KINGDOMS OF LIFE Taxonomy.

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1 KINGDOMS OF LIFE Taxonomy

2 TAXONOMY: the science of classification
Classification- the grouping of objects or information based on similarities.

3 ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.) First taxonomist (“Father of Classification”)
“Mine is the first step and therefore a small one, though worked out with much thought and hard labor. You, my readers or hearers of my lectures, if you think I have done as much as can fairly be expected of an initial start … will acknowledge what I have achieved and will pardon what I have left for others to accomplish.”

4 Aristotle created: TWO KINGDOMS
PLANTS ANIMALS Trees Shrubs Herbs In Water In the Air On Land

5 Carolus Linnaeus / Carl von Linne` The Father of Modern Taxonomy

6 BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Two word naming system Genus - first word Species - second word Describes a characteristic of the organism Latin is the language used (some Greek) (Also called “Linneaus’s system”)

7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION:
KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS 0RDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES “Species”: organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

8 HOW ORGANISMS ARE CLASSIFIED:
STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES BREEDING BEHAVIOR GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION CHROMOSOME COMPARISONS BIOCHEMISTRY SIMILAR DNA PHYLOGENY PHYLOGENY - EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY CLADISTICS - INHERITED TRAITS FROM ANCESTORS CLADISTICS (cladogram) MODE OF NUTRITION PROKARYOTEOR EUKARYOTE

9 Theory of Evolution: the change in populations over time Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
Proposed that species changed over time by natural selection Natural selection – organisms with traits suited to their environment survive and reproduce at a greater rate than others less suited Homologous structures – similar structures of common ancestors Research was conducted on the Galapagos Islands Natural selection

10 THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE
PLANTS ANIMALS FUNGI PROTISTS EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA

11 KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA
Unicellular Prokaryotes Cell walls Reproduce asexually (binary fission) and/or sexually (conjugation) Live in extreme habitats: 1. Oxygen-free (Methanogens) 2. Salty brines (Halophiles) 3. Hot, acidic H20 (Acidophiles)

12 KINGDOM EUBACTERIA Unicellular Prokaryotes Cell walls
Binary fission and/or conjugation Some are: 1. Parasites 2. Saprophytes (saprobes) 3. Autotrophs Live everywhere

13 KINGDOM PROTISTA Unicellular or multicellular Eukaryotes
Heterotrophs (protozoans) and/or autotrophs (algae) Plantlike (algae), animal-like (protozoans) or funguslike Sexual and/or asexual reproduction Found in aquatic habitats

14 KINGDOM FUNGI Multicellular (most) Eukaryotes
Absorptive heterotrophs (extracellular digestion) Cell walls (made of chitin) Sexual and/or asexual reproduction – by spores Found in damp, dark environments

15 KINGDOM PLANTAE Multicellular Eukaryotes Autotrophs/ photosynthesis
Cell walls (made of cellulose) Sexual reproduction (most) by seeds or spores Found on all types of land

16 KINGDOM ANIMALIA Multicellular Eukaryotes Ingestive heterotrophs
Cell membranes Specialized cells Sexual reproduction (most) by eggs & sperm Found everywhere

17 THE END!