The evolution of CRISPR–cas loci, which encode adaptive immune systems in archaea and
bacteria, involves rapid changes, in particular numerous rearrangements of the locus …

In bacteria and archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
(CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins constitute an adaptive immune system …

INTRODUCTION Almost all archaea and about half of bacteria possess clustered regularly
interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)–CRISPR-associated genes (Cas) adaptive …

CRISPR–Cas systems provide resistance against foreign mobile genetic elements and have
a wide range of genome editing and biotechnological applications. In this Review, we …

Bacteria and archaea possess a range of defense mechanisms to combat plasmids and viral
infections. Unique among these are the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short …

Prokaryotic organisms are threatened by a large array of viruses and have developed
numerous defence strategies. Among these, only clustered, regularly interspaced short …

BACKGROUND Prokaryotes have evolved multiple systems to combat invaders such as
viruses and plasmids. Examples of such defense systems include receptor masking …

CRISPR–Cas systems provide microbes with adaptive immunity by employing short DNA
sequences, termed spacers, that guide Cas proteins to cleave foreign DNA,. Class 2 …

CRISPR-Cas, the bacterial and archaeal adaptive immunity systems, encompass a complex
machinery that integrates fragments of foreign nucleic acids, mostly from mobile genetic …

Viruses are a common threat to cellular life, not the least to bacteria and archaea who
constitute the majority of life on Earth. Consequently, a variety of mechanisms to resist virus …