The nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a pivotal role in reward and aversive learning and
learning flexibility. Outputs of the NAc are transmitted through two parallel routes termed the …

Dopamine (DA) transmission from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) is critical for controlling
both rewarding and aversive behaviors. The transient silencing of DA neurons is one of the …

In the basal ganglia, inputs from the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are transmitted through both
direct and indirect pathways and control reward-based learning. In the NAc, dopamine (DA) …

The basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuitry plays a central role in selecting actions that
achieve reward-seeking outcomes and avoid aversive ones. Inputs of the nucleus …

Mutations in the gene MAPT encoding tau, a microtubules-associated protein, cause a
subtype of familial neurodegenerative disorder, known as frontotemporal lobar degeneration …

Pluripotent stem cell-derived human primordial germ cell-like cells (hPGCLCs) provide
important opportunities to study primordial germ cells (PGCs). We robustly produced CD38+ …

Exposure of mammalian fetuses to endocrine disruptors can increase the risk of adult-onset
diseases. We previously showed that exposure of mouse fetuses to bisphenol A (BPA) …

Controlling neural activity with high spatio‐temporal resolution is desired for studying how
neural circuit dynamics control animal behavior. Conventional methods for manipulating …

The erector spinae plane block (ESPB) has been reported to have several complications.
However, there has been no report of local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). Here, we …

Degeneration of the myelin sheath and axon distal to the most proximal site of axonal
interruption secondary to axonal disease has been called wallerian degeneration. On MR …