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Although his paternal ancestors were of Scoto-Norman heritage, his maternal ancestors were Gaelic, and he became one of Scotland's greatest kings, as well as one of the most famous warriors of his generation, eventually leading Scotland during the Wars of Scottish Independence against England. He claimed the Scottish throne as a great-great-great-great grandson of David I of Scotland.
Robert Bruce is surely the greatest of all the great Scottish heroes, yet the Hollywood movie Braveheart gave all the heroics to his compatriot William Wallace, making Bruce out to be nothing more than a self-serving opportunist. However, it was the patience and cunning of Bruce that Scotland needed, not the impetuousness of Wallace, especially facing such
formidable enemies as the English, first under Edward I and then under
his son and heir Edward II. Bruce bided his time; he first had to establish his authority as King of Scotland.
By the time of Bannockburn, he was ready. Earl of Carrick, Robert Bruce was born at Turnberry Castle, Ayrshire, in 1274, of both Norman and Celtic ancestry. Two years before his birth, Edward Plantagenet had become King Edward I of England.
The ruthlessness of Edward, who earned the title "the Hammer of the Scots" brought forth the greatness of Bruce whose astonishing victory at Bannockburn in 1314 over the much larger and better-equipped forces of Edward II ensured Scottish freedom from control by the hated English.
This struggle for control of Scotland began when Alexander III died in 1286, leaving as heir his grandchild Margaret, the infant daughter of the King of Norway. English King Edward, with his eye on the complete subjugation of his northern neighbors, suggested that Margaret should marry his son, a desire consummated at a treaty signed and sealed at Birgham. Under the terms, Scotland was to remain a separate and independent kingdom, -- "separate, distinct and free in itself without subjection from the realm of England" --though Edward wished to keep English garrisons in a number of Scottish castles. On her way to Scotland, somewhere in the Orkneys, the young Norwegian princess died,
unable to enjoy the consignment of sweetmeats and raisins sent by the English King. The succession was now open to many claimants, the strongest of whom were John Balliol and Robert Bruce.
John Balliol was supported by King Edward, who believed him to be the weaker and more compliant of the two Scottish claimants. Balliol was an English baron belonging to a house with an established tradition of loyalty to the English crown. At a meeting of 104 auditors, with Edward as judge, the decision went in favor of Balliol, who was duly declared to be the rightful king in November 1292. The English king's plans for a peaceful relationship with his northern neighbor now took a different
turn. In exchange for his support, Edward demanded that he should have feudal superiority over Scotland, including homage from Balliol, judicial authority over the Scottish king in any disputes brought against him by his own subjects and defrayment of costs for the defence of England as
well as active support in the war against France. Even the weak Balliol could not stomach these outrageous demands. Showing a hitherto unknown courage, in front of the English king he declared that he was the King of Scotland and should answer only to his own people, refusing to supply
military service to Edward. The impetuous man then concluded a treaty with France prior to planning an invasion of England.
Edward was ready. He went north to receive homage from a great number of Scottish nobles, as their feudal lord, among them none other than 21 year-old Robert Bruce, who owned estates in England. Balliol immediately punished this treachery by seizing Bruce's lands in Scotland and giving them to his brother-in-law, John Comyn. Yet within a few months, the Scottish king was to disappear from the scene. His army was defeated by Edward at Dunbar in April 1296. Soon after at Brechin, on 10 July, he surrendered his Scottish throne to the English king, who took into his possession the stone of Scone, "the coronation stone" of the Scottish kings.
Overview
Dumfries and Galloway is integral to Robert the Bruce's struggle to gain the Scottish throne. Armies from both sides criss-crossed the area throughout the years of resistance to the imperialist ambitions of Edward I and his son Edward II. Nithsdale and Annandale and, to some extent, Esksdale, offered natural routes into the heart of Scotland.
In 1300 Edward spent the summer campaigning in the region. He left Carlisle via an eastern route towards Eskdale but moved north to Ecclefechan and Applegirth/Applegarth before swinging south to relieve Lochmaben Castle and continuing to Caerlaverock Castle which he captured after a short siege.
The army then moved through Dumfries to Kirkcudbright and the River Cree where there was a battle with the Scots in August. Edward returned via Sweetheart Abbey at New Abbey where he was given the bad news that the Pope had ruled his occupation of Scotland illegal.
In the summer and autumn of the following year Edward sent the Prince of Wales on a campaign which saw the army leave Carlisle for Annan and Dumfries where it turned north via Dalswinton Castle, up the valley of the River Nith past Thornhill, Sanquhar and Kirkconnel and over the hills to Ayr. There the route switched south hugging the coast to Loch Ryan and on to Whithorn before heading back to Dumfries and Carlisle.
The Bruces had held the lands of Annandale for almost 200 years when Robert crossed his personal Rubicon with the murder of his cousin, John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch, at the Church of the Greyfriars in Dumfries on Thursday, February 10, 1306.
The first Robert Bruce, probably a grandson of a member of Duke William of Normandy's army which was successful at Hastings, in 1066, was created Lord of Cleveland by the English king Henry I and became a close friend of Scotland's King David I during his years in England. When David returned to Scotland Bruce went with him and was granted the Lordship of Annandale circa 1124.
The area was of strategic importance to Scotland as it held the western of the two principle routes into the country from England. Any invading army on the west would almost inevitably choose to cross the Solway to the town of Annan. The road today travels north from Carlisle to Gretna but 700 years ago that area was a nightmare of sodden, boggy ground, so travellers waited until low tide to cross the flats of the Firth. They could then choose to head north through Annandale or go farther west to Dumfries and north through Nithsdale.
The Bruces ruled Annandale from motte and bailey castles at Lochmaben and Annan. Annan was initially their main stronghold until it ended up the apparent victim of a curse. The Irish churchman, Malachy O'Moore (St Malachy) passed through the town on his way to Rome probably about 1140. He stayed with Robert the Bruce II, as his guest. During the stay he overhead servants talking about a robber who was awaiting sentence, probably death. Malachy, asked Bruce to spare the life of the man. Bruce said he would and Malachy blessed the Bruce household. Later when he was leaving he saw the robber hanging from gallows in Annan and in his anger at the deceipt, put a curse on the household. The story goes that soon after a flood swept away a large section of the motte bringing down part of the castle and that resulted in the Bruces transferring their headquarters to Lochmaben. Robert the Bruce II did not suffer personally from the curse, living for another 30 years, until his death in 1171.
Robert Bruce V was named successor to the throne in 1238 when King Alexander II's wife died. However, Alexander married again and produced an heir, Alexander III. The untimely death of Alexander III, without a successor, created the scramble for the Scottish throne with Edward I as judge and jury. Bruce, an elderly but exceptionally energetic man, lodged his bid. He reached a short leet of two but lost out to John Balliol who had a more direct claim, according to Edward. Bruce, sometimes known as the "Competitor", lived until 1295 when he died at the age of 85 a tremendously long life for the times.
He gave his son, Robert Bruce VI a fright by marrying again when in his sixties. But there was no issue. In 1273, Robert Bruce VI returned from the crusades and one of his first acts was to visit Marjorie, countess of Carrick, to break the news that her husband had died in the Holy Land. Marjorie was countess in her own right as her father Neil, Earl of Carrick, had died in 1256. The father and daughter were descended from Fergus, Lord of Galloway. Marjorie's dead husband was Adam of Kilconquhar from a cadet branch of the family of the earls of Fife. Marjorie is said to have taken the initiative in a whirlwind romance with Bruce. He remained at her castle at Turnberry in Ayrshire for fifteen days, during which they were secretly married, without royal consent. Alexander III fined Bruce before allowing him to take up the title of earl of Carrick.
Robert, the future king, was their first son. Although there is a claim that he was born at Lochmaben, most historians think it more likely that Turnberry Castle would have been the place of his birth. A claim he was born at Writtle in Essex is given little credence.
The Bruces connections with the south west of Scotland stretched right across the region. It is likely he spent much of his time on the run in the mountains and forests of Dumfries and Galloway and Ayrshire. After all they were his lands by 1306 and he could count on his friends and subjects for help and information.
Some of the principle locations and their connections with the campaign are detailed in this section and a wealth of information is contained in the books featured on the site library.
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Robert I, (Roibert a Briuis in medieval Gaelic, Raibeart Bruis in modern Scottish Gaelic and Robert de Brus or Robert de Bruys in Norman French), usually known in modern English today as Robert the Bruce (11 July 1274 – 7 June 1329), was King of Scotland (1306 – 1329).
Excommunicated by Pope for the murder of John "The Red" Comyn.
Burial :
His body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey, while his heart is buried in Melrose Abbey. His heart was to be taken on crusade to the Holy Land but only made it as far as Spain.
Sources:
- personne : D.Thuret (The Peerage) 7 vi 2015, Renaud de Paysac (Tompsett), F-L. Jacquier (Sherry Huggins - Ancestry.com) http://ancestry.com , Manuel Abranches de Soveral
- famille 1 : Renaud de Paysac & F-L. Jacquier (Claude Pithois - Brix, berceau des rois d'Ecosse)., F-L. Jacquier (Sherry Huggins - Ancestry.com) http://ancestry.com
- famille 2 : Renaud de Paysac & F-L. Jacquier (Claude Pithois - Brix, berceau des rois d'Ecosse).
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