Lecture Slides Essentials of Statistics 5th Edition

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1 Lecture Slides Essentials of Statistics 5th Edition
and the Triola Statistics Series by Mario F. Triola

2 Chapter 1 Introduction to Statistics
1-1 Review and Preview 1-2 Statistical and Critical Thinking 1-3 Types of Data 1-4 Collecting Sample Data

3 Key Concept The subject of statistics is largely about using sample data to make inferences about an entire population. It is essential to know and understand the definitions that follow.

4 Parameter population parameter Parameter
a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. population parameter

5 Statistic sample statistic Statistic
a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample. sample statistic

6 Quantitative Data Quantitative (or numerical) data
consists of numbers representing counts or measurements. Example: The weights of supermodels Example: The ages of respondents

7 Categorical Data Categorical (or qualitative or attribute) data
consists of names or labels (representing categories). Example: The gender (male/female) of professional athletes Example: Shirt numbers on professional athletes uniforms - substitutes for names.

8 Working with Quantitative Data
Quantitative data can be further described by distinguishing between discrete and continuous types.

9 Discrete Data Discrete data (i.e. the number of possible values is
result when the number of possible values is either a finite number or a ‘countable’ number (i.e. the number of possible values is 0, 1, 2, 3, . . .). Example: The number of eggs that a hen lays

10 Continuous Data Continuous (numerical) data
result from infinitely many possible values that correspond to some continuous scale that covers a range of values without gaps, interruptions, or jumps. Example: The amount of milk that a cow produces; e.g gallons per day

11 Levels of Measurement Another way to classify data is to use levels of measurement.

12 Nominal level of measurement
characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only, and the data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as low to high). Example: Survey responses yes, no, undecided

13 Ordinal level of measurement
involves data that can be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless. Example: Course grades A, B, C, D, or F

14 Interval Level Interval level of measurement
involves data that can be arranged in order and the difference between any two data values is meaningful. However, there is no natural zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present). Example: Years 1000, 2000, 1776, and 1492

15 Ratio Level Ratio level of measurement
the interval level with the additional property that there is also a natural zero starting point (where zero indicates that none of the quantity is present); for values at this level, differences and ratios are meaningful. Example: Prices of college textbooks ($0 represents no cost, a $100 book costs twice as much as a $50 book)

16 Summary - Levels of Measurement
Nominal - categories only Ordinal - categories with some order Interval - differences but no natural zero point Ratio - differences and a natural zero point