The use of androgens, frequently referred to as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), has
grown into a worldwide substance abuse problem over the last several decades …

BACKGROUND: The problem of anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has recently
generated widespread public and media attention. Most AAS abusers, however, are not elite …

Aims Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely used illicitly to gain muscle and lose
body fat. Here we review the accumulating human and animal evidence showing that AAS …

The anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a family of hormones that includes testosterone
and its derivatives. These substances have been used by elite athletes since the 1950s, but …

An abundance of data indicates there are sex differences in endogenous opioid peptides
and opioid receptors, leading to functional differences in sensitivity to opioid receptor …

Correlational evidence in humans shows that levels of the androgen hormone testosterone
are positively related to reinforcement sensitivity and competitive drive. Structurally similar …

Doping in sport is a widespread problem not just among elite athletes, but even more so in
recreational sports. In scientific literature, major emphasis is placed on doping detection …

Recent decades have seen increasing attention to disorders of body image [1]. In the past,
most body-image studies have focused on women [2], and especially women with eating …

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that androgens, such as testosterone, modulate the
mesocorticolimbic system and executive function. This review integrates neuroanatomical …

There are well-known sex differences in the epidemiology and etiopathology of alcohol
dependence. Male gender is a crucial risk factor for the onset of alcohol addiction. A directly …