Multiple processes may contribute to motor skill acquisition, but it is thought that many of
these processes require sleep or the passage of long periods of time ranging from several …

Memory and motor deficits are commonly identified in Parkinson's disease (PD). 1-Methyl-4-
phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) is transformed to MPP+ via monoamine oxidase …

The basal ganglia control body movements, mainly, based on their values. Critical for this
mechanism is dopamine neurons, which sends unpredicted value signals, mainly, to the …

Generalization of motor learning refers to our ability to apply what has been learned in one
context to other contexts. When generalization is beneficial, it is termed transfer, and when it …

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is involved in many reward-related behaviors. The NAc has
two major components, the core and the shell. These two areas have different inputs and …

Dopamine neurons promote learning by processing recent changes in reward values, such
that reward may be maximized. However, such a flexible signal is not suitable for habitual …

Dopamine (DA) mediates various physiological functions across the body within the
digestive and renal systems and in the blood circulation. It also plays a key role in motivated …

Suppression of ill-timed or competing actions optimizes goal-directed behaviors. Diminished
inhibitory control over such actions is a central feature of such disorders as impulsivity …

Among many objects around us, some are more salient than others (ie, attract our attention
automatically). Some objects may be inherently salient (eg, brighter), while others may …

A nanostructured material of the type Au-ZnO-SiO 2 is described that consists of ZnO and
gold nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed into a silica matrix and used to construct a voltammetric …