Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission has been implicated in several neurological and
psychiatric disorders. The dopamine transporter (DAT) is highly expressed in dopaminergic …

Parkinson's disease (PD) involves progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) neurons
over an extended period of time. Mitochondrial damage may lead to PD, and neurotoxins …

Kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) are important for motivation and other medial prefrontal
cortex (mPFC)-dependent behaviors. Although KORs are present in the mPFC, their role in …

Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have dysphoric properties in humans and are
aversive in rodents. This has been attributed to the activation of KORs within the mesolimbic …

IL-17 is up-regulated in spinal astrocytes during inflammation and facilitates behavioral
hyperalgesia through promoting phosphorylation of NR1, the essential subunit of the N …

Formation of lasting memories is believed to rely on structural alterations at the synaptic
level. We had found that increased neuronal activity down-regulates Nogo receptor-1 …

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a member of the transforming growth
factor-β superfamily, is a potent trophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the ventral …

Background Retinoic acid (RA) is a biologically active derivative of vitamin A. Previous
studies have demonstrated that RA has protective effects against damage caused by H 2 O …

The widespread distribution of the tumor suppressor PTEN in the nervous system suggests a
role in a broad range of brain functions. PTEN negatively regulates the signaling pathways …

Clinical trials in Parkinson's disease have shown that transplants of embryonic
mesencephalic dopamine neurons form new functional connections within the host striatum …