The striatum is essential for learning which actions lead to reward and for implementing
those actions. Decades of experimental and theoretical work have led to several influential …

Vision may dominate our perception of space not because of any inherent physiological
advantage of visual over other sensory connections in the brain, but because visual …

Major depression is characterized by diverse debilitating symptoms that include
hopelessness and anhedonia. Dopamine neurons involved in reward and motivation …

Situations in which rewards are unexpectedly obtained or withheld represent opportunities
for new learning. Often, this learning includes identifying cues that predict reward …

Currently there is no general approach for achieving specific optogenetic control of
genetically defined cell types in rats, which provide a powerful experimental system for …

Cholinergic neurons are widespread, and pharmacological modulation of acetylcholine
receptors affects numerous brain processes, but such modulation entails side effects due to …

There is increased appreciation that dopamine neurons in the midbrain respond not only to
reward and reward-predicting cues,, but also to other variables such as the distance to …

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain provide rich topographic innervation of the
striatum and are central to learning and to generating actions. Despite the importance of this …

A major challenge in understanding the cellular diversity of the brain has been linking
activity during behavior with standard cellular typology. For example, it has not been …

Cholinergic transmission in the striatal complex is critical for the modulation of the activity of
local microcircuits and dopamine release. Release of acetylcholine has been considered to …