Springfield Plateau

"You got a problem, Bud?"

We were visited by a flock of hungry robins this morning.  They were drawn to the dwarf hackberry tree off our deck.  I had used the bare branches to hold vine dream catcher rings I was spraying with silver paint last week, leaving some of the black berries glistening.  There were several dozen birds with a strong attitude, fluttering in and competing for the black fruit, only occasionally sampling the silver ones which they would then drop to the ground.

Fall drupes

Early summer drupes

Netleaf hackberry (Celtis laevigata) is a short glade adapted relative of the common hackberry, Celtis occidentalis.  The fruit is small but colorful, starting out a bright green, then orange, blending into red, ending up black in winter.  It is sometimes called a sugarberry but is actually a drupe, with a single large seed which makes up 90% of the volume.  The thin rim of flesh is sweet to my tongue even now though they are dry in winter.  The flesh is remarkably high in calories from fat, carbohydrate and protein, making the effort worthwhile for the birds.

Cedar Waxwing - REK

In the midst of the robin onslaught a lone cedar waxwing arrived, consuming one berry before being driven off.  Its black eye band resembles a mask, giving it a threatening look.  Unlike the robins that are scattered in the woods,  a flock of waxwings tend to attack one or two cedars at a time, stripping all the cedar berries (actually miniature cones), leaving the ground beneath covered with litter.

Robins gather in flocks this time of year and we have seen up to 50 clustered on the creek bank out of the wind, browsing for seeds.  They will scatter out, picking at the berries on the cedars surrounding our house on an overgrown glade.  If you look along fence lines on field edges you will see small cedars they planted while seated on their barbwire toilet.



I wonder if the robins attacking the silver sprayed drupes didn't get the flavor and therefore dropped them.  Who knows what toxins they might have consumed if eaten?  On the other hand, they may just not be into shiny things.

Mussels are the Rodney Dangerfield of the rivers, getting no respect.  In a word association game, if you say "mussel" the usual response is "Zebra".  If you Google mussel images, you might think that mussels live only in pots on a stove.  And in real life, don't they just lay on the stream bed and suck up water?

Consider for a minute their family history.  Unable to move great distances, how can they be found upstream after floods?  The answer is fish.  They depend upon fish to raise their babies and deliver them upstream.  Their deceptive methods to entice fish into hauling their newborn around are described in this National Geographic link.

Mussel ready to grab a fish - Chris Barnhart

While most countries have fewer than 20 mussel species, North America has 300+ species.  Our Midwest region has 78 species but more than half are endangered.  So why should we care whether they survive?

• They require clean water and their declining numbers are a red flag warning us about the health of our streams.
• As filter feeders, they clean up plankton and silt, then become another link in the food chain; prey for raccoons, otters, herons and occasionally fish.  
• They are sold to Asian industries to put into oysters as the nucleus to create pearls.
• Mussels don't get cancer. Could their secret help us prevent cancer?

Mussels were important as a food source for Native Americans as evidenced by large shell middens along the Mississippi and Ohio valleys.  The shells were used as tools, decorations and trade items, showing up at inland sites.

Around the turn of the 19th Century, mussels were a major industry on the White River in Arkansas and southern Missouri, first as pearls and then for the shells as buttons.  Elmo Ingenthron described this period in The Pearly Waters, beginning with the "1891 finding of a 14 grain fine luster, pinkish-colored pearl which sparked a virtual stampede of pearl hunters into the river."  The popularity grew as everyone "dived in" so to speak and by 1903 the market made $125,000.  Meanwhile several factories popped up along the White River, cutting button blanks to be sent for drilling elsewhere.

Crow-hooks- Stateoftheozarks

"Shellers jury-rigged lines of heavy “crow-hooks” stretched across long bars which were then trolled through the clear, cold water behind john boats. Mussel species snap shut when provoked and crow-hook trolling proved an efficient method of collection. The mussels would close on the hooks and be hoisted up. Onshore, buyers steamed the mussels and removed the innards (which were then sold as hog feed). The cleaned shells were taken by barge to local button factories. Early records suggest as many as two million pounds — and an estimated eight million of these mussels — were pulled from the White River each year." Stateoftheozarks.net

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• The US Fish and Wildlife has this overview of mussels with more details.
•  Stateoftheozarks.net has a good story of the White River mussels with photographs.
• Check out Ingenthron's The Pearly Waters as well.

When Christmas approaches, the woods are cold, the leaves are gone and new findings in nature are fewer.  Digging back on stories I had forgotten, I came across a picture Mark Bower sent me in September that got lost in the start of school.  This is a moth cocoon that has been parasitized by a Cordyceps militaris fungus.  The pupa has been virtually replaced by the white fungal mycelium and  the fruiting body, aka mushroom, has emerged.

If you or I came across this in the wild, we would likely pick it off at ground level to look closely at it.  The trick is to know to dig into the ground and find the substrate.  C. militaris attacks the pupa of moths that are buried in the ground.  The mycelia infiltrate it, keeping it alive to feed it until it eventually consumes the innards, and then sends forth its fruiting body above ground in a burp.  By digging instead of picking, Mark was able to preserve the whole fungus.

On the forest floor

Going back into my files of topics, I found the picture of another one above, that Mark sent me last year.  It too got lost in the files, but here is what he said about it.

"The first picture is how I found it on the forest floor. I dug it up and the cylindrical structure became apparent. This fungus feeds on the larva or pupa of butterflies and moths (and others?). It must not be too particular. The next photo (below) shows the insect structure cut longitudinally."

Pupal remains cut lengthwise

He goes on to explain that this fungus is an ascomycete. The spores are ejected from the pimply perithecia in the magnified photo on the right.



If this reminds you of a scene from Alien where John Hurt develops the mother of all cases of indigestion, remember that this fungus has been doing this thousands of years before movies thought of it.  While the message in the movie is 'what you eat could eat you', in the Orient this fungus is consumed as a medicine!  As explained in www.eco.nsc.ru:

"The use of the fungus C. sinensis, growing on caterpillars of ghost moths in the mountain regions of China, Tibet, and Nepal, as a medicine was reported in 1082. Tibetans call this fungus Yarsa-Khumbu, which means “summer herb — winter insect”; Chinese, Dong chong xia cao, i. e., “the herb that eats caterpillars”; and Nepalese call it Jivan booti — “the herb of life”.

Indeed, the fruiting bodies of C. sinensis contain unique substances — the polysaccharides that display immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. This fungus is considered the most valuable remedy for asthma, hepatitis, vascular and renal diseases, liver cirrhosis, cancer, and many other serious diseases. A number of researchers have demonstrated that other fungal species belonging to the genus Cordyceps display analogous pharmaceutical properties."

There are some preliminary studies on the medicinal potential of Cordyceps which may yield future therapeutic agents, but meanwhile I would suggest that you "don't try this at home".

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Further reading:
Fungal Parasites of Animals
Cordyceps militaris at mushroomexpert.com.
Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: Current state and prospects

Usual activities seem to get pushed aside around Christmas, and my energy for new blog topics fades.  Fortunately there is an answer for this, bordering politely on the edge of plagiarism..... borrowing from other more talented sources.  Hence, here is today's offering.

First, a favorite blog of mine is the Bug of the Week written by BugLady from the Field Station at the University of Wisconsin.  She too has a case of the holiday doldrums but addressed it by re-posting this story of flying spiders found at altitudes as high as 15,000 feet!  These are newly hatched spiderlings and they aren't flapping their little legs but rather launching on silken strands that serve as kites.

Let me warn you about time lost following her links.  We went "down the rabbit hole" chasing her reference to "Anna Botsford Comstock, and her wonderful Handbook of Nature Study."  Google searches, taking us farther and farther away from completing our blog, led to this Wikipedia article on the fascinating Anna Botsford Comstock.  Then we found the PDF of the book on line.  The book's section on wildflowers, starting on page 486 is a good place to start sampling, but don't say I didn't warn you about losing track of time.

White-lip globe snail

We encountered these snails clinging onto a sycamore leaf in the midst of mating last week.  Chris Barnhart identified them as  white-lip globe snails, Mesodon thyroidus, members of the Polygyridae family.  They are land snails, species that left the water and lost their gills long ago when they evolved into air breathers. They are equipped with lungs and are therefore called pulmonate.  In case you have forgotten some of your snail anatomy I've attached a reminder below.
When we first saw this pair there was a bright blue band connecting them, their intertwined copulatory organs filled with their blue blood.  By the time I had my camera out they had separated, leaving their pale white organs dangling, but Alan Cresslor caught a pair like ours in flagrante delicto in the photo below.  The whole subject of snail reproduction gets very complex and I won't get into their love darts which are not fodder for a family blog like ours.

Mating white-lip globe snails - Alan Cresslor

Most land snails are hermaphrodites, equipped with both male and female organs.  Some species may reproduce without mating but other species like our M. thyroidus transfer their sperm to the vagina of another snail via the penis seen above.

We kept these snails long enough to get them to the WOLF School.  I followed one attempted escape as it climbed the wall of a small plastic aquarium.  In the midst of its journey it deposited a small green pile, then crawled over it.  The opening on the left (the snail’s right) is the breathing pore (pneumostome).  Its anus is located in the pneumostome!  We are talking bad breath!  Chris Barnhart tells me that "they often stand on the feces like that. I’m not sure why, but it might have something to do with recovering salts. They can absorb ions through the foot."

When you move as slowly as a snail, you can't be too particular about what you eat.  Most tend to be omnivores eating plant material, fungi, and anything in their path.  Some snails are even predatory!  Our little friends have been rasping away at the tops trimmed off of our sweet peppers.  They use their radula, a tongue equivalent with rasp-like teeth built for scraping the surface of food into the esophagus, but even here there is tremendous differences between species.

"The radula is a membrane covered with series of tiny teeth made of chitin, so it is coarse like sandpaper. The shapes of these small teeth are used to help identify some snail species. However, the teeth of the radula should not be confused with denticles in the aperture of a snail’s shell, which are often referred to as “teeth” as well.
The radula is drawn over a ridge of cartilage (the odontophore), somewhat like a chainsaw chain slides around its bar - though it moves back and forth rather than in a circular motion. Bits of food are broken off and drawn into the snail’s esophagus for digestion. Several bouts of crawling and feeding can occur during an outing.
If you allow a larger snail to crawl on your hand, you may be able to feel it “taste,” or rasp, your skin – the sensation is painless, but feels like a cat’s licking."  Carnegie Museum of Natural History

Don't put snails on the table cloth.

And now the slime.  It was best demonstrated on a colored tablecloth which one of our snails escaped to after climbing out of the aquarium.  Note to self:  Close top of aquarium to maintain domestic harmony.  Since leaving its aquatic origins, preservation of its water has become critical.  A snail's slime is essentially mucous composed mostly of water protecting it against evaporation.  The slime can serve as a lubricant or an adhesive.  When one of our snails tried to escape across the table it left a trail of adhesive slime that lifted the tablecloth when I tried to pick it up.   The chemistry can be far more complicated as in the common garden snail, Cornu aspersum.

In the case of Cornu aspersa, the discharge is composed of synthesized products from various types of secretory glands. These are all single cell glands found in connective tissue and secrete their products via pores that pass between the epidermal cells. They are of various shapes and usually have a long excretory duct. There are eight different types of secreting glands. Four of these different types of mucus secreted protein, calcium, pigments, and lipids.  Wikipedia

There is a sinister side to little snails like this.  Brainworm, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis, is a parasitic nematode commonly affecting the brain of white-tail deer.  The worm lays eggs in the meningeal tissue of the deer which pass into the lungs where they hatch.  The larvae then are coughed up and swallowed, and eventually passed out in the feces.  Slugs and snails pick up the larvae which live in them as intermediate hosts until the mollusks are eaten by deer, starting the cycle again.  They pose no risks to the snail or humans.

The End

Our snails are now living under a large rotting oak log, hopefully rasping away at fungal hyphae and sharing the story of their visit with the 5th grade class.  You can watch the snails move at a snail's pace x4 here.



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Chris Barnhart shared this extensive set of photographs of Sonorelix sp. desert snails mating.

Resources
The Living World of Mollusks
More on the White-lipped Globe Snail is in this
University of Florida link.
Gastropod reproduction
Snail anatomy, the source of the diagram above.

Luna moth caterpillar molting - Linda Bower

One of the perks of volunteering with the Butterfly House is the opportunity to raise moths.  The caterpillars devour the leaves they've been given, and when their exoskeletons grow too tight they crawl out of their skin (molting), and emerge in a new stretchy outfit to grow into. They go through five instars (molts) until they finally form a pupa.


Most of us don't have the patience to watch the entire process and find only the old discarded skin (exuvia) if even that.  Linda Bower has saved us the time by filming this great action video of a luna moth caterpillar (Actias luna), molting.  You won't want to miss a single highlight so here is a viewer's guide.

• It starts with closeup views of the head and mouth which opens briefly.
• At 0:12 we see a full length view with its two hind prolegs attached to a silk pad.  The pale green head has emerged and its dark former face sits on top like a hat.
• By 0:37 it starts to rapidly shimmy out of its old skin.
• At 1:08 the old face skin is displaced, hanging on until 1:31 when it falls off.
• At 2:00 - free at last!

By 2:32 the caterpillar turns around to eat the discarded exuvia, the first meal in its new clothes.  Energy is precious at this stage and there is no need to miss a free meal, even if it was the old hand-me-down exuvia.
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Linda Bower is a member of our Master Naturalist chapter and a frequent contributor to the blog.  Her videos of a number of nature subjects are available at her Youtube channel, Nature in Motion.

When I find signs of life on a leaf, it usually follows me home.  Stored on our table (thanks, Barb) it can wait weeks before there is an answer, if any. Here are some examples.  A yellow spot on the underside of a maple leaf turned out to be eggs.  I stored them on August 24th and expected to see some larvae emerge but when I checked them on October 17th we had lots of little adult bodies gone past their prime.





Chris Barnhart explained that they had been moth eggs laid in a cluster, possibly oakworm moth eggs of Anisota spp.  Instead they had hatched parasitoid wasps, likely chalcid wasps.  These are parasitoids attacking the eggs or larvae of a large number of insect families.  They tend to be black or brown, often metallic, and have reduced veins in their wings.


Barb brought in this leaf of kale from the garden with cocoons attached.  They soon hatched out these tiny wasps.


Chris explained that they are braconids, probably Cotesia.  They have a distinctive black stigma on the forward edge of their wings.  The larvae can choose to leave the caterpillar entirely and cocoon in a mass.  Bugguide has several examples of these cocoon collections with no evidence of the parasitized larvae left.

Braconid wasps - Microgastrinae - Joy Markgraf

If you like raising tiny insects and have an understanding spouse or roommate, wasp parasitoids may be for you.  Start looking on leaves.
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A number of you have mentioned the late Monarch migration we witnessed this year and asked what it meant for the population.  Here is the opinion from the expert from Monarch Watch.

On the MN training field trip to Henning Glade, Becky Swearingen and others found a prairie dock, Silphium terebinthinaceum, flower head covered with orange dots.  These were aphid larvae with an occasional adult, crawling all over the stem.  In the middle of the scramble there was a long flat area with a lot of "stuff" on it.  On closer inspection, this was the protective cover on the back of a debris-carrying lacewing larva.



We described these lacewings in a past blog but I took this one home with me for pictures.  When I opened the little insect box the next day, it was a scene of aphid carnage.  There were over 30 aphid carcasses scattered about, sucked dry by the lacewing larva.  It was interesting that during the feeding orgy within the confines of the little box it hadn't made any attempt to decorate its back with debris as it had the day before.


There are several possible explanations for this "naked" lacewing.  Some aphid colonies are protected by ants in a symbiotic relationship.  The ants get aphid honeydew and the aphids get protection from bullies like these lacewing larvae.  Thomas Eisner removed debris from some of their backs and showed that decorated lacewings could invade an aphid colony while naked ones were repelled.  It may also be that the day before it was just covered by crawling aphids.

Our Master Naturalist videographer Linda Bower has this clip showing a green lacewing larva grabbing an aphid (at :32 seconds) and then sucking away, earning its name as an aphid lion.

 
This insect caused quite a stir when found on a tree at the WOLF playground because of its prominent "stinger."  Although it looks dangerous, it is actually harmless unless you happen to be a tree.

Wasp stinger with venom drop - Wikipedia CC

This is a horntail wasp of the Siricidae family, another example of a wasp without a stinger.  The 20,000 plus species of solitary wasps do not have stingers.  Social wasp females such as the yellowjacket have their ovipositor modified to sting defensively, delivering a dose of venom to remind you of it for longer.

Horntail and ovipositor - Barry Stewart

Siridicae's "horntail" seen above is really decorative, of no known purpose except to scare us.  The female's ovipositor is beneath and much more flimsy looking.  It uses it for the original purpose, in her case injecting an egg into wood.  Imagine the pressure required to push a pin or needle into wood and compare it to the lightweight wasp body.

Urocerus albicornis - Eric Adams

The ovipositor overcomes the weight problem by mechanics.  First, the ovipositor lies inside a sheath that absorbs most of the pressure.  She will probe the wood in several places, finding a soft spot to inject the egg with fluid.  It contains a fungus that she carries in an abdominal opening.  The fungus will attack the wood while the egg matures, providing the newborn larva a predigested meal. 

Ovipositor with sheath on either side - Stanislaw Kinelski, Bugwood.org CC

The story gets even better.  Many species of horntails have zinc in their ovipositors as well as in the adult's jaws, hardening them for chewing out of their wood incubator when they emerge as discussed in this previous blog.  In addition, the horntail ovipositor design has inspired new medical instrumental technology as described in Materials World Magazine:

"The wood wasp’s ovipositor looks like two hollow needles, one inside the other, each of which is lined with backward-facing teeth to give purchase as the wasp ‘drills’ progressively into the bark of a tree. This takes surprisingly little force, making it attractive for carrying out minimally invasive procedures such as brain biopsies without having to exploit a natural orifice."

The only significant damage they cause is if a board used in your house construction contains the larva.  When the adult emerges from its pupa it will chew its way out through wood, plasterboard or even a plastic covering.  Please forgive it and understand what a cool insect is visiting your house.
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More at blogs by Bugeric and the Bug lady.

This story starts with an inquiry from Lori Herring and her 2nd and 3rd grade students at Marshfield R1 School.  They were studying trees and found the maple leaf above with something on it they couldn't identify by field guides.  A first guess was an Asian ladybug larva but there was more to the story.

Early larva

Zooming in you can see a little beyond halfway down that the larva is splitting its skin down the back to expose the pupa.  Notice the spiky features at the front, the remains of the last larval stage to the right.  This is the last step in its metamorphosis before it emerges in the fall to start to torment us.  Arkinspace.com describes this step in the life cycle: 

"When the larva has grown to its full size it will then attach itself to the stem of a plant. It splits along its backside and exposes the pupa underneath. This sounds like something out of one of the “Alien” films and it really doesn’t take long to figure out that they didn’t get those ideas straight out of their imagination! The pupa, though, is wrapped up in this final stage of its metamorphosis and so is safe from the elements – but not from predators. It is at this stage it is at its most vulnerable. If approached close to its hatching time by a possible predator it will shake itself dementedly to try and warn off the unwelcome visitor! This last stage takes just a few days and then the adult ladybug is ready to emerge."

Larval stage

Now back to the "torment."  This is the Asian ladybug, Harmonia axyridis, actually a beetle as all "ladybugs" are.  It is most commonly known as the harlequin, multicolored Asian, or simply Asian ladybeetle in the Coccinellid family.  Unlike our "ladybugs" beloved in children's stories and merchandise, these are no "ladies."

Last week, shortly after the first hard freeze of the year we had the sudden return again of swarms of these ladybeetles on the sunny side of the house, the trees and my neck.  There are those annoying little nips on the neck and arms and when I swat or brush them away I am left with a stink on my hands.  Why now?  Tim Smith answered the question in the Missouri Conservationist Ask the Ombudsman column several years ago.

"Each fall, during a warm-up following the first cold weather, the insects gather on the sunny sides of houses and other structures as they look for cracks and crevices where they can find shelter from the coming winter.  Many will survive the winter and appear again in the spring as temperatures warm and they try to exit the house."

According to Wikipedia, they were brought to the United States in 1916 to control insect pests of plants, but were not successful.  In 1988 they were observed in numbers in New Orleans, and since then they have spread.  By 1995 they were occasionally found in the Midwest and became common in 2000.

They cluster by the hundreds in protected spaces

Subsequently, they have also contributed to the decline in native ladybugs, presumably by out competing them.  They also have reached pest status to the higher biped mammals, i.e. us, both because of the swarming numbers, their little bites and unpleasant odors and the tendency to move into our buildings.  For information on these pests including control recommendations, check out this Ohio State site.
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Arkinspace.com has detailed photographs of their various life stages from egg to annoying adult.

Green Stink Bug

A student found this on the WOLF School field trip to Bull Mills and announced "I caught a mosquito!"  My first guess was crane fly, but I wasn't even close.  This is a stilt bug, aka thread bug, a member of the Berytidae family of Hemiptera or true bugs.  With their slender bodies and thin legs I would never have guessed they are related to other Hemiptera like stink bugs.

In addition to their svelte physique they have several distinguishing characteristics.  Their femurs (the leg segment nearest the body) have a swelling at the distal end.  Also their antennae are geniculate (elbowed - your word for the day) and have a slightly bulbous tip seen below.


Very little is known about their habits.  Although they are said to be common on plants in the spring, most are less than a half inch long, have little color and move slowly so they are hard to see.  While many are thought to be plant eaters, especially those plants with sweet hairs, some may be omnivores, eating plant bugs and their eggs.*

Despite the mosquito-like appearance they don't sting, bite or land on us deliberately.  Incredibly, they are said to overwinter as adults, without a drop of insulating fat on their body!  Googling 80 links didn't bring up any more details so I suggest you simply enjoy the pictures.

* The Bug Lady at UWM.edu Field station
 Shelly covered them at MoBugs in 2010.

The WOLF students were exploring rotting logs at their Bull Mills field trip.  The most exciting find was several northern black widow spiders, Latrodectus variolus, with their typical disconnected hourglass on the ventral abdomen that we discussed in this September blog.  They also found a few smaller black spiders with orange and white markings.  I have submitted these to Bugguide and am awaiting a definitive reading but I suspect by their size and coloration that they are sub-adult males as seen at this link.

"The mature males are much smaller with abdominal markings that are more red-orange and either continuous or broken red-orange strip bordered by white down the dorsal midline of the abdomen. It also has several pairs of white stripes along the sides of the abdomen. Juvenile females can show a similar pattern of the mature males." Tarantulaspiders.com

False Wolf Spider, Zoropsis spinimana

There were lots of spiders crawling around in the wood and not all had eight legs after encountering the students' tweezers.  The spider above which I am calling a false wolf spider, Zoropsis spinimana, was as patient as a fashion model, letting me get views from all angles.  The image on the left was the exuvia of a spider, the skin it shed after molting.

Polygyridae snail, immature

Snails are common in rotting logs where their rasp-like mouths can scrape up fungal mycelia.  Chris Barnhart identified this as a pulmonate (air-breathing) snail in the Polygyridae family.  It is immature and measured only 10mm and spent the afternoon crawling laps in the Gerber babyfood bug box.


A final bonus was Mrs. Reece's find of this Halloween special, a marbled orb weaver.  These normally have a firm round abdomen but this one had just concluded her egg laying and was crawling through the grass displaying her new slim and dimpled physique.

More of their finds are at this link.