a, Representative FACS analysis of the CAR T-cell differentiation markers after 1, 2 or 4 stimulations on CD19+ target cells. b, CAR T-cell expansion when stimulated 1, 2 or 4 times on CD19+ target cells over a 48 h period. No apparent difference in the proliferation was found between the four 1928z CAR T cells conditions. c–e, NALM-6-bearing mice were treated with 1 × 105 CAR T cells. At 10 and 17 days after CAR T cell infusion, 7 mice per group were euthanized and bone marrow cells were collected. CAR T cells and NALM-6 cells were analysed and counted with flow cytometry. Each dot represents one mouse. f, Percentage of effector memory (‘Eff mem’, CD62L−CD45RA−) and effector (‘Eff ’, CD62L− CD45RA+) in the bone marrow CAR T cells at day 17 (n =7 mice). g, Exhaustion marker analysis from bone marrow T cells collected at day 17 and analysed by flow cytometry. Represented as the average percentage of cells expressing the indicated markers (n =7 mice).