Communication, the effective delivery of information, is fundamental to life across all scales
and species. Nervous systems (by necessity) may be most specifically adapted among …

Highlights•Reward Prediction Error (RPE) remains a compelling theory accounting for VTA
dopamine neuron activity•RPE theory now incorporates sensory prediction errors …

Recent progress in understanding the diversity of midbrain dopamine neurons has
highlighted the importance—and the challenges—of defining mammalian neuronal cell …

Among the central goals of stress neurobiology research is to understand the mechanisms
by which stressors change neural circuit function to precipitate or exacerbate psychiatric …

Anxiety-related conditions are among the most difficult neuropsychiatric diseases to treat
pharmacologically, but respond to cognitive therapies. There has therefore been interest in …

Real-time activity measurements from multiple specific cell populations and projections are
likely to be important for understanding the brain as a dynamical system. Here we …

A marked bias towards risk aversion has been observed in nearly every species tested,,,. A
minority of individuals, however, instead seem to prefer risk (repeatedly choosing uncertain …

Plasticity of excitatory synapses onto striatal projection neurons (MSNs) has the potential to
regulate motor function by setting the gain on signals driving both direct-and indirect …

Prolonged behavioral challenges can cause animals to switch from active to passive coping
strategies to manage effort-expenditure during stress; such normally adaptive behavioral …

Fiber photometry (FP) is an adaptable method for recording in vivo neural activity in freely
behaving animals. It has become a popular tool in neuroscience due to its ease of use, low …