Abstract Systems for protein degradation are essential for tight control of the inflammatory
immune response 1 , 2 . Autophagy, a bulk degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic …

A novel coronavirus has been identified as an etiological agent of severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS). To rapidly identify anti-SARS drugs available for clinical use, we screened …

The human T-cell lines MT-2 and MT-4 carry the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I).
When MT-2 and MT-4 were infected with HTLV-III, the probable etiologic agent of the …

Microbial nucleic acids are critical for the induction of innate immune responses, a host
defense mechanism against infection by microbes. Recent studies have indicated that double-…

We investigated the effect of bone marrow cell (BMC) transplantation on established liver
fibrosis. BMCs of green fluorescent protein (GFP) mice were transplanted into 4‐week carbon …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial components and trigger the inflammatory and
immune responses against pathogens. IκBζ (also known as MAIL and INAP) is an ankyrin-…

The Ubc13 E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme is key in the process of 'tagging' target proteins
with lysine 63–linked polyubiquitin chains, which are essential for the transmission of …

Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) performs a prominent role during disease and has been described as
both a pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine. A key feature in the regulation of IL‐6 responses …

Ectopic fat deposition in skeletal muscle is closely associated with several disorders,
however, the origin of these adipocytes is not clear, nor is the mechanism of their formation. …

During acute inflammation, leukocyte recruitment is characterized by an initial infiltration of
neutrophils, which are later replaced by a more sustained population of mononuclear cells. …