Fifth-generation (5G) networks consist of relatively smaller cells compared to legacy networks.
Therefore, a user will take a shorter time toward the cell edge. This exposes the mobile …

The evolution of 5G small cell networks has led to the advancement of vertical handover
decision-making algorithms. A mobile terminal (MT) tends to move from one place to another …

Received Signal Strength (RSS) based handover decision making algorithms use RSS
value as the main criterion in handover decision making process. In the past, the RSS based …

Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) algorithms are currently designed utilizing a self-optimization
(auto-tuning) approach with the aim of enriching 5G and beyond wireless …

Mobile communications have been undergoing a generational evolution at least every ten
years, currently in the fifth-generation (5G) and 5G−Advanced decade. As 5G and 5G−…

Mobile communications evolve approximately every decade, with 5G and 5G-Advanced
currently in use and 6G anticipated by 2030. 5G and beyond networks require diverse spectrum …

This letter introduces Time-to-Exit (TTE), a soft mobility robustness optimization (MRO)
parameter for handover management in 5G and beyond. The deployment of small cells to meet …

In small cell wireless networks, fast and precise vertical handover decision making algorithms
are needed to minimize the handover failures and unnecessary handovers, especially in …

5G is growing globally, and the handover performance is needed to be updated and improved
to adapt to new changes in telecommunication. 5G are considered small cell networks …

Heterogeneous networks allow the systems to switch network connections between different
types of access technology based on the network quality. However, frequent handovers …