Extracellular nucleotides (eg, ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP) released by inflammatory cells interact
with specific purinergic P2 type receptors to modulate their recruitment and activation. The …

This review focuses on the sequence of cellular events leading to calcium signals critical for
phagosome maturation. Immune cells kill microbes by engulfing them in a membrane …

Here, we demonstrate a previously unknown function for the 70-kDa heat-shock protein
(HSP70) as a cytokine. HSP70 bound with high affinity to the plasma membrane, elicited a …

Heat shock proteins (Hsp) were first characterized as intracellular proteins, which function to
limit protein aggregation, facilitate protein refolding, and chaperone proteins. During times of …

The 70 kDa mycobacterial heat shock protein (Mtb HSP70) stimulates mononuclear cells to
release CC-chemokines. We now show that this function of Mtb HSP70, but not human …

A turning point in understanding the function of heat shock proteins (HSP) on components of
the immune system has now begun. From their original description as intracellular molecular …

Researchers have only just begun to elucidate the relationship between heat shock proteins
(HSP) and Toll-like receptors (TLR). HSP were originally described as an intracellular …

Exposure to acute physical and/or psychological stressors induces a cascade of
physiological changes collectively termed the stress response. The stress response is …

Heat shock proteins exert their beneficial effects via basically two modes of action
depending on their relative location within the host. Intracellular heat shock proteins found …

In recent years, it has been hypothesised that a new signalling system may exist in
vertebrates in which secreted molecular chaperones form a dynamic continuum between the …