kequn (2013). „A new species of Carpinus (Betulaceae) from the Pliocene of Yunnan Province, China”. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 299 (3): 643—658. doi:10.1007/s00606-012-0750-1.
^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. стр. 400. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 25. 5. 2017. г. Приступљено 8. 12. 2016 — преко Korea Forest Service.

Литература

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009), „An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III”, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 105—121, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x 
Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). „The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase”. Phytotaxa. Magnolia Press. 261 (3): 201—217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 .
Soltis DE, Smith SA, Cellinese N, Wurdack KJ, Tank DC, Brockington SF, Refulio-Rodriguez NF, Walker JB, Moore MJ, Carlsward BS, Bell CD, Latvis M, Crawley S, Black C, Diouf D, Xi Z, Rushworth CA, Gitzendanner MA, Sytsma KJ, Qiu YL, Hilu KW, Davis CC, Sanderson MJ, Beaman RS, Olmstead RG, Judd WS, Donoghue MJ, Soltis PS (2011). „Angiosperm phylogeny: 17 genes, 640 taxa”. Am J Bot. 98 (4): 704—730. PMID 21613169. doi:10.3732/ajb.1000404.
Xiang X-G, Wang W, Li R-Q, Lin L, Liu Y, Zhou Z-K, Li Z-Y, Chen Z-D (2014). „Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene”. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 16 (3): 101—110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001.
Chen Z-D, Manchester SR, Sun H-Y (1999). „Phylogeny and evolution of the Betulaceae as inferred from DNA sequences, morphology, and palaeobotany”. Am J Bot. 86 (8): 1168—1181. JSTOR 2656981. PMID 10449397. doi:10.2307/2656981 .
„Carpinus laxiflora (Sieb. & Zucc.) Blume”. treesandshrubsonline.org. International Dendrology Society. 2023. Приступљено 2. 5. 2023.
Ossola, Alessandro; Hoeppner, Malin J.; Burley, Hugh M.; Gallagher, Rachael V.; Beaumont, Linda J.; Leishman, Michelle R. (2020). „The Global Urban Tree Inventory: A database of the diverse tree flora that inhabits the world's cities”. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 29 (11): 1907—1914. S2CID 225429443. doi:10.1111/geb.13169.
„Carpinus laxiflora”. The Royal Horticultural Society. 2023. Приступљено 2. 5. 2023. „3 suppliers”
Archibald, S.; Greenwood, D.; Smith, R.; Mathewes, R.; Basinger, J. (2011). „Great Canadian Lagerstätten 1. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)”. Geoscience Canada. 38 (4): 155—164.
Wolfe, J.A.; Tanai, T. (1987). „Systematics, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of Western North America”. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy. 22 (1): 1—246. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 12. 2022. г. Приступљено 20. 05. 2023.
Wolfe, J. A.; Wehr, W. C. (1987). Middle Eocene dicotyledonous plants from Republic, northeastern Washington (PDF) (Извештај). Bulletin. 1597. United States Geological Survey. стр. 1—25. doi:10.3133/b1597 .
Moss, P. T.; Greenwood, D. R.; Archibald, S. B. (2005). „Regional and local vegetation community dynamics of the Eocene Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia – Washington State) from palynology”. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 187—204. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42..187M. doi:10.1139/E04-095.
Greenwood, D. R.; Archibald, S. B.; Mathewes, R. W; Moss, P. T. (2005). „Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape”. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 42 (2): 167—185. Bibcode:2005CaJES..42..167G. doi:10.1139/e04-100.

Spoljašnje veze

Eichhorn, Markus (decembar 2011). „Hornbeam”. Test Tube. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
Den virtuella floran: Carpinus betulus distribution
Carpinus betulus - information, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)

[kewchecklist-1] а ^б „Carpinus L., Sp. Pl.: 998 (1753)”. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ^{[мртва веза]}

[2] Priroda i biljke: Obični grab

[3] Prirodfa i biljke: Bijeli grab

[4] Flora of China, Vol. 4 Page 289, 鹅耳枥属 e er li shu, Carpinus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753.

[5] Flora of North America, Vol. 3, Hornbeam, Carpinus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 998. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 432, 1754.

[6] „Carpinus betulus L.”. Altervista Flora Italiana.

[7] „2013 BONAP North American Plant Atlas. TaxonMaps”. Biota of North America Program.

[GardenPlants-8] Carpinus betulus. 2.nd Ed., The Royal Horticultural Society, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, London, pp. 234, 235.

[Perthensis-9] Brown, John (1816). Encyclopaedia Perthensis. 23. стр. 364.

[Rackham-10] Rackham, Oliver (2003). Ancient Woodland; its history, vegetation and uses in England (New Edition). Castlepoint Press. ISBN 978-1-897604-27-4.

[Keeler-11] Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. стр. 319–322.

[POWO-12] „Carpinus cordata Blume | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science”. Plants of the World Online (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 31. 1. 2021.

[rogtreeshrub-13] „Carpinus fangiana”. Rogers Trees and Shrubs. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 7. 2011. г.

[japonica-14] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[15] „Carpinus japonica”. Архивирано из оригинала 15. 7. 2011. г.

[16] Iwatsuki, K., Boufford, D.E. & Ohba, H. (eds.) (2006). Flora of Japan IIa: 1-550. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo.

[17] Blume, Carl (Karl) Ludwig von. 1851. Museum Botanicum 1: 308

[T194624A2353470-18] Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). „aka-shide Carpinus laxiflora”. Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN. IUCN. 2014: e.T194624A2353470. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194624A2353470.en . Приступљено 2. 5. 2023.

[POWO_295265-1-19] „Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume”. Plants of the World Online (на језику: енглески). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Приступљено 2. 5. 2023.

[20] Madden, Virg (2020). „loose-flower hornbeam Carpinus laxiflora”. Virginia Big Tree Program. Virginia Tech. Приступљено 2. 5. 2023.

[bonsai-21] Stowell, Jerald P. (1978). The Beginner's Guide to American Bonsai. стр. 129. ISBN 9784770013026.

[GRIN-22] „Carpinus”. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). ARS, USDA. Приступљено 24. 10. 2008.

[23] „World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew”. Архивирано из оригинала 10. 01. 2022. г. Приступљено 20. 05. 2023.

[24] Czerepanov, S. K. 1981. Sosudistye Rasteniia SSSR. 509 pages. Nauka, Leningradskoe Otd-nie, Leningrad

[25] Browicz, Kasimierz. Flora Iranica : Flora des Iranischen Hochlandes und der Umrahmenden Gebirge : Persien, Afghanistan, Teile von West-Pakistan, Nord-Iraq, (cont) 97: 2. 1972.

[Pigg2003-26] Pigg, K. B.; Manchester, S. R.; Wehr, W. C. (2003). „Corylus, Carpinus, and Palaeocarpinus (Betulaceae) from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain and Allenby Formations of Northwestern North America”. International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (5): 807—822. S2CID 19802370. doi:10.1086/376816.

[Forest2005-27] Forest, F.; Savolainen, V.; Chase, M. W.; Lupia, R.; Bruneau, A.; Crane, P. R. (2005). „Teasing apart molecular-versus fossil-based error estimates when dating phylogenetic trees: a case study in the birch family (Betulaceae)”. Systematic Botany. 30 (1): 118—133. S2CID 86080433. doi:10.1600/0363644053661850.

[Carpinus_putoensis-28] Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). „Carpinus putoensis”. Црвени списак угрожених врста IUCN. IUCN. 2014: e.T32303A2813038. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T32303A2813038.en . Приступљено 13. 11. 2021.

[29] Floras. „Carpinus putoensis”. Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. Приступљено 11. 4. 2012.

[30] Wilson, Edward O. The Future of Life. Vintage Books, New York: 2002.

[31] Dai, Jing; Sun, Bainian; Xie, Sanping; Lin, Zhicheng; Wu, Jingyu; Dao, Kequn (2013). „A new species of Carpinus (Betulaceae) from the Pliocene of Yunnan Province, China”. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 299 (3): 643—658. doi:10.1007/s00606-012-0750-1.

[32] English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. стр. 400. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 25. 5. 2017. г. Приступљено 8. 12. 2016 — преко Korea Forest Service.

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Normativna kontrola
Državne	Francuska BnF podaci Nemačka Izrael Sjedinjene Države Letonija Češka
Ostale	NARA