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A simplified diagram of the costimulatory molecules which are important in providing signal 2 for T cell activation. TNFR and Ig superfamily co-stimulatory signals appear to overlap in the activation of MAP kinase cascades, PKB, and activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Concomitant activation of the transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1 and NFAT are critical for the transcription of genes that promote T cell activation such as IL-2.