The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Collagen is the oldest and most abundant extracellular matrix protein that has found many
applications in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries. First, an overview …

Anisotropy is the characteristic of a material to exhibit variations in its mechanical, electrical,
thermal, optical properties, etc. along different directions. Anisotropic materials have …

Porous scaffolds are widely used in biomedical applications where pore size and
morphology influence a range of biological processes, including mass transfer of solutes …

Freeze-casting produces materials with complex, three-dimensional pore structures which
may be tuned during the solidification process. The range of potential applications of freeze …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) constitute a major fraction of the current major global
diseases and lead to about 30% of the deaths, ie, 17.9 million deaths per year. CVD include …

In recent years, preparation technology for tissue-engineered scaffolds has continuously
improved; researchers can select suitable preparation methods according to the scaffold …

The basic building block of the extra-cellular matrix in native tissue is collagen. As a
structural protein, collagen has an inherent biocompatibility making it an ideal material for …

The endometrium is the secretory lining of the uterus that undergoes dynamic changes
throughout the menstrual cycle in preparation for implantation and a pregnancy. Recently …

Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering application are employed as an artificial
extracellular matrix (ECM) for an accurate and quick regeneration of tissue. To mimic the …