The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val 158 Met polymorphism is hypothesized to affect executive function in patient and control populations. Studies inconsistently report better performance on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test (WCST) in individuals with one or more Met alleles. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies published until August 2006 that reported WCST perseverative errors from healthy volunteers or patients with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Twelve studies met inclusion criteria (total n= 1910) providing 10 samples each of patients and controls. In healthy controls, individuals with the Met/Met genotype performed better than those with the Val/Val genotype (d= 0.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02–0.55; P= 0.03), but this was not supported in the patient sample (d=− 0.07; 95% CI− 0.40 to 0.26; P= 0.68). Post hoc analyses suggested that Val and Met alleles are codominant in their effects on cognition. Effect size was greater in studies published at an earlier date and may also be larger in non-Caucasian samples. Gender did not affect the results. There was no evidence of publication bias. We conclude that there is small but significant relationship between Val 158 Met genotype and executive function in healthy individuals but not in schizophrenia.