Digital twins for predictive oncology will be a paradigm shift for precision cancer care

Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. boussard@stanford.edu.
• ² Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Stanford, CA, USA.
• ³ Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA.
• ⁴ Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.
• ⁵ Biomedical Informatics and Data Science Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
• ⁶ IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, CA, USA.
• ⁷ Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA.