garding motherhood. My decision was made in a demythologized context. That in itself i s very cri... more garding motherhood. My decision was made in a demythologized context. That in itself i s very critical to me-motherhood ought to be freely chosen, and this does not only mean reliable birth control and control over one’s body. It means men and women thinking about motherhood along the lines explored by Rich, and working for the transformation of this institution for the greater liberation of both sexes.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Feb 1, 1998
How do married men and women remember their love for their spouse at the beginning of the relatio... more How do married men and women remember their love for their spouse at the beginning of the relationship before marriage and how do they currently perceive their marital love? A total of 581 middle-aged adults, 44 to 47 years old, married an average of 18 years, was surveyed regarding four types of love (Eros, Ludus, Friendship-based Love and Agape) at two relationship stages-retrospectively, at the beginning of the love relationship with their current spouse and currently in the marriage. Findings showed that the perceived strength of erotic and ludic love was higher at the beginning than it was currently for both men and women, and the perceived strength of agapic love was higher currently than it was thought to have been at the beginning, but only for men. The perceived degree of Friendship-based Love (FBL) remained the same across stages. Results also indicated that men and women differed in love experiences to a greater extent at the beginning of the relationship than currently. Most importantly, changes in perceptions of love appeared to have meaningful implications for the current affective quality of the marriage for men and women. Shifts in perceptions of erotic, ludic, friendship-based and agapic love predicted marital satisfaction as well as other salient relationship characteristics, such as sexual satisfaction, non-monogamy, relying upon one's spouse for help and comfort, as well as spending time with, feeling close to, respecting and helping one's spouse.
Two field studies are presented which examine to what extent women's studies courses are effe... more Two field studies are presented which examine to what extent women's studies courses are effective in changing sex‐role attitudes in college women. Factor analyses were performed on the questionnaire data to produce summary variables for the change analysis and to examine the structure of sex‐role ideology. The results, consistent in both studies, showed the women's sex‐role beliefs are comprised of definable areas and that awareness of sex discrimination and traditional beliefs regarding the proper roles for men and women are more susceptible to influence than are other types of variables.
This chapter examines IPV research based on community samples of adults as well as studies of col... more This chapter examines IPV research based on community samples of adults as well as studies of college students and adolescents, and sexual minorities. Much of this research utilizes the Conflict Tactics Scale to measure intimate partner violence (IPV). The CTS measures how often people use various forms of physical aggression toward their partners. Much reported IPV has been found to consist of relatively mild forms of “violence.” These studies consistently indicate the women as well as men use all forms of IPV, as do sexual minorities. Although studies based on CTS-like measures often report that women are more likely than men to perpetrate IPV, newer studies focusing on more serious violence do indicate that men are more often perpetrators, and the women are more often victimized by IPV. Samples drawn from general populations systematically indicate that the majority of couples use no physical violence at all. Rates of psychological or emotional aggression are higher than those for physical IPV, although both forms of IPV are correlated. Reasons for violence include anger and jealousy for both men and women. Being intoxicated from alcohol or drugs is another commonly identified motive. Research on the impact of IPV on victims indicates that IPV can be associated with a large variety of physical and mental health problems.
When children are abused by their parents or caretakers, there is often a pattern of both emotion... more When children are abused by their parents or caretakers, there is often a pattern of both emotional and physical abuse, that often persists over many years. Sexual abuse may be part of the experiences of these abused children, as well as exposure to IPV in their parents. The abuse can last over a period of years. Since multiple forms of abuse are so typical, it is generally impossible, empirically, to clearly separate the effects of different types of child abuse within the family. To further complicate the research on child abuse, especially child sex abuse, many studies do not identify the relationship of the perpetrator to the maltreated child. So, abuse by parents cannot not be readily separated from abuse by acquaintances or even strangers, even though parental abuse appears to be more traumatic than sexual contact from others. Given these limitations, it is clear that there are many effects on the child victimized by child maltreatment. Effects can be seen in maltreated children as well as in these individuals as adults. Effects of exposure to parental IPV have been associated with the children learning how one interacts with an intimate partner as well as with other symptoms of trauma exposure such as PTSD. These effects may vary depending on the age of the exposed child. In spite of these many reported effects, there is evidence that some maltreated children are able to function normally as teens or adults. Social support appears to be a major predictor of this resilience, along with other factors generally associated with good coping skills.
This introductory chapter outlines the topics covered in this book. To set the stage for the disc... more This introductory chapter outlines the topics covered in this book. To set the stage for the discussion of various forms of violence in the family such as intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment, as well as sibling violence, and aggression directed toward pets and older adults in the family, this chapter examines data on violent crime in the United States. The National Crime Victimization Survey administered by the U.S. Department of Justice is a major source of information. Violent crime has generally decreased since the 1990s in the U.S. as well as in other countries. Possible reasons for this are discussed. In spite of these empirical data, the public is generally more fearful about crime and often express surprise about the dropping crime rates. These fears are believed to arise from greater media attention being given to crime victims. Attitudes are changing as well as behavior. We first examine views about the acceptability of IPV. Along with the feminist activity of the late twentieth century, there has been more attention given to IPV. Increasingly, violence toward an intimate partner is viewed as unacceptable behavior, especially for men who are violent toward a female partner. Even greater changes can be seen in the acceptability of violent parental behavior toward children. Although some still believe that spanking is a necessary form of child discipline, attitudes of professionals who work with children as well as the general public show increasing disapproval. Issues relating to the measurement of family violence are briefly discussed.
In this chapter, we examine research on gender and antisocial as well as prosocial behavior in No... more In this chapter, we examine research on gender and antisocial as well as prosocial behavior in North America. First we examine the many forms of violent and aggressive behavior that occur in everyday life. These include criminal violence, intimate partner violence, child and elder abuse, sibling violence, peer violence, and violence in the workplace. We also briefly review laboratory studies
... Wanda C. McCarthy and Irene Hanson Frieze* University of Pittsburgh ... Omer (1991) states th... more ... Wanda C. McCarthy and Irene Hanson Frieze* University of Pittsburgh ... Omer (1991) states that because therapists play an interactive role in the therapeutic process, their own behaviors may actually bring about certain unwanted events such as resistance or dropping out. ...
Page 1. Irene Hanson Frieze and Angela Browne Violence in Marriage ABSTRACT Societal attitudes ab... more Page 1. Irene Hanson Frieze and Angela Browne Violence in Marriage ABSTRACT Societal attitudes about marital violence have changed in the last twenty years. ... Page 6. 168 Irene Hanson Frieze and Angela Browne ners (eg, O'Brien 1971; Straus 1971, 1973; Gelles 1974). ...
garding motherhood. My decision was made in a demythologized context. That in itself i s very cri... more garding motherhood. My decision was made in a demythologized context. That in itself i s very critical to me-motherhood ought to be freely chosen, and this does not only mean reliable birth control and control over one’s body. It means men and women thinking about motherhood along the lines explored by Rich, and working for the transformation of this institution for the greater liberation of both sexes.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Feb 1, 1998
How do married men and women remember their love for their spouse at the beginning of the relatio... more How do married men and women remember their love for their spouse at the beginning of the relationship before marriage and how do they currently perceive their marital love? A total of 581 middle-aged adults, 44 to 47 years old, married an average of 18 years, was surveyed regarding four types of love (Eros, Ludus, Friendship-based Love and Agape) at two relationship stages-retrospectively, at the beginning of the love relationship with their current spouse and currently in the marriage. Findings showed that the perceived strength of erotic and ludic love was higher at the beginning than it was currently for both men and women, and the perceived strength of agapic love was higher currently than it was thought to have been at the beginning, but only for men. The perceived degree of Friendship-based Love (FBL) remained the same across stages. Results also indicated that men and women differed in love experiences to a greater extent at the beginning of the relationship than currently. Most importantly, changes in perceptions of love appeared to have meaningful implications for the current affective quality of the marriage for men and women. Shifts in perceptions of erotic, ludic, friendship-based and agapic love predicted marital satisfaction as well as other salient relationship characteristics, such as sexual satisfaction, non-monogamy, relying upon one's spouse for help and comfort, as well as spending time with, feeling close to, respecting and helping one's spouse.
Two field studies are presented which examine to what extent women's studies courses are effe... more Two field studies are presented which examine to what extent women's studies courses are effective in changing sex‐role attitudes in college women. Factor analyses were performed on the questionnaire data to produce summary variables for the change analysis and to examine the structure of sex‐role ideology. The results, consistent in both studies, showed the women's sex‐role beliefs are comprised of definable areas and that awareness of sex discrimination and traditional beliefs regarding the proper roles for men and women are more susceptible to influence than are other types of variables.
This chapter examines IPV research based on community samples of adults as well as studies of col... more This chapter examines IPV research based on community samples of adults as well as studies of college students and adolescents, and sexual minorities. Much of this research utilizes the Conflict Tactics Scale to measure intimate partner violence (IPV). The CTS measures how often people use various forms of physical aggression toward their partners. Much reported IPV has been found to consist of relatively mild forms of “violence.” These studies consistently indicate the women as well as men use all forms of IPV, as do sexual minorities. Although studies based on CTS-like measures often report that women are more likely than men to perpetrate IPV, newer studies focusing on more serious violence do indicate that men are more often perpetrators, and the women are more often victimized by IPV. Samples drawn from general populations systematically indicate that the majority of couples use no physical violence at all. Rates of psychological or emotional aggression are higher than those for physical IPV, although both forms of IPV are correlated. Reasons for violence include anger and jealousy for both men and women. Being intoxicated from alcohol or drugs is another commonly identified motive. Research on the impact of IPV on victims indicates that IPV can be associated with a large variety of physical and mental health problems.
When children are abused by their parents or caretakers, there is often a pattern of both emotion... more When children are abused by their parents or caretakers, there is often a pattern of both emotional and physical abuse, that often persists over many years. Sexual abuse may be part of the experiences of these abused children, as well as exposure to IPV in their parents. The abuse can last over a period of years. Since multiple forms of abuse are so typical, it is generally impossible, empirically, to clearly separate the effects of different types of child abuse within the family. To further complicate the research on child abuse, especially child sex abuse, many studies do not identify the relationship of the perpetrator to the maltreated child. So, abuse by parents cannot not be readily separated from abuse by acquaintances or even strangers, even though parental abuse appears to be more traumatic than sexual contact from others. Given these limitations, it is clear that there are many effects on the child victimized by child maltreatment. Effects can be seen in maltreated children as well as in these individuals as adults. Effects of exposure to parental IPV have been associated with the children learning how one interacts with an intimate partner as well as with other symptoms of trauma exposure such as PTSD. These effects may vary depending on the age of the exposed child. In spite of these many reported effects, there is evidence that some maltreated children are able to function normally as teens or adults. Social support appears to be a major predictor of this resilience, along with other factors generally associated with good coping skills.
This introductory chapter outlines the topics covered in this book. To set the stage for the disc... more This introductory chapter outlines the topics covered in this book. To set the stage for the discussion of various forms of violence in the family such as intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment, as well as sibling violence, and aggression directed toward pets and older adults in the family, this chapter examines data on violent crime in the United States. The National Crime Victimization Survey administered by the U.S. Department of Justice is a major source of information. Violent crime has generally decreased since the 1990s in the U.S. as well as in other countries. Possible reasons for this are discussed. In spite of these empirical data, the public is generally more fearful about crime and often express surprise about the dropping crime rates. These fears are believed to arise from greater media attention being given to crime victims. Attitudes are changing as well as behavior. We first examine views about the acceptability of IPV. Along with the feminist activity of the late twentieth century, there has been more attention given to IPV. Increasingly, violence toward an intimate partner is viewed as unacceptable behavior, especially for men who are violent toward a female partner. Even greater changes can be seen in the acceptability of violent parental behavior toward children. Although some still believe that spanking is a necessary form of child discipline, attitudes of professionals who work with children as well as the general public show increasing disapproval. Issues relating to the measurement of family violence are briefly discussed.
In this chapter, we examine research on gender and antisocial as well as prosocial behavior in No... more In this chapter, we examine research on gender and antisocial as well as prosocial behavior in North America. First we examine the many forms of violent and aggressive behavior that occur in everyday life. These include criminal violence, intimate partner violence, child and elder abuse, sibling violence, peer violence, and violence in the workplace. We also briefly review laboratory studies
... Wanda C. McCarthy and Irene Hanson Frieze* University of Pittsburgh ... Omer (1991) states th... more ... Wanda C. McCarthy and Irene Hanson Frieze* University of Pittsburgh ... Omer (1991) states that because therapists play an interactive role in the therapeutic process, their own behaviors may actually bring about certain unwanted events such as resistance or dropping out. ...
Page 1. Irene Hanson Frieze and Angela Browne Violence in Marriage ABSTRACT Societal attitudes ab... more Page 1. Irene Hanson Frieze and Angela Browne Violence in Marriage ABSTRACT Societal attitudes about marital violence have changed in the last twenty years. ... Page 6. 168 Irene Hanson Frieze and Angela Browne ners (eg, O'Brien 1971; Straus 1971, 1973; Gelles 1974). ...
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