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Tutlayt Taclḥit

Zɣ Wikipedia
Taclḥiyt - Taclḥit
ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ - تشلحيت - Tasusit
Tamazirt Lmɣrib
Adɣar Anẓul utrim n Lmɣrib
Uṭṭun n imsiwln 7,200,000 (2016)[1]
Ism n imsiwln Iclḥiyn, Isusiyn
Umlan
Tunṣibt Lmɣrib Tamaziɣt
Addag Tafrusyawit

  • Tamaziɣt
    • Tamaziɣt n ugafa
      •Tamaziɣt n Waṭlas
        • Taclḥit

Agmmay Tifinaɣ, Alatin, Aɛrab
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Glottolog tach1250

      Idɣarn nna ɣ tettusawal tclḥiyt

Taclḥiyt nɣ Taclḥit nɣ Tasusit (s tirra n tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ, s tirra n tɛrabt: تشلحيت) tga yat tutlayt tamaziɣt iwalan i tayyawt n tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa. Tettusawal tutlayt ad dar 5 ar 7 id mlyun n imsiwln[2] ɣ iffus n tmazirt n Lmɣrib slawann akkʷ ɣ Sus, Iḥaḥan, Lḥuz n Mṛṛakc d kra n tsggʷin yaḍnin asn d iwalan. Tumẓ tutlayt taclḥit zɣ Taṣṣurt ɣ ugafa ar Agʷlmim ɣ unẓul ar Warzazat ɣ ugmuḍ. Mac ar tt inn nttafa tlla ula ɣ timdinin mqqurnin n Lmɣrib zun d Tigmmi Tumlilt (kaẓa), d Ṛṛbaḍ d Sla. Tg tutlayt ad tutlayt tamaziɣt tamzwarut ɣ wuṭṭun n imssiwln d turrut n udɣar arakal nna tumẓ gr timaziɣin tigafayin.

Tkka tt inn tclḥiyt ar tettyura s uskkil aɛrab, ilin sis kigan n warratn iclḥiyn. Ɣ isggʷasn ad ggʷranin issufɣ d usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt (IRCAM) anaw amaynu n tifinaɣ ar as tinin Neo-Tifinaɣ ntta ɣila a s tt ttaran willi as ssnin. Macc askkil alatin ad bahra ittusmrasn, slawan akkʷ g wantirnit.

Taclḥiyt kcmn tt tguriwin tiɛṛabin macc tẓḍaṛ ad tg tutlayt tamaziɣt tagafayt g akkʷ drusnt tguriwin turḍilin zɣ tɛṛabt.

Ism

Tikklt tamzwaurt (nna nssn) ɣ tettubdar tguri a ɣ kra n udlis tga tt ɣ udlis n Luis del Mármol Carvajal nna yura f tfriqt, inna gis aya: « [...] dans Maroc et dans toutes les provinces de cet Empire, aussi bien que parmi les Numides et les Getules qui font vers l’occident, on parle la langue africaine pure, qu’on nomme Chilha et Tamazegt, noms fort anciens. »[3]. s taclḥit: « [...] Ɣ Lmɣrib ula ɣ tisgiwin akkʷ n Umnkud ad, ula gr Inumidiyn d Igituln lli d ikkan tsga n utaram, ar sawaln yat tutlayt tafriqt tazddagt, nna mi aqqran Cclḥa d Tamazigt, ismawn ad gan bahra iqburn. ». Maṛmul da ittini mas gan ismawn ad s sin iqburn macc ur dars ma s rad inbḍ f uwtay n yism. Talɣa n yism Ccelḥa tuman is tga taɛṛabt, aya a f ur nẓḍaṛ ad nawi abdar ad am wanẓa is yad illa ism ad ɣ tutlayt n ayt unẓul amɣribi.

Aẓɣuṛ n yism "Aclḥiy" nɣ "Taclḥiyt" ur fllas illi umsasa, ilint mnnawt tannayin ɣ yimrsi ad. Amzwaru ad irar ixf i tsnaẓɣuṛt n tguri iga t ufṛansis William de Slane ɣ usggʷas 1856. Zɣ aylli ittyussann ɣ akud ann inna mas d yucka ism ad zɣ tguri "Acluḥ" (Aamgut: Iclaḥ) lli isnamkn axyam ittyuskarn zɣ wazbaln n ulɣʷm (s tfṛansist: ...mot dérivé du nom berbère achlouh, au pluriel ichlah, qui signifie tente de poil de chameau.)

G 1905, iffɣ d Auguste Mouliéras s yat tannayt infln s imikk f tin umzwaru: "(Acluḥ) iga yat tgrtilt ittusgaddan s waẓẓmay, tuga n uggʷri (Esparto) nɣ d tiznirt, taqburt, ikkarran..." (s fṛansist: “natte en jonc, en alfa ou en palmier nain, vieille et déchirée”)[4].

G tannayt n Van Den Boogert, gant tsnaẓɣuṛin ad timrditin[5]. Ɣ mad iẓlin s tmzwarut, ibayn d is nit tlla tguri "Acluḥ" s unamk n "agiṭun" mac ar tettusmras ɣar ɣ tsgiwin n tqbaylit (Dzayr). Nnig n aya, Anamk amzwaru n tguri "Acluḥ" (mgt: iclaḥ) d aẓṭṭa n taḍut iḥṛcen (s tfṛansist: "étoffe grossière en laine"), ig unamk "Axyam" ɣar asinan[6].

Amara aliman Johann Wetzstein issfra mas iga uẓɣuṛ n tguri "Cluḥ" aɛṛab: "[...] Le nom schulûḥ signifie : “gueux, canailles de voleurs et de meurtriers”. [...] Ce mot désigne, dans la langue la plus ancienne, une longue branche d’arbre, et aujourd’hui encore, au Liban, une forte branche, tant sur l’arbre que coupée, se nomme schilḥ , pluriel schulûḥ . On transpose l’image sur des hommes rudes, grossiers, et à Damas on dit : “Levez-vous, vous êtes couchés là comme schulûḥ el-arab, des gourdins de bédouins.” Plus largement schilḥ signifie le voleur, ainsi qu’on le rencontre souvent dans les 1001 Nuits "[7]. Kra n isggʷasn ḍarat, rad yals Hans Stumme i tiẓiṛt ad[8]. Mac, illa mad yannin is ur igi amẓlan ad nsiggil irm iẓlin s tɛṛabt tantalayt tamɣribit ɣ tɛṛabin tintlayin n ugmuḍ anmmas acku anamk n tguriwin zɣ uẓɣur [CLḤ] naḥya t kigan gr tutlayin tiɛṛabin.

Wiss kraḍ ad ifk tannayt nns d amara angliz Robert Cunninghame Graham ɣ 1898[9]. Inna fllas maya: "Shillah is the Arabic name for the Southern Berbers, i.e. of the Atlas and the Sahara; Shluoch, in Arabic, means “cast out,” and Shillah, the “cast out folk.” The Shillah call themselves Amazeight, i.e. the noble people. This difference of opinion as to nomenclature has been observed in other nations. […] The Arabs use neither the word “Tamazirght” nor the word “Berber,” but call the Berber tribes “Shillah,” that is, the “outcasts”; the verb is “Shallaha” and the term used for the speech Shluoch".[9]

Kra n imrzutn d imaratn nnan mas tga taguri taɛrabt d mas tga tsnamk "imxxarn", maccan ɣ tsga yaḍn wiyyaḍ ar ttinin is tga tamaziɣt, zun d Muḥammad Aqdim, lli innan ɣ yan umgrad nns, mas d ism n "Cluḥ", ɣ tillawt, iga ism aẓɣuṛan nna fkan imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib, imṣmudn ɣ waṭlas mqqurn ɣ tisgwin n Mṛṛakc, tamazirt n Sus d waṭlas mẓẓiyn i yixfawn nnsn. Ɣ Tclḥit, amyag "Iclḥ" ila anamk n izdɣ bdda, zun iɣ tnnit "staqqṛ"[10]. Ɣaya ad aɣ yakkan mas d ism n Cluḥ" iga tt middn lli d istaqṛn. Inna ula ɣ tirra nns is ur igi amẓlan ad nsiggl anamk n tguri ad ɣ imawaln n tutlayin yaḍnin[9].

G tannayt n Ṛacid Agrur, ixṣṣa ad zwar nqrru is d taguri taɛṛabt ad d nttnɛimil, ur d tamaziɣt, maccan ad tt nsiggil ɣ tɛṛabt taklasikt izgl. Ixṣṣa ad tt nsiggl ɣ tɛṛabt tantalant tamɣribit lli igan yat tutlayt iddrn, ittnfaln d tizi s unmgal n tɛṛabt taklasikt. Ɣ tɛṛabt tamɣribit ur llin kra n irimn yaḍn s uẓur "CLḤ" amr wid izdin d imaziɣn, aya ar immal is d taguri ad ijṛa as unfal imsisli zɣ /r/ s /l/ (rhotacisme). Amyag "Crrḥ" isnamk inciser, disséquer, iwa ɣ walln n imslɛṛabn, acku ar gis ttfhamn ɣar kra n imikk n tguriwin turḍilin, "Cclḥa" tga yat tutlayt taɛṛabt ibbin, ittugzzarn, ifrɣn aylliɣ ggamin ad sul gis fhmn kra[11].

Tuddma "a-" ɣ Aclḥiy tga azwir nna nẓḍaṛ ad naf ɣ tugt n tguriwin ticlḥiyin, ar nttafa azwir ad ɣ tutlayin timaziɣin s tɣarast ad nit, d s tutlayin tifrusyawiyin s tɣarasin yaḍn yaẓn i umaɣnu nɣ talɣa ad. Tagara n -iy (itturḍal-d zɣ uḍfir aɛṛab -iyy) ad ismuttgn ismawn d ifrisn. Llant awd kra n timzarayin yaḍnin ddu talɣa n Aclḥay d Taclḥayt, s tgara n -ay ɣ udɣar n -iy ddu iḍiṣ n targalt lli t id izwarn ḥ [12]. Amagut n Aclḥiy iga t Iclḥiyn nɣ iclḥay ; amma ism nns unti iga t Taclḥiyt, amagut Ticlḥiyin nɣ ticlḥay. Amma s ddarija nɣ taɛrabt tamɣribit, amsiwl amay iga Ccəlḥ, amagut Ccluḥ, d tutlayt Ccəlḥa,[13] tawafuɣt tawtmant n Taclḥit.

Ɣ warratn iqburn n tutlayt Taclḥit, ar nn nttafa is tt inn tkka tutlayt tṭṭafism Tamaziɣt nɣ Tamazixt. S umdya, amara imqqurn Awzal (iddr g tuddma n tasut tis 18) isawl f nnaḍm n Tmazixt ann ifulkin.[14]

Acku tmazirt n Sus a ɣ bahra ggutn imsiwln n tutlayt ad, illa mad issmrasn ism Tasusit (tutlayt n Sus) fad ad isawl f tutlayt Taclḥiyt. Amsiwl amay iga Asusiy, amagut Isusiyn, d yism unti Tasusiyt, amagut nns Tisusiyin.

Amḍan n imsiwln

Tigrawin n tmazirt n Lmɣrib nna ɣ tettusawal Tclḥit dar uggar n uzgn n middn.     +90% n imzdaɣ     +50% n imzdaɣ

Ar ass-ad ur illi kra n uṣiḍn igaddan ittuyskarn f imsiwln n tutlayin timaziɣin ɣ tmazirt n Lmɣrib. Ɣ usit n Ethnologue, ɣ tẓrigt tis 17-20 (2014-2017) ibdr usit ad mas d amḍan n imsiwln nna d ifka uṣiḍn n Lmɣrib n usggas 2014, ar ittini mas isklm umḍan n imsiwln n tutlayt Taclḥit kra n 4 id mlyun lli igan 13% zɣ imzdaɣn n tmazirt. Amma ɣ tẓrigt tis 21 nns (2018), inna Ethnologue mas llan 7 id mlyun ɣ usggas n 2016 (war uɣbalu) lli igan 20% zɣ imzdaɣn. Iɣ nenna mas d tin 2016 ad iṣḥan, aṣiḍn n Lmɣrib n usggas 2014 islki bahra amḍan n imsiwln, acku icqqa nit ad tamnt masd tɣlid tigmiḍi n ismiwln n tutlayt ad s 7 tnqqiḍin gr 2014 d 2016. Ar ittini uṣiḍn lli ittuyskar ɣ 2016 mas d umḍan n imsiwln n taclḥit ɣ Lmɣrib iga 5 id mlyun lli igan 14% zɣ imzdaɣn[15], Macc tugt n middn ibayn asn umḍan ad ur izdi d lwaqiɛ d mas d amḍan imqqur bahra f wad lli d nnan[16].

Kra n iɣbula yaḍn ar daɣ akkan yan umḍan bahra imqqurn f walli yad nbdr, Stroomer (2001a) iḍkḍ is llan «gr 6 d 8 id mlyun» n imsiwln, s ɣik ad (2008) isslkm amḍan ad s «kra n 8 ar 9 id mlyun».[17] Stroomer ur ifki awd yan uɣbalu nna f ibna asutg nns.

Mqqar d amḍan n imsiwln n tutlayt taclḥit, slawann akkʷ irgazn, ar sawaln Taclḥit d Ddarija ula nttat, ur illi awd kra immaln mas d taclḥit amm tutlayt iddrn tettusmigl ɣ imal. S tmntilt n tmrniwt tudrift n umḍan n imzdaɣn n Lmɣrib ɣ isggʷasn ad ggʷranin (zɣ 12 id mlyun ɣ 1961 ar uggar n 33 id mlyun ɣ 2014), nẓḍaṛ ad nini mas d Taclḥit ass a sis isawal uṭṭun akkʷ imqqurn g umzruy nns.

Ɣ tsgiwin nna ɣ tga tanṣlit

Asnmkta n tsgiwin zɣ mad illan ɣ uṣiḍn n 2004[18]
Tasga Uṭṭun n imzdaɣn Uṭṭun n imsiwln Tigmiḍi
Sus-Masst-Dra 3 094 985 1 717 139 61,9%
Agʷlmim-Ssmara 425 211 182 695 47,8%
Mṛṛakc-Tansift-Lḥuz 3 088 338 969 561 35,1%
Tadla-Azilal 1 448 155 199 092 15,3%
Asnmkta n tsgiwin zɣ mad illan ɣ uṣiḍn n 2014[15]
Tasga Uṭṭun n imzdaɣn Uṭṭun n imsiwln Tigmiḍi
Sus-Masst 2 657 906 1 751 560 65.9%
Agʷlmim-Asif n Nun 414 489 215 534 52.0%
Mṛṛakc-Asfi 4 504 767 1 184 753 26.3%
Dra-Tafilalt 1 627 269 357 999 22.0%
Bni Mllal-Xnifra 2 512 375 266 311 10.6%

Tantalayin

Tantlayin ɣ ugns n tutlayt taclḥit ur jjun d nttnti ad tt inn ikkan gant imrsi n kra n usnubbc ɣ mad izrin, macc mnnaw n iminagn nnan mas d imsiwln n tantlayin kullu tnt n tutlayt taclḥit ẓḍaṛn ad myarmasn. Walli akkʷ izwarn iga Stumme, lli inẓan is d kulci imsiwln ufan ad rmsn ingrat sn, "acku tintlayin timdanin n tutlayt nnsn ur tnt bahra naḥya."[19] Mayad nit ad isddid mass Ḥmad Bukus, yan usnils amɣribi d umsiwl s tutlayt Taclḥit, lliɣ inna: "tṭṭaf Tclḥiyt yat tamunt tamdrut lli d ittajjan iclḥiyn ad sawaln d ingratsn bla awd kra n tmukrist, zɣ tmazirt n Iḥaḥan ɣ ugafa utrim ar Ayt Baɛmran ɣ yiffus utrim, zɣ Wactukn ɣ utaram ar Iznagn ɣ ugmuḍ, d zɣ Aqqa ɣ tiniri ar Tassawt ɣ uzaɣar n Mṛṛakc."[20]

Ur llin iwtta ibaynn mzyan gr tantalayin n tutlayt taclḥit d tantalayin n tamaziɣt n Waṭlas anammas. Azrig lli d isfrraqn gr tutlayin ad s sin illa ɣ kra mani gr uzgig llid ittawin zɣ Mṛṛakc ar Zagura, macc ar tinnin masd tqbilin n Iɣujdamn, Igliwa d Ayt Wawzgit walan i Tclḥiyt, d tiqbilin tiddjarin nnsn Inultan, Infdwak d Imɣran walan i tamaziɣt n Waṭlas anammas.

Angraw n tirra

Zun d tutlayin timaziɣin yadnin, Taclḥiyt ar tettyura s mnnaw igʷmmayn, macc agʷmmay amaziɣ-alatin ad bahra ittusmrasn ɣ tirra. Ama igʷmmayn iɛṛabn ar tn bahra nttafa ɣ tmzgadiwin tiqburin dar willi ɣranin ɣ skayl timslmin. Ɣil llan midn lli ittaran s ugʷmmay n tifinaɣ.

Agmmay n Tifinaɣ

Imgradn lli sis iẓlin : Agmmay n Tifinaɣ
Yat lblaka taman tamdint n Tiznit tettyura s Taɛrabt, Tafransist d tutlayt Taclḥit s iskkiln n Tifinaɣ.

Uran imzwura tamaziɣt s iskkiln n tfinaɣ d iskkiln n tɛṛabt d iskkiln n tlatinit maca ɣ usggʷas n 2003 iskcm usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt tifinaɣ ɣ uslmad n tmaziɣt; tdwl tifinaɣ tunṣibt ɣ umrruk.

Agmmay Talatinit

Agmay n Talatint gis sin wanawn:

Agmmay alatin amaziɣ

Imgradn lli sis iẓlin : Agemmay alatin n tmaziɣt

Agmmay amaziɣ alatin nɣ Agmmay alatin n tmaziɣt nɣ akk Tamɛmmrit iga yan ugmmay alatini ittiwskar fad ad sis nttara tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa zun d taclḥit, tarifit, taqbaylit d tacawit d wiyyaḍ zɣ isggʷasn 1840 Agʷmmay Amaziɣ Alatin iṭṭaf 23 iskkiln Ilatiniyen d 10 isekkilen yaḍn. Yiwi-d ugmmay ad ism n Tamɛmmrit, tajmilt i Mulud Mɛemmri, nttan ad tn iɛdln.

Assmrs n ugʷmmay a ar t bahra nttafa dar wid iɣran tamaziɣt g tsdawin d dar kra n imɣnasn nna isnubbucn ɣ tmsnilst tamaziɣt. Kigan n idlisn iclḥiyn itrarn ttyaran is-s, niẓḍiṛ ula ad t-naf ɣ trubba n faysbuk d isitn n iclḥiyn.

Agmmay alatin afransis

Agʷmmay a ad issmras umata n ugdud ɣ wanṭirnit d itilfunn acku nttat a mi ssnn zɣ tɣri nnsn i tutlayt tafṛansist g tinmal. Tusi d tamakt ad n itrra ilugnn nns zɣ tfṛansist (s umdya: /c/ = ch, /ɣ/ = gh, /x/ = kh, atg) maca ur tṭṭif ilugnn ibiddn f msasan midden, ayad a f ar nttafa ku yan manmk dars tga.

Agmmay Taɛrabt

Uran imḥḍaṛn n timzgadiwin n unẓul n lmɣrib s ugʷmmay aɛṛab, illin idllisn d arratn s iskkiln ad .

Taskla

Imgradn lli sis iẓlin : Taskla Taclḥit
Adlis n Muḥmmad Awzal s Tclḥit s uskkil aɛrab

Yuwi d uslmad Ɛumaṛ Affa lli igan aslmad ɣ tsdawit n Ṛṛbaṭ dffir isnubbucn lli iga f usntl "amzruy n warra amaziɣ s uskkil « aεṛab »" mas iga Umṛṛuk s umata ansa i uskkir n warratn s tutlayin tamaziɣin s tmzarayin nns akkʷ swa ɣ Sus nɣ d Laṭlas nɣ d Rrif irnu isslkn ɣ yat tinawt iga tt usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt ɣ 2003 mas d Sus ad igan tansbaɣurt uggar s wanaw ad n warratn. Aya yuwi t id, mk lli inna, wansa arakal lli illan dar tsga ad lli tt yujjan ad taggug f iḍiṣn inadafn aylli tt yujjan ad tḍuf kigan n uzug anutlay d unamun d udmsan d usrtan.

Awttas zɣ warratn lli skrn iclḥiyn n zikk ur igi tutlayt taclḥit s yixf nns macc d ad sslkmn tussna tasgdant i ugdud amaziɣ lli ikkan ur da ittakʷz taεṛabt, aya isfaw t mas amata ɣ warratn ad aɣn d iskkinn n usgd swa ɣ yigr n usumd nɣ ɣ yigr n uflas nɣ ɣ yigr n tikli n wasr nɣ isfra lli t ittalɣn, issuman t awd acku ur snzgumn imaratn ad s wanaw n tirra d ur srisn kra n ilugnn i usnmarra amaziɣ.

Kra n imdyatn zɣ warratn aɣ d yuwḍn :

  • Asuɣl n udlis Al anwar assunnyya fi lkalimat assunnyya « Tifawin tisunniyin ɣ tguriwin tisunniyin » i Muḥammad ug Aḥmad u Juzayy Aɣṛnaṭi s tmaziɣt n Sus.
  • Arra  « Tafukt n ddin » i Ɛli u Hmad ug Iliɣ , adlis ad iga yat tmdyazt ɣ llant mraw n yifḍn n tiwnt .

Yuwi d uslmad Affa ɣ tinawt nns uttay n 25 n warra ttyaranin s tutlayt taclḥit, irnu uslmad ad mas d arrantn lli ittyamaẓn ɣ Uṛubba ttwaḥḍan ɣ Iks Un ɣ Rufans ɣ Fṛanṣa.

Zɣ warratn imaziɣn igan izaykutn lli ittyaskarn s tmaziɣt « Kitab al-asma » (Adlis n ismawn) lli igan yan usgzawal (msmun awal) amaziɣ aεṛab ittuɣuln s tasut tiss 12 n tlalit, ittyaskar usgzawal ad ɣ 1146 dat n tlalit, yara t u Tunart lli iluln ɣ 1085 dat tlalit immt ɣ 1172 (ur igi u Tumrt Amuwḥḥidi), tili ɣ warra ad 2500 n tguri tamaziɣt lli ɣ amunt 250 n wassaɣn n imɣayn, ig usgzawal ad yan zɣ isgzawaln akkʷ iqbrn ɣ umaḍal. Kkuẓ n warratn ad ufan n udlis ad, kraygat yan gisn ur irwas wayyaḍ. Munn kullu ɣ yan warra ig win tasut tis sat d mrawt ar tis snamrawt. Gan s kkuẓ itsn win umara Ibn Tunart. Tiss kkuẓt, talli akk gisn istawhman, gis uggar n 2.500 n ukccumn iɛrabn d usuɣl nnsn s taclḥit. Ikccumn ad smunntn ɛla ḥsab imrsi nnsn (tazzit n ufgan, imudar n tgmmi, imɣi ...).

Zɣ kullu tutlayin timaziɣin n ɣilad, ɣwalli akk iqrbn irwasn tamaziɣt taqburt tazaykut nna s yura Ibn Tunart adlis nns tga tt Taclḥit. Mayad ar itbayyan mzyan ɣ iwaliwn d tguriwin n umawal ad acku llan gisn kra n tguriwin nna ur aɣ tn tafat abla ɣ tutlayt taclḥit d ur llin ɣ tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn, zun d: Aɣwy, Afulkiy, Asid, Tigmmi, Idgam d Dar.

D llan daɣ kra n iwaliwn ɣ udlis ad nna ur llin ɣ taclḥit n ɣilad, wala ɣ tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn, zun d: Kasra (ɣar), Wala (bahra), Aysladd (abla).

Isnubbucn imzwura

Tikklt tamzwarut lli ɣ rad ittyura uglam n tjṛṛumt n tutlayt Taclḥit tga tt twuri n umsnils aliman Hans Stumme (1864–1936), lli d issufɣn adlis nns Handbuch des Schilḥischen von Tazerwalt ɣ usggʷas n 1899. Tɣama-nn tjṛṛumt n Stumme aɣbalu n jṛṛumt n tutlayt Taclḥit lli akkʷ imqqurn i uzgn n tasut. Tamukrist lli s tinn ikkan ɣ ammas n igi nns iga tt asmrs n talsarit timsislit bahra icqqan, nna ittyskarn fad ad tg tamnɣudt, macc ur ar tlkkam ɣ tugt n twal ad tsml kra n usmdya amssusaɣ n imuɣna ittuysawaln. Isfɣ d Stumme ula yat tlknsit n tinfusin n Taclḥit (1895, ittuysnfl gis kra ɣ Stroomer 2002).

Amara wissin lli rad isawl f tutlayt ad iga tt Saɛid Sid Kawi (Saʿīd al-Sidqāwī, 1859-1910), amsiwl n yat zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin n Dzayr. Issufɣ d ɣ wakud ann yan umawal n Twarg (1894), ilmma yurri dar tutlayin timaziɣin n tmazirt n Lmɣrib. Amawal nns Dictionnaire français-tachelh'it et tamazir't (1907) gis agudi n iwaliwn s tutlayt taclḥit d tmaziɣt n waṭlas anammas, d uggar n 20 tiwriqin n tiwinas ubɣirn. Arra ad ibayn is ittuyskar s yat tɣarast igan taddraft, iqqan d ad ittyuɣra s tɣḍft.

Di yiḍ n imnɣi amaḍlan amzwaru, tbayn d yat tdlist timskrt mẓẓiyn ittyuran s ifassn n yan ukapitan (mn bɛd rad yaḍu akulunil) Léopold-Victor Justinard (1878–1959), s uzwl Manuel de berbère marocain (dialecte chleuh). Ar gis nttafa ubckil anjṛum igzzuln, yat tlknsit n tinfusin, n tmdyazt d umarg, d kra n imsawaln bahra istawhman, kullu tn munn d usuɣl nnsn. Ittyura udlis ad ɣ tizi lli ɣ tt inn ikka umara isala timhal tiɛṣkṛiyn ɣ tsga n Fas, imikk dffir usdurri afransawi (1912). Yura Justinard ula mnnaw n idlisn izdin d umzruy n tmazirt n Sus.

Emile Laoust (1876–1952), tamarat takffaḍt lli yuran kigan n idlisn d imgradn izdin d tutlayin timaziɣin, tssufɣ d ɣ 1921 adlis nns Cours de berbère marocain (taẓrigt tis snat tettusmɣur g 1936), gis aslmd n tjṛṛumt d timssirdin itcqqun imikk a s imikk d iwaliwn isgumann, iḍṛiṣn ifulkin (ur lan usuɣl) d yat talgamt n tguriwin.

Isbuɣla bahra Edmond Destaing (1872-1940) tussniwin n umawal n taclḥit s udlis nns Etude sur la tachelḥît du Soûs. Vocabulaire français-berbère (1920) d udlis n Textes berbères en parler des Chleuhs du Sous (Maroc). Inna Destaing mas rad iswuri ɣ yan usnubbc izdin d tajṛṛumt taclḥiyt, macc xtad iggʷran ur rad jjun tẓṛ tufawt.

Issufɣ d akumunḍun Robert Aspinion adlis n Apprenons le berbère: initiation aux dialectes chleuhs (1953), lli igan yan udlis islmadn tajṛṛumt tanɣmast, mac ur trwi ukan yan imikk. Tilsaritin rxan macc gan imnɣad n Aspinion ḥidn ingrawn imsislitn d ifransawiyn iqdimn.

Ama Tikklt tamzwarut lli ɣ rad gis ittyuskar uglam s tutlayt tanglizt iga tt Outline of the Structure of Shilha (1958) n umara amirikani Joseph Applegate (1925–2003). Iswuri f wawal n imsiwln n ayt Sidi Ifni, ittyura udlis s yat tmamkt ur bahra iḥlin nna s icqqa ad t sis tɣrt, abla yan umawal lli d ibayn mzyan. Tirsalitin lli gis illan ur bahra msackan d wawal n taclḥit yɛni ur tettuyskar mzyan.

Adlis waḥdu t nna ɣ tlla tjṛṛumt n tutlayt Taclḥit d nna ittyuran ddu usati asnils atrar iga tt Le Berbère (1988) n umara Lionel Galand (1920–2017), asnils afṛansis d umsnils amẓṛmaziɣ. Amara ad ixdm kigan ɣ udlis nns f wawal n ɣccan ɣ idrarn n waṭlas mẓẓiyn, iskr asn ula asmzazal d tqbaylit n Dzayr, d tatwargit n Nijr.

Tasnmslit

Iɣritn

Tutlayt Taclḥit tṭṭaf kraḍ iɣritn imslicann, nna ɣ tiɣzi ur tgi aṣḍḍaṛ imsfru. Ar mmaln iɣritn yat lgamme igan abaraw bahra n imslinyen. Aɣri /a/ art bahra tnṭaqn s [a] nɣ [æ], d /u/ tettuynṭaq bla awd kra n ukrnay anmɣur abla iɣ tettrs taman kra n w. Tilit n kra n targalt afarign da tɣr i asufɣ imslmms uggar n uɣri, zun d ɣ tguri n kraḍ [krɐdˤ], kkuẓ [kkɤzˤ], sḍis [sdˤɪs] (smzazal at yan [jæn], sin [sin] d smmus [smmʊs] )

Adffiran Anammas Adffran
Urgil i u
Uṛẓim a

Ar d tbayyan kra n iɣritn imslicann yaḍnin ɣ iwaliwn imaynutn lli d ikkan tutlayin yaḍnin, s umdya / o / zun d ɣ rristora "restaurant" (n tfransist).

Iɣritn inkliyn d « schwa »

Abla kraḍ iɣritn imslican ad, llan kra n iɣritn inkliyn ur gin imslican, nna s ttussan s yism n "schwa". Ɣ tugt n imdyatn, aɣri n tukkit ar nttiẓḍur ad as nssld dffir tuddma n kra n tafirt war aɣri CC nɣ CCC, iɣ tga yat ɣ tirgalin timawayn, nɣ sin itsn, ttuyssladn[21], s umdya tigemmi [tigĭmmi], ameḥḍar [amɐ̆ʜdˤɐr]. Ɣ ammas n twuri n tilsaritin timsislitn lli d skrn Stumme (1899) d Destaing (1920, 1940), tugt n iɣritn inkliyn ad ttyumlan.

kra n imaratn yaḍnin dffir mayad zun d Aspinion (1953), sxddmn tamatart ⟨e⟩ fad ad ṛcmn adɣar nna ɣ ittuẓḍar ad gis ttusflad kra n uɣri n tukkit, mknna tga taɣara nns, d ar ttaran ula ⟨e⟩ nɣ ɣ tilawt awd yan uɣri, mqqar akk tad igzzuln, ur aɣ tettuysflad. S umdya akessab [akssæb] nɣ ar icetta [ar iʃtta]. Tamatart ⟨e⟩, ar as ttinin "schwa", zun d talli d isxdm Aspinion d wiyyaḍ yaḍnin, tuɣal d anagraw awnɣan ka ittuysxdamn fad ad iml masd targalt lli t iḍfarn tlla ɣ tuddma n tafirt: [ak⟨e⟩s.sab], [a.ri.š⟨e⟩t.ta]. Mklli s iẓṛa Galand, Asnqḍ n «schwa» ikka d «tamyurt tabṛṛanit n Taclḥit». D mk lli s t daɣ imla s tɣarast yaḍn Ridouane (2008), iɣritn inkliyn nɣ «vocoïdes intrusifs» ur akk imkin ad asn nfk aẓayr n aɣri apanṭatik. Ilmma yuf ad akk ur nttara iɣritn inkliyn d « schwa », d ad nttara iɣritn s tamamkt igan timsislit, mk lli nit iskr Galand (1988) ɣ tiẓrigin kulltn n iḍṛiṣn imaynutn.

Asmkl n hyatus

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Tirgalin

Tṭṭaf tclḥiyt 33 n trgalin timslicanin. Tṭṭf tirgalin timsnkrin (“Tuffayin”) d trgalin tuglanin tirsitanin zun d tutlayin timaziɣin yaḍn d tɛṛabt. Illa unuḥyu gr uraran ittwancucn d ururan udrizn irsitann. Tussda n trgalin tga tanmyẓlayt.

Tafliwt ddaws da tmmal tirgalin s tlsarit talatint tanawayt. Ɣinna g ur tmsasa tlsarit d usnmarra n IPA rad tafim tamzwarut gr taskiwin.

Ancucan Uglan Imḍfṛ-udlugl Unɣan Ulɣiwan Ilḍṭan Ankaran Agranzazan
arsitan ankaran arsitan attwancuc arsitan attwancuc
Anzran m n
Aggaɣ arimɣr t tˤ ⟨ṭ⟩ k kʷ q qʷ
imɣr b d dˤ ⟨ḍ⟩ g gʷ
Ameryan arimɣr f s sˤ ⟨ṣ⟩ ʃ ⟨š⟩ χ ⟨x⟩ χʷ ⟨xʷ⟩ ʜ ⟨ḥ⟩
imɣr z zˤ ⟨ẓ⟩ ʒ ⟨ž⟩ ʁ ⟨ɣ⟩ ʁʷ ⟨ɣʷ⟩ ʢ ⟨ɛ⟩ ɦ ⟨h⟩
Aznaɣri l lˤ ⟨ḷ⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w
Asmamay r rˤ ⟨ṛ⟩
Asnmarra
alatin 		Azal
asnmsli (IPA) 		Aglam
m m imɣr asincucan anzran
n n̪ imɣr uglan anzran
t t̪ arimɣr uglan aggaɣ
ṭ t̪ˤ arimɣr isnkr uglan aggaɣ
k k arimɣr adatulwiɣ aggaɣ
kʷ kʷ arimɣr attwancuc adatulwiɣ aggaɣ
q q arimɣr ilḍṭan aggaɣ
qʷ qʷ arimɣr attwancuc ilḍṭan aggaɣ
b b imɣr asincucan aggaɣ
d d̪ imɣr uglan aggaɣ
ḍ d̪ˤ imɣr imsnkr uglan aggaɣ
g ɡ imɣr adatulwiɣ aggaɣ
gʷ ɡʷ imɣr attwancuc adatulwiɣ aggaɣ
f f arimɣr ancuglan amryan
s s̪ arimɣr uglan amryan
ṣ s̪ˤ arimɣr imsnkr uglan amryan
š ʃ arimɣr imḍfr-udlugl amryan
x χ arimɣr ilḍṭan amryan
xʷ χʷ arimɣr attwancuc ilḍṭan amryan
ḥ ʜ arimɣr ankaran amryan
z z̪ imɣr ankaran amryan
ẓ z̪ˤ imɣr imsnkr uglan amryan
ž ʒ imɣr imḍfr-udlugl amryan
ɣ ʁ imɣr ilḍṭan amryan
ɣʷ ʁʷ imɣr attwancuc ilḍṭan amryan
ɛ ʢ imɣr ankaran amryan nɣ d amaɣlal aramray
h ɦ imɣr agranzazan amryan nɣ d amaɣlal aramray
l l̪ imɣr uglan imidis amaɣlal aramray
ḷ l̪ˤ imɣr imsnkr uglan imidis amaɣlal aramray
y j imɣr anɣan amaɣlal aramray
w w imɣr anculwiɣan amaɣlal aramray
r r̪ imɣr uglan asmamay
ṛ r̪ˤ imɣr imsnkr uglan asmamay

Iznaɣritn

Iznaɣritn /w/ d /y/ lan imsliḍn inaɣritn u d i gr trgalin (C_C) d gr trgalin d tirisa (C_# d #_C). S tmamkt immrwasn, ẓḍaṛn iɣritn urgiln /u/ d /i/ ad ilin imsliḍn uraglann w d y bac ad anfn i tilɣit. Aya a f llan, ɣ umata n tantlayin[22], ɣ yan ubṭṭu ansmad d iɣritn urgiln, iznaɣritn ittilin am 'Onset' nɣ 'Coda', d iɣritn urgiln am 'nucleus' ɣ kra n tfrit. Abṭṭu ad ajumman n iznaɣritn d iɣritn urgiln da irggs aẓayr nnsn am kkuẓ ifunimn nna naḥya, ilin akkʷ kra n imsnilsn lkmn gis ad kksn aẓayr imslican i /w/ d /y/[23].

Assumr f kkuẓ ifunimn is sbzziznt fllaɣ iznaɣritn d iɣritn urgiln lli ẓḍaṛnin ad jṛun ɣ yan usartu, ɣ yan unmala amẓli n umawal, s umdya tazwdit, tahruyt (ur d *tazduyt, *tahrwit). Nnig n aya, iznaɣritn /w/ d /y/, zun d tirgal yaḍnin, ar ttiɣzifn, zun ɣ afawwu, tayyu[24]. Turda n kkuẓ ifunimn ar aɣ takka ula yan uglam imṛwi n tsnalɣa[25].

Tussda d tiɣzi

illa umyẓli gr trgal tifrdisin d tarfrdisin (ilan tussda nɣ iɣzzafn):

tuga vs. tugga
tamda vs. tamdda

Tussda d usɣzf ar tturarn yan tilalt ɣ tsnalɣa n ismawn d imyagn:

agllid, igldan (ll da tetturruy l)
imgr, ar imggr (g da tetturruy gg)

S umnzay, kraygat targalt tẓḍaṛ ad tili tussda nɣ asɣzf, mqqar xxʷ d ṛṛ ur jjun as nufi tugga (unattested). Ar ttilin iggaɣn ilḍṭann ɣar g tussda nɣ asɣzf (qq, qqʷ)[26].

Kkuẓt trgal, tṭṭaf ku yat gisnt sin igdazaln ussidn, yan saswa t, yan naḥya t (ɣ tmsislit):

ḍ: ḍḍ d ṭṭ
w: ww d ggʷ
ɣ: ɣɣ d qq
ɣʷ: ɣɣʷ d qqʷ

Ɣ tarayt taqburt akkʷ n tsnalɣa, ar bdda nttafa is d ṭṭ, ggʷ,qq, qqʷ ad igan igdazaln ussidn nɣ iɣzzafn n ḍ, w, ɣ, ɣʷ:

ɣrs, ar iqqrs (smzazal d kzr, ar ikkrz)
izwiɣ, izggʷaɣ (smzazal d isgin, isggan)

Tuṣkiwt n tafirt

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Anawn n tifirin

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Imitrikn

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Tajṛṛumt

Ismawn

Nẓḍar ad nsnaḥya gr kraḍ wanawn n yismawn s tsnalɣa nnsn, sin gan iṛṣliyn d yan ubṛṛani:

  • Ismawn unfiln
  • Ismawn arunfiln
  • Ismawn urḍiln ẓlinin

Ismiln ilɣasnayn nna intayn gan tn wanaw (gender), uṭṭun d waddad.

Ismawn unfiln

Ismawn unfiln ad igan asrtu lli bahra iggutn. Nẓḍar ad tn nakʷz s trxawt sɣ twila nnsn tabṛṛanit: Ar bddun s uzwir asmawan ilan tawila (t)V-:

azal "daytime"
igigil "orphan"
uṣkay "hound"
tadggʷat "evening"
tibinṣrt "marsh mallow (plant"
tuḍfit "ant"


Ismawn unfiln da snuḥyun gr sin wanawn, amay d wunti; Sin wuṭṭunn, asuf (nɣ amyiwn) d umagut, d sin waddadn, addad ilelli (s tfṛansist: état libre, asgzl: EL) d waddad amaruz (s tfṛansist: état d’annexion, asgzl: EA).

Azwir asmawan ur dars awd kra ukttur ansmakan, ar gis ittili yan nɣ sin ifrdisn s sin itsn, yan uzwir n wanaw d yan uzwir anaɣri. Ẓḍarn isufn untiyn ad ad ṭṭfn uḍfir n wanaw dɣ nttan. S umdya, iṭṭaf yism Tazdwit azwir n wunti t-, azwir anaɣri a- d wuḍfir n wunti -t nna ittyurnan f ufggag zdwi. Ismawn unfiln untiyn ar bdda ttṭṭfn azwir n wunti, maca ismawn imayn isufn ur ar ttṭṭfn azwir n wanaw g waddad ilelli (EL); s umdya, ur illi uzwir n wanaw ɣ abaɣuɣ, macc illa gis ɣar azwir anaɣri a- lli ittyurnan i ufggag asmawan baɣuɣ.

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Ismawn ifliciyn

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Ismawn ibṛṛaniyn

Afrux isawaln s taclḥit.

Kra n tguriwin nna d ikkan tutlayt taɛrabt d kra n tguriwin nna immrwasn ɣ tclḥit d tutlayt taɛibrit d tutlayt talatinit d tutlayt taṣbnyulit :

Taclḥit Taɛrabt Taclḥit Taɛibrit Taclḥit Talatinit Taclḥit Taṣbnyulit
afrran frran فران agadir gadir גָּדֵר afullus Pullus acaqqur Segur
aḥddad ḥddad حداد aẓalim bslim בצלים asnus Asinus lficṭa Fiesta
axmmas xmmas خماس aɣanim qanim קנים alili Lilium sskwila Escuela
agzzar jazzar جزار lmd lmud ללמוד taɣawsa Causa cmrir Sombrero
acṭṭab cṭṭab شطاب abaw Faba acnti Centeno

Kra n izwiln nna mmrwasnin d tutlayin tisamiyin :

Taclḥiyt Tigrinya Tafuniqt Taɛṛabt
semmus ḥammuš- ḥmš xams-
sḍis šɨdɨš- šš sitt- (Amḍan amsuds: sādis)
sa šobʕat- šbʕ sabʕ-
tam, ttam šommon- šmn θamān-
tẓẓa, ttẓa tɨšʕat- tšʕ tisʕ- }-

Aswuri s waddad amaruz

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Tasnamkt n ismawn tiwtmanin

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Imqqimn inimann

Llan kraḍt tgrummawin n imqqimn inimann:

  • Imzirgn
  • Iklitikn n tɣawsiwin usridn
  • Uḍfiṛn

Nnig n aya, llant daɣ snat tgrummawin tinafuɣin nna ɣ llan imqqimn ilan uḍfiṛn (abla i umzwaru amyiwn):

  • Iklitikn n tɣawsiwin arusridn
  • Ismmudn imalan

Tawsit tettuymla ɣ tis snat tamyiwnt d tis snat d tis kṛaḍt tamagutt. Tawsit ur tettuymla ɣ tis kṛaḍt tamyiwnt d tamzwarut tamagutt. Tawsit ur jju ittuymla ɣ umzwaru amyiwn.

Iklitikn n tɣawsa tusridt
 		 Taɣawsa tusridt
clitics		 Uḍfiṛn
 		 Taɣawsa tarusridt
Iklitikn		 Imili
Ismmudn
1 sg. nkki(n) yyi V-Ø / C-i yyi V nw / C inw
2 sg.m. kyyi(n) k -k a-k nn-k
sg.f. kmmi(n) km -m a-m nn-m
3 sg.m. ntta(n) t -s a-s nn-s
sg.f. nttat tt / stt
1 pl.m nkkʷni(n) aɣ -nɣ a-ɣ nnɣ
pl.f nkkʷnti(n)
2 pl.m. kʷnni(n) kʷn V-wn / C-un a-wn nn-un
pl.f. kʷnnimti(n) kʷnt V-wnt / C-unt a-wnt nn-unt
3 pl.m. nttni(n) tn -sn a-sn nn-sn
pl.f. nttnti(n) tnt -snt a-snt nn-snt
∅ = walu amurfim

Amawal

Isaɣuln

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Tiguriwin turḍilin

Taguri turḍilt taqburt akkʷ nna ittwssann d tiyni (cf. Tamaceɣt tehäyne, Taɣdimst aβēna), zɣ Tamiṣṛit-taqubṭit (cf. Taqubṭit bnne, beni, benni). Tkka tt inn tfuniqt-tabuniqt, tga tutlayt n ugafa utrim, ar tettyusawal ɣ kra n igzzumn n tfriqt n ugafa, slawan akkʷ g tuns tatrart, ar tasuta tis 5 Ḍart n tlalit n Ɛisa. Tiguriwin turḍilin tibuniqin da tn nttafa ɣ mnnawt tutlayin timaziɣin, gratsnt Tacelḥiyt. Imdyatn:

agadir (cf. Hebrew gādēr 'wall')
aẓalim (cf. Hebrew beṣālîm)
aɣanim (cf. Hebrew qānîm)
tifst 'flax, linen' (Taclḥiyt tazratrart, cf. Hebrew pišt- )

Irwas is iga umyag lmd dɣ ntta urḍil zɣ tbuniqt (cf. Hebrew). Irwas is d ikcm yism uday s tutlayin timaziɣin zg tutlayt taramayt lli s sawaln wudayn imzwagn imzwura ɣ Tfriqt n Ugafay (cf. yūdāy-ā Taramayt-Tasiryant mgl. yehûdî Taɛibrit, yahūdī Taɛṛabt; Ism aramay ad tkka tguri tagrikt ἰουδαῖος, d tlatint iūdaeus). Illa ma mi umann wuṭṭunn zg 5 ar 9 is gan urḍiln isamiyn. Igdazaln g Tfuniqt-tabuniqt d Tɛṛabt ur gisn yuman is d nttni ad igan aɣablu nnsn. Ha asmzazal: -{

Taclḥit Tigrinya Tafiniqit Taɛrabt
5 smmus ḥammuṣ- ḥammuš- ḥmṣ ḥmš xams- xams-
6 sḍis ṣidiṣ- šɨdɨš- ṣṣ šš sitt- sitt-
7 sa ṣubɛat šobʕat- ṣbɛšbʕ sabɛ- sabʕ-
8 tam ṣummun- šommon- ṣmn šmn taman- θamān-
9 tẓa tiṣɛat- tɨšʕat- tṣɛ tšʕ tisɛ- tisʕ-

Yat tmzarayt n Tlatint/Taṛumanst tkka tt inn ar tettyusawal g ugafa n Lmɣrib ar yan wakud yaẓn i ukcam n lislam. Turḍilin sɣ tlatint d Tṛumanst tazaykut gisnt:

afullus 'cock, rooster' (pullus 'young animal, chick' Talatint)
afurnu 'oven' (smzl. fornus Talatint)
asnus 'ass's foal' (asinus 'ass' Talatint)
fliyyu 'pennyroyal' (plant, smzl. pulēium Talatint)
ikikr 'chickpeas' (cicer Talatint)
tafala 'peel, spade' (pāla Talatint)
talima 'file' (līma Talatint)
tayuga 'yoke, pair' (asuf n tṛumanst tazaykut *iuga, smzl. amagut alatin iuga, asuf alatin iugum)
urti 'garden' (taṛumanst tazaykut, smzl. hortus Talatint)
taɣawsa 'thing' (causa Talatint)
takira 'wax' (cēra Talatint)
tibitas 'beets' (betas n Tṛumant tazaykut, cf. asuf alatin bēta)
tifiras 'pears' (*piras n Tṛumant tazaykut, cf. amagut alatin pira, asuf pirum)

Ar nttssn tiguriwin d ikkan taṛumant tamaẓuẓt s ugdazal nns, s n tṛumanst tamaẓuẓt ar tturruy š, tin tṛumanst tazaykut da ttɣama s. Ittyuɣal Is d kcmnt turḍilin ad zg Tibiru-ṛumanst, lliɣ dids llan imsiwln s tmaziɣt ɣ wawaḍ ɣ Wandalus (Ṣbanya tanslmt). Kra n imdyatn:

acaqqur 'axe' (cf. segur Taṣbnyult tazratrart, securis Talatint)
cmrir 'hat' (cf. sombrero Taṣbnyult)
acnti 'rye' (cf. centeno Taṣblyunt; šəntin g tcelḥiyt tamuẓunt, yat talɣa lli ynyarnan s umagut ticentin nna zɣ daɣ ittyuskar usuf ašnti).

Tutlayin timdrugin

Ibdr Destaing yat tutlayt tamdrugt igan s yism inman nɣ tadubirt nna s sawaln «kra n middn ɣ Sus, slawann akkʷ tarwa d ayt Sidi Ḥmad u Musa». Ifka yan umdya: is kn tusat inman? "is da tsawalt tutlayt tamdrugt ?"

Sin tutlayin timdrugn ttuysawaln dar timɣarin ticlḥiyin ad inna Lahrouchi d Ségéral (2009). Ar as ttinin tagnawt (id ikkan agnaw "walli ur da isslid") d taɛẓmiyt (id ikkan ddarija ɛəẓmiya "tutlayt tabṛṛanit") nɣ taqqẓmiyt. Ar sxdamn kigan n tizigztt fad ad sntln tutlayt awal amagnu.

Tinidlisn

Tajṛṛumt

  • Robert Aspinion: Apprenons le berbère: initiation aux dialectes chleuhs. Rabat 1952.
  • Abdallah Boumalk, Manuel de conjugaison du tachelhit (langue berbère du Maroc), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2003 - ISBN 2-7475-5527-5
  • Abdallah El Mountassir, Initiation au Tachelhit, langue berbère du sud du Maroc. "Ra nsawal tachelhit", Paris, L'Asiathèque, 1999 - ISBN 2-911053-53-2
  • Hans Stumme, Handbuch des Schilhischen von Tazerwalt. Grammatik, Lesestücke, Gespräche, Glossar, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1899.

Imawaln

  • Abdellah Bounfour & Abdallah Boumalk, Vocabulaire usuel du tachelhit, Éditions Centre Tarik Ibn Ziyad, Rabat.
  • Edmond Destaing, Étude sur la tachelḥît du Sous. I- Vocabulaire français-berbère, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1920
  • Abdallah El Mountassir, Dictionnaire des verbes tachelhit-français (parler berbère du sud du Maroc), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2003 - ISBN 2-7475-3577-0
  • Antoine Jordan, Dictionnaire berbère-français (dialectes tašelhait), Rabat, Omnia, 1934.
  • Michel Quitout, Grammaire berbère (rifain, tamazight, chleuh, kabyle), Paris, L'Harmattan, 2007 - ISBN 2-7384-6004-6

Taskla

  • Paulette Galand-Pernet, Littératures berbères, des voix, des lettres, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, 1998 - ISBN 2-13-049518-4
  • Paulette Galand-Pernet, Recueil de poèmes chleuhs. I- Chants de trouveurs, Paris, Klincksieck, 1972 - ISBN 2-252-01415-6.
  • Hans Stumme, Dichtkunst und Gedichte der Schluh, Leipzig, Hinrichs, 1895
  • Nico Van den Boogert, The Berber Literary Tradition of the Sous, with an edition and translation of ‘The Ocean of Tears' by Muhammad Awzal (d. 1749), Leiden, Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten (Sticht de Goeje, 27), 1997.

Iḍṛiṣn

  • Edmond Destaing, Textes berbères en parler des Chleuḥs du Sous (Maroc), Paris, Geuthner, 1940.
  • Harry Stroomer, An anthology of Tashelhiyt Berber folktales (South Morocco), Köln, Köppe, 2001 (Berber studies 2) - ISBN 3-89645-381-5
  • Harry Stroomer, Tashelhiyt Berber folktales from Tazerwalt (South Morocco) : a linguistic reanalysis of Hans Stumme's Tazerwalt texts with an English translation, Köln, Köppe, 2002 (Berber studies 4) - ISBN 3-89645-383-1 (riedizione di: Hans Stumme, Märchen der Schluh von Tazerwalt, Lepzig, Hinrichs, 1895)
  • Harry Stroomer, Tashelhiyt Berber texts from the Ayt Brayyim, Lakhsas and Guedmioua region (South Morocco) : a linguistic reanalysis of Récits, contes et légendes berbères en Tachelhiyt by Arsène Roux with an English translation, Köln, Köppe, 2003 (Berber studies 5) - ISBN 3-89645-384-X
  • Harry Stroomer, Tashelhiyt Berber texts from Ida u Tanan (South Morocco), Köln, Köppe, 2004 (Berber studies 9) - ISBN 3-89645-388-2

Ilikitn n imawaln

Isaɣuln i tɣuriwin insmadn

imgradn imanawn umniḍn

 Ẓr ula Taclḥit ɣ Wikimawal lli illan ɣ Wikimidya Incubator

Isaɣuln

  1. ↑ Taclḥit - Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
  2. ↑ Rhythms and Rhymes of Life: Music and Identification Processes of Dutch, Miriam Gazzah, 2008
  3. ↑ Perrot d'Ablancourt 1667: 92-93.
  4. ↑ Mouliéras, A., 1905. Une tribu zénète anti-musulmane au Maroc les Zkara. p.25.
  5. ↑ Van Den Boogert (1997 : 3).
  6. ↑ Delaporte et al. 1844, 588.
  7. ↑ (Wetzstein 1887 : 34-35).
  8. ↑ STUMME, H., 1899. Handbuch des Schilhischen von Tazerwalt. Grammatik, Lesestücke, Gespräche, Glossar. Pp. v. 249. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung., p.3.
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 et 9,2 Cunninghame Graham, R., n.d. Mogreb-el-Acksa. London: Heinemann, pp.34, 96.
  10. ↑ Febrayer.com - Cluḥ d Taclḥit, Maṣmuda d Imṣmudn.
  11. ↑ Agrour, R., 2012. Contribution à l’étude d’un mot voyageur : Chleuh. Cahiers d'études africaines, 52(208), pp.767-811.
  12. ↑ Stumme (1899: 3); Laoust (1936: v).
  13. ↑ Fox et Abu-Talib (1966: 155), Colin (1993: 976).
  14. ↑ Awzal, Baḥr al-Dumūʿ , v.5 (édition dans van den Boogert 1997).
  15. ↑ 15,0 et 15,1 RGPH 2014 - Site HCP
  16. ↑ Aljazeera.net - Jadal ḥawla ɛadad annaṭiqin bil amaziɣya
  17. ↑ Stroomer (2001a:183n1), Stroomer (2008:289n1).
  18. ↑ Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004
  19. ↑ Stumme (1899: 4).
  20. ↑ Boukous (1977: 126).
  21. ↑ Galand (1988, 2.1).
  22. ↑ Tamzarayt n Igcan, imkn d tiyyaḍ, ɣ kigan n tkkal ar ttarint iznaɣritn inṣliyn (Galand 1988, 2.9). Nẓḍaṛ daɣ ad nẓṛ aya awd ɣ iḍṛiṣn n warratn izratrarn (van den Boogert 1997:249).
  23. ↑ Applegate (1958), Dell & Elmedlaoui (1985, 2002), Ridouane (2008).
  24. ↑ Amukris ad issgdl t Dixon (2010:284) s uzday d tutlayin yaḍn.
  25. ↑ Van den Boogert (1997:247–8), s imdyatn.
  26. ↑ Ẓṛ Van den Boogert (1997:244–245).


Tutlayin Timaziɣin
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Gwanc Tagwancit†
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Tinawayin Tamaziɣt Tanawayt Tamɣribit · Tamaziɣt Tanawayt Tadzayrit
Twarg Tamahaq · Tamacq · Tawllammt · Tayart
Anẓul Utrim Tatsrrt · Tuẓẓungiyya
Agmmay Agmmay n Tifinaɣ · Agmmay Alatin · Agʷmmay Amaziɣ Aɛṛab · Tirra taɛibrit
Timrsal Unbiḍ AAAL (Dzayr) · SNM (Dzayr) · SGSM (Lmɣrib) · DNAFLA (Mali) · CRB (Fransa)
Ur gin unbiḍ Agraw imaziɣn (GM) · Agraw Amaḍlan Amaziɣ (GMM)
SG Ar tzray s ugmuḍan· SṬ Ar tzray s Waṭlas · † Tutlayt inɣuban · LB Tettyalsbna
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