Immune cells and glia interact with neurons to alter pain sensitivity and to mediate the transition
from acute to chronic pain. In response to injury, resident immune cells are activated and …

The cytokine cascade in pain and inflammatory processes is a tremendously complex
system, involving glial, immune, and neuronal cell interactions. IL-1β is a pro-inflammatory …

In the last decade, preclinical investigations of electroacupuncture mechanisms on persistent
tissue-injury (inflammatory), nerve-injury (neuropathic), cancer, and visceral pain have …

The emerging literature implicates a role for glia/cytokines in persistent pain. However, the
mechanisms by which these non-neural elements contribute to CNS activity-dependent …

Our knowledge of the existence of endogenous descending pain modulatory systems spans
at least three decades and we now know that brain stem descending pathways constitute a …

Biofilms that contribute to the persistent bacterial infections pose serious threats to global
public health, mainly due to their resistance to antibiotics penetration and escaping innate …

A three-dimensional hierarchical porous carbon is synthesized via a facile chemical
activation route with garlic skin as the precursor and KOH as the activating agent. The as-obtained …

: The involvement of NMDA receptors in rats with peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia
was evaluated by administration of the non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801. …

Certain types of nonpsychoactive cannabinoids can potentiate glycine receptors (GlyRs), an
important target for nociceptive regulation at the spinal level. However, little is known about …

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) membranes have been proved of great benefit for bone
tissue engineering due to the improvement of cell attachment and proliferation. To develop …