WO2018081182A1

WO2018081182A1 - Luminaire including light emitting diodes and having improved energy-efficiency

Info

Publication number: WO2018081182A1
Application number: PCT/US2017/058165
Authority: WO
Inventors: John N. Magno; Gene C. Koch; Christopher Magno
Original assignee: Ameritech Llc
Priority date: 2016-10-24
Filing date: 2017-10-24
Publication date: 2018-05-03

Abstract

A luminaire. The luminaire includes a geometric solid. The geometric solid includes a first geometric solid portion formed from an optically clear material and a second geometric solid portion formed from the optically clear material, wherein the first and second geometric solid portions are conjoined along an entire length of the geometric solid and collectively define a cavity. The luminaire also includes a plurality of discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity, a first aperture positioned to allow a first portion of light in the cavity to pass into the first geometric solid portion, and a second aperture positioned to allow a second portion of the light in the cavity to pass into the second geometric solid portion. The cavity is configured to subtend an angle of at least 180 degrees over at least one of the discrete light sources in a plane of a cross-section of the cavity.

Description

LUMINAIRE INCLUDING LIGHT EMITTING DIODES

AND HAVING IMPROVED ENERGY-EFFICIENCY

Inventors: Dr. John N. Magno, Gene C. Koch and Christopher Magno

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of the earlier filing date of United States Provisional Patent Application No. 62/412,000 filed on October 24, 2016, 2016, titled LUMINAIRE INCLUDING LIGHT EMITTING DIODES AND HAVING IMPROVED ENERGY-EFFICIENCY, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

[0002] This application discloses an invention which is related, generally and in various aspects, to a luminaire which includes light emitting diodes.

[0003] Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are an energy efficient, highly reliable technology that is finding considerable utility in replacing fluorescent lamps in many lighting applications. An issue with LEDs that limits their utility is that they are point sources as opposed to continuous sources of light. This creates unacceptable glare or poor aesthetics in many lighting applications. Prior to the invention disclosed herein, there was no known luminaire which could efficiently convert the point source illumination from LEDs into a light output distribution similar to that of fluorescent lamps. That is to say, there was not a known LED-based luminaire which has an even distribution of luminance across its luminous surface and whose form factor is similar to that of fluorescent lamps. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0004] The novel features of the aspects described herein are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The aspects, however, both as to organization and methods of operation may be better understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0005] FIGS. 1 A and IB illustrate various aspects of a luminaire;

[0006] FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0007] FIGS. 3 A and 3B illustrate various aspects of yet another luminaire;

[0008] FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0009] FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0010] FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0011] FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0012] FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0013] FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0014] FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0015] FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects; [0016] FIG. 12 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0017] FIG. 13 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0018] FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0019] FIG. 15 illustrates a representation of a component of the luminaire of FIG. 14 according to various aspects;

[0020] FIG. 16 illustrates a representation of a component of the luminaire of FIG. 14 according to other aspects;

[0021] FIG. 17 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0022] FIG. 18 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0023] FIG. 19 illustrates a cross-section of a cavity of the luminaire of FIG. 18 according to various aspects;

[0024] FIG. 20 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0025] FIG. 21 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects;

[0026] FIG. 22 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects; and

[0027] FIG. 23 illustrates a cross-section of yet another luminaire according to various aspects. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] It is to be understood that at least some of the figures and descriptions of the invention have been simplified to illustrate elements that are relevant for a clear understanding of the invention, while eliminating, for purposes of clarity, other elements that those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate may also comprise a portion of the invention. However, because such elements are well known in the art, and because they do not facilitate a better understanding of the invention, a description of such elements is not provided herein.

[0029] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the

accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols and reference characters typically identify similar components throughout several views, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative aspects described in the detailed description, drawings and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other aspects may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the scope of the technology described herein.

[0030] The following description of certain examples of the technology should not be used to limit its scope. Other examples, features, aspects, embodiments and advantages of the technology will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description, which is by way of illustration, one of the best modes

contemplated for carrying out the technology. As will be realized, the technology described herein is capable of other different and obvious aspects, all without departing from the technology. Accordingly, the drawings and descriptions should be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive.

[0031] It is further understood that any one or more of the teachings, expressions, aspects, embodiments, examples, etc. described herein may be combined with any one or more of the other teachings, expressions, aspects, embodiments, examples, etc. that are described herein. The following described teachings, expressions, aspects, embodiments, examples, etc. should therefore not be viewed in isolation relative to each other. Various suitable ways in which the teachings herein may be combined will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of the teachings herein. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the claims.

[0032] Before explaining the various aspects of the luminaire in detail, it should be noted that the various aspects disclosed herein are not limited in their application or use to the details of construction and arrangement of parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and description. Rather, the disclosed aspects may be positioned or

incorporated in other aspects, embodiments, variations and modifications thereof, and may be practiced or carried out in various ways. Accordingly, aspects of the luminaire disclosed herein are illustrative in nature and are not meant to limit the scope or application thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise indicated, the terms and expressions employed herein have been chosen for the purpose of describing the aspects for the convenience of the reader and are not meant to limit the scope thereof. In addition, it should be understood that any one or more of the disclosed aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples thereof, can be combined with any one or more of the other disclosed aspects, expressions of aspects, and/or examples thereof, without limitation.

[0033] Also, in the following description, it is to be understood that terms such as inward, outward, upward, downward, above, below, left, right, interior, exterior and the like are words of convenience and are not to be construed as limiting terms. Terminology used herein is not meant to be limiting insofar as devices described herein, or portions thereof, may be attached or utilized in other orientations. The various aspects will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. [0034] FIGS. 1 A and IB illustrate various aspects of a luminaire 100. FIG. 1 A is a cross-section view of the luminaire 100 and FIG. IB is a plan view of the luminaire 100. The luminaire 100 includes a substrate 102, a reflector 104, a reflective sheet or coating 106, a plurality of discrete sources of light 108, a reflector 110 and reflective end panels 112 (See FIG. IB). According to various aspects, the luminaire 100 may also include a reflective panel 114 as shown in FIG. 1 A.

[0035] The substrate 102 may include any suitable material. According to various aspects the substrate 102 is a printed circuit board. The reflector 104 is positioned on the substrate 102, has a hollow cylindrical-like cross-section, and includes an "exterior" surface 116 and an "interior" curved reflective surface 118. The reflector 104 may be specularly reflective, diffusely reflective, or a combination of specularly and diffusely reflective. The reflector 104 may include any suitable materials. For example, according to various aspects, the reflector 104 includes a plastic material which is loaded with a reflective material/pigment. According to various aspects, the "interior" of the reflector 104 may be coated with White Reflectance Coating 83-890 available from Edmunds Optics, Inc., Barrington, NJ. According to other aspects, the reflector 104 may include a non-reflective plastic or metal which is connected to, coated on or adhered to its

"interior" surface 118 with a reflective coating. According to other aspects, the reflector 104 may include a reflective adhesive-backed tape (e.g., White Optics film F-16A available from WhiteOptics, LLC, New Castle, DE) which is adhered to a non-reflective plastic or metal. As the above-described reflector 104, the reflective material, the coating and/or the tape may be white (light or comparatively light in color), the reflector 104, the coating and/or the tape may be considered as being white in color. According to various aspects, the "exterior" surface 116 of the reflector 104 is adhered to the substrate 102, and any suitable adhesive may be utilized to adhere the reflector 104 to the substrate 102. [0036] The reflective sheet or coating 106 is positioned on the substrate 102. The reflective sheet or coating 106 may be specularly reflective, diffusely reflective, or a combination of specularly and diffusely reflective. The reflective sheet or coating 106 may include any suitable material. For example, according to various aspects, the reflective sheet or coating 106 may include the same material(s) as the reflector 104. According to various aspects, the reflective sheet or coating 106 is a reflective adhesive- backed tape which is adhered to the substrate 102, and any suitable adhesive may be utilized to adhere the reflective sheet or coating 106 to the substrate 102. According to other aspects, the reflective sheet or coating 106 is formed on the substrate 102.

[0037] The discrete sources of light 108 are positioned on the substrate 102 and may be any suitable type of discrete sources of light 108. For example, according to various aspects, the discrete sources of light 108 may be any suitable type of light emitting diodes. For purposes of simplicity, for the luminaire 100 and the other luminaires described hereinafter, the discrete sources of light will hereinafter be described in the context of light emitting diodes. However, it will be appreciated that the discrete sources of light may be other than light emitting diodes. According to various aspects, the light emitting diodes 108 are adhered to the substrate 102, and any suitable adhesive or metallic solder may be utilized to adhere the light emitting diodes 108 to the substrate 102. Although the plurality of light emitting diodes 108 are shown in FIG. IB as being arranged in an "aligned" pattern (e.g., a longitudinal axis would pass through a center of each light emitting diode 108), it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the plurality of light emitting diodes 108 may be arranged in a different pattern. For example, the light emitting diodes 108 may be arranged in a staggered or offset configuration. [0038] The reflector 110 is positioned on the substrate 102, and includes a reflective "interior" surface 120 which is diffusely reflective. In other words, a ray of light incident on the reflective "interior" surface 120 is reflected at many angles from the reflective "interior" surface 120. For the aspects shown in FIGS. 1 A-1B, the reflector 110 has a substantially L-shaped cross-section and its respective surfaces are substantially planar. The reflector 110 may include any suitable materials. For example, according to various aspects, the reflector 110 includes the same material(s) as the reflector 104 and/or the reflective sheet or coating 106. According to various aspects, the reflector 110 includes a plastic material which is loaded with a reflective pigment. According to various aspects, Bayer Makrolon white RW polycarbonate may be used to fabricate the reflector 104 and the reflector 110. According to other aspects, the reflector 110 may include a non-reflective plastic or metal which is coated on its "interior" surface 120 with a reflective coating.

[0039] The reflective end panels 112 are positioned on the substrate 102 and against respective "ends" of the reflector 104, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflector 110 and the reflective panel 114. The reflective end panels 1 12 may be specularly reflective, diffusely reflective, or a combination of specularly and diffusely reflective. The reflective end panels 112 may include any suitable materials. For example, according to various aspects, the reflective panels 112 include the same material(s) as the reflector 104 and/or the reflective sheet or coating 106. According to various aspects, the reflective panels 112 are adhered to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflector 110 and/or the reflective panel 114, and any suitable adhesive may be utilized to adhere to the reflective end panels 112 to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflector 110 and/or the reflective panel 114. [0040] The optional reflective panel 114 is positioned on the reflective sheet or coating 106 and against the reflector 104 and/or the reflective end panels 112. The reflective panel 1 14 may be specularly reflective, diffusely reflective, or a combination of specularly and diffusely reflective. The reflective panel 114 may include any suitable materials. For example, according to various aspects, the reflective panel 114 includes the same material(s) as the reflector 104, the reflective sheet or coating 106 and/or the reflective end panels 112. According to various aspects, the reflective panel 114 is adhered to the reflective sheet or coating 106, the "exterior" surface 116 of the reflector 104 and/or the reflective end panels 112, and any suitable adhesive may be utilized to adhere the reflective panel 114 sheet to the reflective sheet or coating 106, the "exterior" surface 116 of the reflector 104 and/or the reflective end panels 112.

[0041] Collectively, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the reflective panel 114 cooperate to define a reflective cavity 122. For aspects which do not include the optional reflective panel 114, the combination of the reflector 104, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflector 110 and the reflective end panels 112 cooperate to define the reflective cavity 122. Given the substantially L-shaped cross-section of the reflector 110, it will be appreciated that the cross-section of the reflective cavity 122 is substantially square or rectangular. Also, the reflector 104, the reflector 110 and the reflective end panels 112 collectively cooperate to define an aperture 124.

[0042] According to various aspects, the reflective cavity 122 is filled with a transparent material, and the transparent material may be any suitable type of transparent material. For such aspects, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the reflective panel 114 may be reflective coatings on the transparent cavity material, or reflective films adhered to the transparent cavity material. [0043] According to various aspects, two or more of (a) the reflective sheet or coating 106, (b) the reflector 110, (c) the reflective end panels 112 and (d) the reflective panel 114 may be combined together as a single piece of reflective material.

[0044] In operation, the light emitting diodes 108 emit light into the reflective cavity 122, thereby illuminating the reflective cavity 122. The light emitted into the reflective cavity 122 is scattered off the diffusely reflective "interior" surface 120 of the reflector 110. If the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflective end panels 112 and/or the reflective panel 114 are diffusely rather than specularly reflective, the light emitted into the reflective cavity 122 is also scattered off the "interior" surfaces of the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflective end panels 112 and/or the reflective panel 114. A first portion of the scattered light passes through the aperture 124 and onto the reflector 104, where it is then reflected by the reflective "interior" surface 118 of the reflector 104 into the surrounding environment. A second portion (e.g., the remaining portion) of the scattered light is retained in the reflective cavity 122 where it is reflected by the "interior" surfaces of the reflective cavity 122 (e.g., the "interior" surfaces of the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflective end panels 112 and the reflective panel 114).

[0045] A first portion of the reflected light passes through the aperture 124 and onto the reflector 104. A second portion (e.g., the remaining portion) of the reflected light is retained in the reflective cavity 122 where it is reflected by the "interior" surfaces of the reflective cavity 122 (e.g., the "interior" surfaces of the reflective sheet or coating 106, the reflective end panels 112 and the reflective panel 114). This reflection process repeats itself until most if not all of the light emitted by the light emitting diode 108 is passed through the aperture 124 and onto the reflector 104. The light in the reflector 104 is then reflected by the reflective "interior" surface 118 of the reflector 104 into the surrounding environment. Thus, the light emitting diode 108 may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavity 122, the cavity 122 may be considered a means for redirecting light onto the reflector 104 and the reflector 104 may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment.

[0046] Although the reflective cavity 122 is shown as having a square or rectangular cross-section in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the reflective cavity 122 may have any cross-sectional shape as long as the reflective cavity 122 includes diffusely reflecting walls which operate to feed light in a relatively uniform distribution through the aperture 124. The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 122 can be adjusted by introducing curvature in its walls (e.g., reflector 110) or otherwise changing the shape of the reflective cavity 122 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the aperture 124. In addition, the curvature and extent of the curvature of the reflector 104, its orientation relative to the aperture 124, the "width" of the aperture 124, and the position and orientation of the aperture 124 relative to reflector 104 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the reflector 104 and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross- sectional shape of the reflective cavity 122 along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 108 positioned within the reflective cavity 122 as shown in FIG. IB).

[0047] FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 200 according to various aspects. The luminaire 200 is similar to the luminaire 100 of FIG. 1, but is different. The luminaire 100 includes a substrate 202, a reflector 204, a reflective sheet or coating 206, a plurality of light emitting diodes 208 (only one of which is shown), a reflector 210 and reflective end panels 212 (not shown). According to various aspects, the luminaire 100 may also include a reflective panel 214 as shown in FIG. 2. [0048] The substrate 202, the reflector 204, the reflective sheet or coating 206, the light emitting diodes 208, the reflective end panels 212 and the reflective panel 214 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflective end panels 112 and the reflective panel 114 described hereinabove.

[0049] The reflector 210 is similar to the reflector 110 but is different in that the reflector 210 includes a diffusely reflective "interior" surface 220 which includes at least one curved portion along its "length". The reflective cavity 222 is similar to the reflective cavity 122, but is different in that due to the curved portion of the diffusely reflective "interior" surface 220 of the reflector 210, the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 222 is different than the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 122.

According to various aspects, the aperture 224 can be the same as the aperture 124.

According to other aspects, the aperture 224 can be different from the aperture 124. For example, if the "upper left" portion of the reflective cavity 222 is shaped different from the "upper left" portion of the reflective cavity 122, the aperture 224 will be different from the aperture 124.

[0050] According to various aspects, the reflective cavity 222 is filled with a transparent material, and the transparent material may be any suitable type of transparent material. For such aspects, the reflective sheet or coating 206, the reflector 210, the reflective end panels 212 and the reflective panel 214 may be reflective coatings on the transparent cavity material, or reflective films adhered to the transparent cavity material.

[0051] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 222 can be adjusted by introducing more or less curvature in its walls (e.g., reflector 210) or otherwise changing the shape of the reflective cavity 222 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the aperture 224. In addition, the curvature and extent of the curvature of the reflector 204, its orientation relative to the aperture 224, the "width" of the aperture 224, and the position and orientation of the aperture 224 relative to the reflector 204 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the reflector 204 and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 222 along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 208 positioned within the reflective cavity 222).

[0052] According to various aspects, two or more of (a) the reflective sheet or coating 206, (b) the reflector 210, (c) the reflective end panels 212 and (d) the reflective panel 214 may be combined together as a single piece of reflective material.

[0053] It will be appreciated that due to the respective configurations of the luminaires 100, 200, the light output from the luminaires 100, 200 may not be symmetric with respect to a longitudinal axis (not shown) of the reflector 104 (or of the reflector 204).

[0054] FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate various aspects of another luminaire 300. FIG. 3A is a cross-section view of the luminaire 300 and FIG. 3B is a plan view of the luminaire 300. The luminaire 300 is similar to the luminaire 200, but is different. The luminaire 300 includes a substrate 302, a reflector 304, a reflective sheet or coating 306, a first plurality of light emitting diodes 308a and a second plurality of light emitting diodes 308b, a first reflector 310a and a second reflector 310b, and reflective end panels 312 (See FIG. 3B). According to various aspects, the luminaire 300 may also include a first reflective panel 314a and a second reflective panel 314b as shown in FIG. 3. For the aspects shown in FIGS. 3A-3B, the light exiting the luminaire 300 can be symmetric with respect to a longitudinal axis (not shown) of the reflector 304. [0055] The substrate 302, the reflector 304, the reflective sheet or coating 306, the light emitting diodes 308a, 308b, the reflective end panels 312 and the reflective panel 314 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflective end panels 112 and the reflective panel 114 described hereinabove.

[0056] The reflector 304 is similar to the reflector 204 but is different. In contrast to the reflector 204, which resembles approximately 62.5% of a hollow cylinder

(approximately 37.5% of a hollow cylinder is not present), the reflector 304 resembles approximately 50% of a hollow cylinder (approximately 50% of a hollow cylinder is not present). The first reflector 310a and the second reflector 310b are similar to the reflector 210, but the first reflector 310a is positioned to the "left" of the reflector 304 and the second reflector 310b is positioned to the "right" of the reflector 304.

[0057] The first reflective cavity 322a and the second reflective cavity 322b are similar to the reflective cavity 222, but the first reflective cavity 322a is positioned to the "left" of the reflector 304 and the second reflective cavity 322b is positioned to the "right" of the reflector 304. The first aperture 324a and the second aperture 324b are similar to the aperture 224, but the first aperture 324a is associated with the first cavity 324a and the second aperture 324b is associated with the second cavity 324b.

[0058] The first plurality of the light emitting diodes 308a and the second plurality of light emitting diodes 308b are similar to the light emitting diodes 208, but the first plurality of light emitting diodes 308a are positioned within the first reflective cavity 322a and the second plurality of the light emitting diodes 308b are positioned within the second reflective cavity 322b. As shown in FIG. 3B, the first and second pluralities of light emitting diodes 308a, 308b are arranged in a staggered pattern relative to one another. According to other aspects, the first and second pluralities of light emitting diodes 308a, 308b may be arranged in other patterns. For example, the first and second pluralities of light emitting diodes 308a, 308b may be "laterally" aligned relative to one another, one or more of the light emitting diodes 308a may be staggered relative to other of the light emitting diodes 308a, one or more of the light emitting diodes 308b may be staggered relative to other of the light emitting diodes 308b, etc. The first reflective panel 314a and the second reflective panel 314b are similar to the reflective panel 214, but the first reflective panel 314a is positioned at the "left" of the reflector 304 and the second reflective panel 314b is positioned at the "right" of the reflector 304.

[0059] According to various aspects, the first and second reflective cavities 322a, 322b are filled with a transparent material, and the transparent material may be any suitable type of transparent material. For such aspects, the reflective sheet or coating 306, the first and second reflectors 310a, 310b, the reflective end panels 312 and the first and second reflective panels 314 may be reflective coatings on the transparent cavity material, or reflective films adhered to the transparent cavity material.

[0060] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavities 322a, 322b can be adjusted by introducing more or less curvature in their walls (e.g., reflectors 310a, 310b) or otherwise changing the shape of the reflective cavities 322a, 322b so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the apertures 324a, 324b. In addition, the curvature and extent of the curvature of the reflector 304, its orientation relative to the apertures 324a, 324b, the "width" of the apertures 324a, 324b, and the position and orientation of the apertures 324a, 324b relative to reflector 304 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the reflector 304 and the light's angular distribution.

According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 322a along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 308a positioned within the reflective cavity 322a) and by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 322b along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 308b positioned within the reflective cavity 322b).

[0061] According to various aspects, two or more of (a) the reflective sheet or coating 306, (b) the first and second reflectors 310a, 310b, (c) the reflective end panels 312 and (d) the first and second reflective panels 314a, 314b may be combined together as a single piece of reflective material.

[0062] FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 400 according to various aspects. The luminaire 400 is similar to the luminaire 100 but is different. The luminaire 400 includes a substrate 402, a reflector 404, a reflective sheet or coating 406, a plurality of light emitting diodes 408 (only one of which is shown), a reflector 410, reflective end panels 412 (not shown) and a geometric solid 426. According to various aspects, the luminaire 400 may also include a reflective panel 414 as shown in FIG. 4 and/or an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material 430 which is optically connected to the geometric solid 426 as shown in FIG. 4.

[0063] The substrate 402, the reflector 404, the reflective sheet or coating 406, the light emitting diodes 408, the reflector 410, the reflective end panels 412 and the reflective panel 414 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the reflective panel 114 described hereinabove.

[0064] The geometric solid 426 is formed from a transparent/optically clear material such as, for example, a transparent/optically clear plastic material (e.g., acrylite M30 available from Evonik Cyro LLC, Parsippany, NJ) or a transparent/optically clear glass material. For purposes of simplicity, as used hereinafter, the term transparent is meant to include optically clear. The reflector 404 is connected to, coated on or adhered to a portion of an "exterior" surface 428 of the geometric solid 426, and includes a reflective material. Although the geometric solid 426 is shown in FIG. 4 as having a circular cross-section, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the geometric solid 426 (or the geometric solids of other aspects described hereinafter) can have a cross- section other than circular. For example, according to various aspects, the geometric solid may have an elliptical cross-section, a parabolic cross-section, a hyperbolic cross- section, etc. According to various aspects, the geometric solid may have a cross-section, perpendicular to its long axis and substantially uniform along its length, which may be bounded by a closed composite line formed by the intersection of a plane perpendicular to the geometric solid's long axis with one or more curved surfaces or planes. Examples are (A) the intersection of the perpendicular plane with a plane and a circular cylinder, a plane and an elliptical cylinder, a plane and a parabolic cylinder, or a plane and a hyperbolic cylinder, (B) the intersection of the perpendicular plane with a circular cylinder and another circular cylinder, a circular cylinder and an elliptical cylinder, a circular cylinder and a parabolic cylinder, or a circular cylinder and a hyperbolic cylinder, (C) the intersection of the perpendicular plane with an elliptical cylinder and another elliptical cylinder, an elliptical cylinder and a parabolic cylinder, or an elliptical cylinder and a hyperbolic cylinder, (D) the intersection of the perpendicular plane with a parabolic cylinder and another parabolic cylinder or a parabolic cylinder and a hyperbolic cylinder, (E) the intersection of the perpendicular plane with two hyperbolic cylinders and (F) the intersection of the perpendicular plane with two other planes and a circular cylinder, with two other planes and an elliptical cylinder, with two other planes and a parabolic cylinder, or with two other planes and a hyperbolic cylinder, etc. The curved surfaces whose intersections with the perpendicular plane form the closed composite line that bounds the geometric solid's cross-section need not be limited to geometric solid's based on conic sections, but may be any continuous, ruled, curved surface. Additionally, although the geometric solid 426 has a uniform curvature, according to other aspects, the exterior surface 428 of the geometric solid 426 can include a compound curvature or have planar facets. Furthermore, although in some aspects the respective "ends" of the geometric solid 426 are in a plane which is perpendicular to its long axis, in other aspects the respective "ends" of the geometric solid 426 are not in a plane which is perpendicular to its long axis.

[0065] Collectively, the reflective sheet or coating 406, the reflector 410, the reflective end panels 412 and the reflective panel 414 cooperate to define the reflective cavity 422. For aspects which do not include the optional reflective panel 414, the combination of the reflector 404, the reflective sheet or coating 406, the reflector 410 and the reflective end panels 412 cooperate to define the reflective cavity 422.

[0066] Light emitted from the light emitting diodes 408 is diffusely reflected from one or more surfaces of the reflective cavity 422 in a manner similar to that described hereinabove, and the scattered/reflected light uniformly illuminates a portion of the exterior surface 428 of the geometric solid 426 which is located along the aperture 424. Light passing through the aperture 424 passes into the geometric solid 426, then is reflected from reflector 404 out into the surrounding environment. The transparent material of the geometric solid 426 assists in directing the light onto the "interior" surface 418 of the reflector 404 by means of reflection from the "exterior" surface 428 of the geometric solid 426. This increases the energy efficiency of the luminaire 400 as compared to the luminaire 100 and helps to further increase the spatial uniformity of the output light. Thus, the light emitting diode 408 may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavity 422, the cavity 422 may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid 426 and the geometric solid 426 and the reflector 404 may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment.

[0067] According to various aspects, the reflective cavity 422 is filled with a transparent material, and the transparent material may be any suitable type of transparent material. For such aspects, the reflective sheet or coating 406, the reflector 410, the reflective end panels 412 and the reflective panel 414 may be reflective coatings on the transparent cavity material, or reflective films adhered to the transparent cavity material.

[0068] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 422 can be adjusted by introducing curvature in its walls (e.g., reflector 410) or otherwise changing the shape of the reflective cavity 422 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the aperture 424. In addition, the curvature and extent of the curvature of the reflector 404, its orientation relative to the aperture 424, the "width" of the aperture 424, and the position and orientation of the aperture 424 relative to reflector 404 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the reflector 404 and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 422 along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 408 positioned within the reflective cavity 422).

[0069] According to various aspects, two or more of (a) the reflective sheet or coating 406, (b) the reflector 410, (c) the reflective end panels 412 and (d) the reflective panel 414 may be combined together as a single piece of reflective material.

[0070] The anti -glare material 430 optically connected to the geometric solid 426 operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 400. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material 430 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 428 of the geometric solid 426. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 428 of the geometric solid 426 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti -glare material 430 forms part of an anti- glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix

Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid 426 so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surface 428 of the geometric solid 426. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 428 of the geometric solid 426.

[0071] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 400 including the anti-glare material 430, the exterior surface 428 of the geometric solid 426 can be a treated exterior surface 428 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 400 which do not include the anti-glare material 430. Stated differently, the exterior surface 428 of the geometric solid 426 is configured to reduce glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 400. For such aspects, the exterior surface 428 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 428 of the geometric solid 426 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 428 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 400.

[0072] FIG. 5 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 500 according to various aspects. The luminaire 500 is similar to the luminaire 300 but is different. The luminaire 500 includes a substrate 502, a reflector 504, a first plurality of light emitting diodes 508a and a second plurality of light emitting diodes 508b, a first reflector 510a and a second reflector 510b, reflective end panels 512 (not shown) and a geometric solid 526. According to various aspects, the luminaire 500 may also include a reflective sheet or coating 506 (not shown) and first and second reflective panels 514a, 514b (not shown).

[0073] The substrate 502, the reflector 504, the light emitting diodes 508a, 508b, the reflectors 510a, 510b, the reflective end panels 512 and the geometric solid 526 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the geometric solid 426 described hereinabove. For aspects which include the reflective sheet or coating and the first and second reflective panels, these components may be similar to the reflective sheet of coating 106 and the reflective panel 114 described hereinabove.

[0074] The geometric solid 526 is formed from a transparent material such as, for example, a plastic material or a glass material. The reflector 504 is connected to, coated on or adhered to a portion of an "exterior" surface 528 of the geometric solid 526, and includes a reflective material. Although the geometric solid 526 is shown in FIG. 5 as having a circular cross-section, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the geometric solid 526 can have a cross-section other than circular (e.g., any of the cross- sections described hereinabove with regard to the geometric solid 426 of FIG. 4).

Additionally, although the geometric solid 526 has a uniform curvature, according to other aspects, the "exterior" surface 528 of the geometric solid 526 can include a compound curvature or have planar facets.

[0075] The first and second reflectors 510a, 510b are similar to the reflector 110, but the first reflector 510a includes curved surfaces 520a to the "left" and the "right" of the first plurality of light emitting diodes 508a, and the second reflector 510b includes curved surfaces 520b to the "left" and the "right" of the first plurality of light emitting diodes 508a. The first reflector 510a and the reflective end panels 512 cooperate to define the first reflective cavity 522a, and the second reflector 510b and the reflective end panels 512 cooperate to define the second reflective cavity 522b. For aspects where the luminaire 500 includes the reflective sheet or coating 506 and the reflective panels 514a, 514b, the first reflective cavity 522a may be formed by the combination of the reflective sheet or coating 506, the reflector 510a, the reflective end panels 512 and the reflective panel 514a. Similarly, for such aspects, the second reflective cavity 522b may be formed by the combination of the reflective sheet or coating 506, the reflector 510b, the reflective end panels 512 and the reflective panel 514b.

[0076] Light emitted from the first and second plurality of diodes 508a, 508b is diffusely reflected from one or more surfaces of the reflective cavities 522a, 522b in a manner similar to that described hereinabove, and the scattered/reflected light uniformly illuminates respective portions of the "exterior" surface 528 of the geometric solid 526 which are located along the apertures 524a, 524b. Light passing through the apertures 524a, 524b passes into the geometric solid 526, then is reflected from reflector 504 out into the surrounding environment. The transparent material of the geometric solid 526 assists in directing the light onto the "interior" surface 518 of the reflector 504 by means of reflection from the "exterior" surface 528 of the geometric solid 526. This increases the energy efficiency of the luminaire 500 as compared to the luminaire 300 and helps to further increase the spatial uniformity of the output light. Thus, the light emitting diode 508 may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavities 522a, 522b, the cavities 522a, 522b may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid 526 and the geometric solid 526 and the reflector 504 may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment.

[0077] According to various aspects, the reflective cavities 522a, 522b are filled with a transparent material, and the transparent material may be any suitable type of transparent material. For such aspects, the reflectors 510a, 510b and the reflective end panels 512 may be reflective coatings on the transparent cavity material, or reflective films adhered to the transparent cavity material.

[0078] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavities 522a, 522b can be adjusted by introducing more or less curvature in their walls (e.g., reflectors 510a, 510b) or otherwise changing the shape of the reflective cavities 522a, 522b so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the apertures 524a, 524b. In addition, the curvature and extent of the curvature of the reflector 504, its orientation relative to the apertures 524a, 524b, the "width" of the apertures 524a, 524b and the position and orientation of the apertures 524a, 524b relative to reflector 504 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the reflector 504 and the light's angular distribution.

According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 522a along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 508a positioned within the reflective cavity 522a) and by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 522b along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 508b positioned within the reflective cavity 522b).

[0079] According to various aspects, the reflectors 510a, 510b and the reflective end panels 512 may be combined together as a single piece of reflective material.

[0080] Although not shown in FIG. 5 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 500 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 526. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 500 may be similar or identical to the anti-glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 500. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 500 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 528 of the geometric solid 526. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 528 of the geometric solid 526 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 500 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid 526 so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surface 528 of the geometric solid 526. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 528 of the geometric solid 526.

[0081] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 500 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surface 528 of the geometric solid 526 can be a treated exterior surface 528 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 500 which do not include the anti-glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surface 528 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 528 of the geometric solid 526 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 528 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 500.

[0082] FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 600 according to various aspects. The luminaire 600 is similar to the luminaire 500 in both arrangement and optical functionality, but is different. The luminaire 600 includes a substrate 602, a reflector 604, a first plurality of light emitting diodes 608a and a second plurality of light emitting diodes 608b, a first reflector 610a and a second reflector 610b, reflective end panels 612 (not shown) and a geometric solid 626. According to various aspects, the luminaire 600 may also include a reflective sheet or coating 606 (not shown) and first and second reflective panels 614a, 614b (not shown).

[0083] The substrate 602, the reflector 604, the light emitting diodes 608a, 608b, the reflectors 610a, 610b, the reflective end panels 612 and the geometric solid 626 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the geometric solid 426 described hereinabove.

[0084] As shown in FIG. 6, in contrast to the curved portions 520a, 520b of the first and second reflectors 510a, 510b, the first and second reflectors 610a, 610b include a number of linear segments 620a, 620b. The linear segments 620a of the first reflector 610a collectively define a first reflective cavity 622a which has an octagonal or octagonlike cross-section, and the linear segments 620b of the second reflector 610b collectively define a second reflective cavity 622b which has an octagonal or octagonal-like cross- section. Of course, according to other aspects, the linear segments can define reflective cavities 622a, 622b which have cross-sections other than octagon or octagon-like.

[0085] Also, for the aspects shown in FIG. 6, the first and second reflective cavities 622a, 622b and the geometric solid 626 are extruded, molded or cast from a single piece of transparent material such as, for example, a transparent plastic.

[0086] Although not shown in FIG. 6 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 600 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 626. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 600 may be similar or identical to the anti-glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 600. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 600 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 628 of the geometric solid 626. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 628 of the geometric solid 626 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 600 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid 626 so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surface 628 of the geometric solid 626. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 628 of the geometric solid 626.

[0087] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 600 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surface 628 of the geometric solid 626 can be a treated exterior surface 628 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 600 which do not include the anti-glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surface 628 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 628 of the geometric solid 626 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 628 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 600.

[0088] FIG. 7 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 700 according to various aspects. The luminaire is similar to the luminaire 400, but is different. The luminaire 700 includes a substrate 702, a reflector 704, a plurality of light emitting diodes 708 (only one of which is shown), a reflector 710, reflective end panels 712 (not shown) and a geometric solid 726. [0089] The substrate 702, the reflector 704, the plurality of light emitting diodes 708, the reflector 710, the reflective end panels 712 and the geometric solid 726 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the geometric solid 426 described hereinabove.

[0090] According to various aspects, the reflector 704 includes the same diffuse reflective material that the reflector 710 includes. According to other aspects, the reflector 710 may be a diffuse reflective coating and the reflector 704 may have different reflective properties. For the aspects shown in FIG. 7, the reflective cavity 722 is filled with a transparent material, and the geometric solid 726 and the transparent material of the reflective cavity 722 can be formed from a single piece of extruded, molded or cast transparent material. The reflective cavity 722 is surrounded by the reflector 710 and the reflective end panels 712 (not shown). The reflector 710 and the reflective end panels 712 may be formed as a continuous diffuse reflective coating. Although the reflector 710 is shown as a single reflector 710, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the reflector 710 may be formed from multiple segments (e.g., one for each "wall" of the reflective cavity 722).

[0091] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 722 can be adjusted by introducing curvature in its walls (e.g., reflector 710) or otherwise changing the shape of the reflective cavity 722 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the aperture 724. In addition, the curvature and extent of the curvature of the reflector 704, its orientation relative to the aperture 724, the "width" of the aperture 724, and the position and orientation of the aperture 724 relative to reflector 704 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the reflector 704 and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 722 along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 708 positioned within the reflective cavity 722). As shown in FIG. 7, the reflector 704 does not need to be in contact with the substrate 702. In certain instances, the spatial relationship of the reflector 704 with the aperture 724 is better optimized by this arrangement.

[0092] Although not shown in FIG. 7 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 700 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 726. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 700 may be similar or identical to the anti-glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 700. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 700 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 728 of the geometric solid 726. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 728 of the geometric solid 726 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 700 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid 726 so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surface 728 of the geometric solid 726. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 728 of the geometric solid 726.

[0093] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 700 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surface 728 of the geometric solid 726 can be a treated exterior surface 728 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 700 which do not include the anti-glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surface 728 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 728 of the geometric solid 726 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 728 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 700.

[0094] FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 800 according to various aspects. The luminaire 800 is similar to the luminaire 400 in both arrangement and optical functionality, but is different. The luminaire 800 includes a substrate 802, a reflector 804, a reflective sheet or coating 806, a plurality of light emitting diodes 808 (only one of which is shown), a reflector 810, reflective end panels 812 (not shown) and a geometric solid 826. According to various aspects, the luminaire 800 may also include a reflective panel 814 as shown in FIG. 8.

[0095] The substrate 802, the reflector 804, the reflective sheet or coating 806, the plurality of light emitting diodes 808, the reflector 810, the reflective end panels 812 and the geometric solid 826 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the reflective sheet or coating 106, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the geometric solid 426 described hereinabove.

[0096] The geometric solid 826 is formed from a transparent material such as, for example, a plastic material or a glass material. The reflector 804 is connected to, coated on or adhered to a portion of an "exterior" surface 828 of the cylinder 826, and includes a reflective material. In contrast to the geometric solid 426, the geometric solid 826 has an elliptical cross-section. Although the geometric solid 826 is shown in FIG. 8 as having an elliptical cross-section, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the geometric solid 826 can have a cross-section other than elliptical (e.g., any of the cross- sections described hereinabove with regard to the geometric solid 426 of FIG. 4).

[0097] Although not shown in FIG. 8 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 800 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 826. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 800 may be similar or identical to the anti-glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 800. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 800 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 828 of the geometric solid 826. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 828 of the geometric solid 826 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 800 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid 826 so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surface 828 of the geometric solid 826. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 828 of the geometric solid 826.

[0098] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 800 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surface 828 of the geometric solid 826 can be a treated exterior surface 828 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 800 which do not include the anti-glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surface 828 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 828 of the geometric solid 826 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 828 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 800.

[0099] FIG. 9 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 900 according to various aspects. The luminaire 900 includes a substrate 902, a reflector 904 with a compound curvature, a first plurality of light emitting diodes 908a, a second plurality of light emitting diodes 908b, a first reflector 910a, a second reflector 910b, reflective end panels 912 (not shown) and a geometric solid 926 having a compound curvature.

[0100] The substrate 902, the reflector 904, the light emitting diodes 908a, 908b, the reflectors 910a, 910b, the reflective end panels 912 and the geometric solid 926 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the geometric solid 426 described hereinabove.

[0101] As shown in FIG. 9, the reflectors 910a, 910b are uniformly curved and substantially circular in cross-section, the geometric solid 926 has a cardioid or cardioid- like cross-section, and the reflector 904 has a cross-section consisting of a segment of the surface of a cardioid or cardioid-like solid. Although the geometric solid 926 is shown in FIG. 9 as having a cardioid or cardioid-like cross-section, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the geometric solid 826 can have a cross-section other than cardioid or cardioid-like (e.g., any of the cross-sections described hereinabove with regard to the geometric solid 426 of FIG. 4). According to various aspects, the reflector 904 is a reflective coating formed on a desired portion of the "exterior" surface 928 of the geometric solid 926. The reflector 904 resembles two reflectors with circular cross- sections side-by-side. According to various aspects, the reflector 904 includes the same diffuse reflective material that the reflectors 910a, 910b include. According to other aspects, the reflectors 910a, 910b may be diffuse reflective coatings and the reflector 904 may have different reflective properties.

[0102] Light emitted from the first and second plurality of diodes 908a, 908b is diffusely reflected from one or more surfaces of the reflective cavities 922a, 922b in a manner similar to that described hereinabove, and the scattered/reflected light which exits the reflective cavities 922a, 922b is spatially uniform in intensity. The light passing through the apertures 924a, 924b passes into the geometric solid 926, is reflected from the transparent walls (e.g., the "exterior" surface 928) of the geometric solid 926 to the reflector 904, then is reflected from reflector 904 out into the surrounding environment. Thus, the light emitting diodes 908a, 908b may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavities 922a, 922b, the cavities 922a, 922b may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid 926 and the geometric solid 926 and the reflector 904 may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment.

[0103] For the aspects shown in FIG. 9, the reflective cavities 922a, 922b are filled with a transparent material, and the geometric solid 926 and the transparent material of the reflective cavities 922a, 922b can be formed from a single piece of extruded, molded or cast transparent material. The reflective cavity 922a is surrounded by the reflector 910a and the reflective end panels 912, and the reflective cavity 922b is surrounded by the reflector 910b and the reflective end panels 914. The reflectors 910a, 910b and the reflective end panels 912 may be formed as a continuous diffuse reflective coating.

[0104] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavities 922a, 922b can be adjusted by introducing more or less curvature in their walls or otherwise changing the shape of the reflective cavities 922a, 922b so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the apertures 924a, 924b. In addition, the curvature and extent of the curvature of the reflector 904, its orientation relative to the apertures 924a, 924b, the "width" of the apertures 924a, 924b, and the position and orientation of the apertures 924a, 924b relative to reflector 904 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the reflector 904 and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross- sectional shape of the reflective cavity 922a along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 908a positioned within the reflective cavity 922a) and by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 922b along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 908b positioned within the reflective cavity 922b).

[0105] Although not shown in FIG. 9 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 900 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 926. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 900 may be similar or identical to the anti-glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 900. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 900 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 928 of the geometric solid 926. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 928 of the geometric solid 926 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 900 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid 926 so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surface 928 of the geometric solid 926. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 928 of the geometric solid 926.

[0106] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 900 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surface 928 of the geometric solid 926 can be a treated exterior surface 928 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 900 which do not include the anti-glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surface 928 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 928 of the geometric solid 926 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 928 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 900.

[0107] FIG. 10 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 1000 according to various aspects. The luminaire 1000 includes a substrate 1002, a reflector 1004, a plurality of light emitting diodes 1008 (only one of which is shown), a reflector 1010, reflective end panels 1012 (not shown), a geometric solid 1026 and V-shaped reflector 1030.

[0108] The substrate 1002, the reflector 1004, the light emitting diodes 1008, the reflector 1010, the reflective end panels 1012 and the geometric solid 1026 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the cylinder 426 described

hereinabove.

[0109] The reflector 1010 is a diffuse reflector, and surrounds the geometric solid 1026, extending from the "left" of the geometric solid 1026 to the "right" of the geometric solid 1026. According to various aspects, the reflector 1004 includes the same diffuse reflective material that the reflector 1010 includes. According to other aspects, the reflector 1010 may be a diffuse reflective coating and the reflector 1004 may have different reflective properties.

[0110] The reflector 1010, the reflective end panels 1012 and the V-shaped reflector 1030 collectively cooperate to form the reflective cavity 1022. For the aspects shown in FIG. 10, the reflective cavity 1022 is filled with a transparent material, and the geometric solid 1026 and the transparent material of the reflective cavity 1022 can be formed from a single piece of extruded, molded or cast transparent material. The V- shaped reflector 1030 may be considered as dividing the reflective cavity 1022 into two substantially identical portions 1022a, 1022b.

[0111] The plurality of light emitting diodes 1008 are "aligned' in a single row similar to the arrangement shown in FIG. IB. The light emitted from each of the light emitting diodes 1008 is split in two by the V-shaped reflector 1030, redirecting the light into the reflective cavities 1022a, 1022b. The redirected light is scattered from the diffusely reflective wall of the cavities 1022a, 1022b in such a way that light exiting the cavities 1022a, 1022b through apertures 1024a, 1024b is spatially uniform in intensity. The light passing through the apertures 1024a, 1024b passes into the geometric solid 1026, is reflected from the transparent walls (e.g., "exterior" surface 1028) of the geometric solid 1026 to the reflector 1004, then is reflected from reflector 1004 out into the surrounding environment. Thus, the light emitting diode 1008 may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavities 1022a, 1022b, the V-shaped reflector 1030 may be considered a means for redirecting light into the cavities 1022a, 1022b, the cavities 1022a, 1022b may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid 1026 and the geometric solid 1026 and the reflector 1004 may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment. [0112] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavities 1022a, 1022b can be adjusted by introducing more or less curvature in their walls (e.g., reflector 1010) or otherwise changing the shape of the reflective cavities 1022a, 1022b so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the apertures 1024a, 1024b. In addition, the curvature and extent of the curvature of the reflector 1004, its orientation relative to the apertures 1024a, 1024b, the "width" of the apertures 1024a, 1024b, and the position and orientation of the apertures 1024a, 1024b relative to reflector 1004 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the reflector 1004 and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 1022 along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 1008 positioned within the reflective cavity 1022).

[0113] Although not shown in FIG. 10 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 1000 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 1026. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 1000 may be similar or identical to the anti-glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1000. According to various aspects, the anti -glare material of the luminaire 1000 forms part of an anti -glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 1028 of the geometric solid 1026. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 1028 of the geometric solid 1026 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti -glare material of the luminaire 1000 forms part of an anti -glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid 1026 so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surface 1028 of the geometric solid 1026. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 1028 of the geometric solid 1026.

[0114] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 1000 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surface 1028 of the geometric solid 1026 can be a treated exterior surface 1028 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 1000 which do not include the anti-glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surface 1028 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 1028 of the geometric solid 1026 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 1028 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1000.

[0115] FIG. 11 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 1100 according to various aspects. The luminaire 1100 includes a substrate 1102, a reflector 1104, a plurality of light emitting diodes 1108 (only one of which is shown), a reflector 1110, reflective end panels 1112 (not shown) and a geometric solid 1126.

[0116] The substrate 1102, the reflector 1104, the light emitting diodes 1108, the reflector 1110, the reflective end panels 1112 and the geometric solid 1126 may be similar to or identical to the substrate 102, the reflector 104, the light emitting diodes 108, the reflector 110, the reflective end panels 112 and the geometric solid 426 described hereinabove.

[0117] As shown in FIG. 11, in contrast to the geometric solid 426, the geometric solid 1126 includes a faceted surface and defines a small reflective cavity 1122 which is an inclusion into the geometric solid 1126. Although the geometric solid 1126 is shown in FIG. 11 as having a faceted circular-like cross-section, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the geometric solid 1126 can have a cross-section other than a faceted circular-like (e.g., any of the cross-sections described hereinabove with regard to the geometric solid 426 of FIG. 4). The reflector 1104 is connected to, coated on or adhered to a curved portion and a faceted portion of the "exterior" surface 1128 of the geometric solid 1126. For the aspects shown in FIG. 11, the reflector 1110 may be a diffuse reflector or a specular reflector and may be considered a wall of the reflective cavity 1122. The reflective cavity 1122 may include air or be filled with a transparent material. According to various aspects, the geometric solid 1126 can be extruded, molded or cast from a transparent material.

[0118] The light emitting diodes 1108 emit light into the reflective cavity 1122. The light from the light emitting diodes 1108 is specularly or diffusely reflected from the reflector 1110. The light then exits the reflective cavity 1122 through the aperture 1124 into the geometric solid 1126. The light passing through the aperture 1124 passes into the geometric solid 1126, is reflected from the transparent walls (e.g., the "exterior" surface 1128) of the geometric solid 1126 to the reflector 1104, then is reflected from reflector 1104 out into the surrounding environment. Thus, the light emitting diode 1108 may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavity 1122, the cavity 1122 may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid 1126 and the geometric solid 1126 and the reflector 1104 may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment.

[0119] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 1122 may be adjusted by introducing more or less curvature in its walls (e.g., reflector 1110) or otherwise changing the cavity shape so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the aperture 1124. In addition the curvature and the extent of the curvature of the reflector 1104, its orientation relative to the aperture 1124, the "width" of aperture 1124, and the position and orientation of the aperture 1124 relative to the reflector 1104 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by reflector 1104 and its and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 1122 along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 1108 positioned within the reflective cavity 1122).

[0120] Although not shown in FIG. 11 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 1100 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 1126. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 1100 may be similar or identical to the anti-glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1100. According to various aspects, the anti -glare material of the luminaire 1100 forms part of an anti -glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 1128 of the geometric solid 1126. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 1128 of the geometric solid 1126 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti -glare material of the luminaire 1100 forms part of an anti -glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid 1126 so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surface 1128 of the geometric solid 1126. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 1128 of the geometric solid 1126.

[0121] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 1100 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surface 1128 of the geometric solid 1126 can be a treated exterior surface 1128 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 1100 which do not include the anti-glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surface 1128 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 1128 of the geometric solid 1126 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 1128 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1100.

[0122] FIG. 12 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 1200 according to various aspects. The luminaire 1200 includes a substrate 1202, a first diffuse reflector 1204a, a second diffuse reflector 1204b, a first plurality of light emitting diodes 1208a (only one of which is shown), a second plurality of light emitting diodes 1208b (only one of which is shown), a reflector 1210, reflective end panels 1212 (not shown), a reflector 1220, a first geometric solid portion 1226a and a second geometric solid portion 1226b.

[0123] The substrate 1202, the diffuse reflectors 1204a, 1204b, the light emitting diodes 1208a, 1208b, the reflector 1210, the reflective end panels 1212 and the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b may be similar or identical to the substrate 1102, the reflector 1104, the light emitting diodes 1108, the reflector 1 110, the reflective end panels 1112 and the geometric solid 1126 described hereinabove. According to various aspects, the reflector 1220 can form part of a single reflective sheet which includes the diffuse reflectors 1204a, 1204b. According to other aspects, the reflector 1220 is separate and distinct from the diffuse reflectors 1204a, 1204b. Thus, it will be appreciated that the reflector 1220 can be diffuse, specular or a combination of the two.

[0124] As shown in FIG. 12, the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b have a faceted circular-like cross-section and are joined together side-by-side such that the geometric solids 1226a, 1226b are conjoined into a single geometric solid which is formed from a transparent material and defines a longitudinal axis (not shown) of the luminaire 1200. According to various aspects, the geometric solid portion 1226a is conjoined with the geometric solid portion 1226b along an entire length of the single geometric solid. The cross-section of the geometric solid portion 1226a is substantially a mirror-image of the cross-section of the geometric solid portion 1226b. Although the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b are shown in FIG. 12 as having faceted circularlike cross-sections, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b can have cross-sections other than faceted circular-like cross- sections (e.g., any of the cross-sections described hereinabove with regard to the geometric solid 426 of FIG. 4). The first geometric solid portion 1226a defines a small reflective cavity 1222a which is an inclusion into the geometric solid 1226a. The reflector 1204a is connected to, coated on or adhered to a curved portion and a faceted portion of the "exterior" surface 1228a of the geometric solid 1226a. Similarly, the second geometric solid portion 1226b defines a small reflective cavity 1222b which is an inclusion into the geometric solid portion 1226b and the reflector 1204b is connected to, coated on or adhered to a curved portion and a faceted portion of the "exterior" surface 1228b of the geometric solid portion 1226b. For the aspects shown in FIG. 12, the reflector 1210 may be a diffuse reflector or a specular reflector and may be considered a wall of the reflective cavities 1222a and/or 1222b. The reflective cavities 1222a and 1222b may include air or be filled with another transparent material. According to various aspects, the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b can be extruded, molded or cast from a transparent material.

[0125] The light emitting diodes 1208a emit light into the reflective cavity 1222a and the light emitting diodes 1208b emit light into the reflective cavity 1222b. The light from the light emitting diodes 1208a, 1208b may be specularly or diffusely reflected from the reflector 1210. The light then exits the reflective cavities 1222a, 1222b through the respective apertures 1224a, 1224b into the respective geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b. The light passing through the apertures 1224a, 1224b and into the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b may be reflected from the transparent walls (e.g., the "exterior" surfaces 1228a, 1228b) of the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b to the reflectors 1204a, 1204b, then may be reflected from reflectors 1204a, 1204b out into the surrounding environment. Thus, the light emitting diodes 1208a, 1208b may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavities 1222a, 1222b, the cavities 1222a, 1222b may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b and the geometric solid portions 1226a, 122b and the reflectors 1204a,

1204b may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment.

[0126] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavities 1222a, 1222b may be adjusted by introducing more or less curvature in their walls (e.g., reflector 1210) or otherwise changing the cavity shape so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the apertures 1224a, 1224b. In addition the curvature and the extent of the curvature of the reflectors 1204a, 1204b, their orientation relative to the apertures 1224a, 1224b, the "width" of apertures 1224a, 1224b, and the position and orientation of the apertures 1224a, 1224b relative to the reflectors 1204a, 1204b may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by reflectors 1204a, 1204b and its and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavities 1222a, 1222b along their longitudinal axes (e.g., the axes containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 1208a, 1208b positioned within the reflective cavities 1222a, 1222b).

[0127] Although not shown in FIG. 12 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 1200 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 1226. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 1200 may be similar or identical to the anti-glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1200. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 1200 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surfaces 1228a, 1228b of the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b. The anti -glare coating may be applied to the exterior surfaces 1228a, 1228b of the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 1200 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surfaces 1228a, 1228b of the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surfaces 1228a, 1228b of the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b.

[0128] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 1200 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surfaces 1228a, 1228b of the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b can be treated exterior surfaces 1228a, 1228b which operate to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 1200 which do not include the anti -glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surfaces 1228a, 1228b may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surfaces 1228a, 1228b of the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surfaces 1228a, 1228b to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1200.

[0129] FIG. 13 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 1300 according to various aspects. The luminaire 1300 includes a substrate 1302, a first diffuse reflector 1304a, a second diffuse reflector 1304b, a plurality of light emitting diodes 1308 (only one of which is shown), reflective end panels 1312 (not shown), a first geometric solid portion 1326a and a second geometric solid portion 1326b.

[0130] The substrate 1302, the diffuse reflectors 1304a, 1304b, the light emitting diodes 1308, the reflective end panels 1312 and the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b may be similar or identical to the substrate 1102, the reflector 1104, the light emitting diodes 1108, the reflective end panels 1112 and the geometric solid portions 1226a, 1226b described hereinabove. The luminaire 1300 is similar to the luminaire 1200 but is different in that the luminaire 1300 includes only a single cavity 1322 and the cavity 1322 has a cross-section which is different from the cross-sections of either of the cavities 1222a, 1222b.

[0131] As shown in FIG. 13, the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b have faceted circular-like cross-sections which are joined together side-by-side such that the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b are conjoined into a single geometric solid which is formed from a transparent material and defines a longitudinal axis (not shown) of the luminaire 1300. According to various aspects, the geometric solid portion 1326a is conjoined with the geometric solid portion 1326b along an entire length of the single geometric solid. The cross-section of the geometric solid portion 1326a is substantially a mirror-image of the cross-section of the geometric solid portion 1326b. Although the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b are shown in FIG. 13 as having faceted circularlike cross-sections, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b can have cross-sections other than faceted circular-like cross- sections (e.g., any of the cross-sections described hereinabove with regard to the geometric solid 426 of FIG. 4). The geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b collectively define the cavity 1322 which is an inclusion into the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b. The cavity 1322 is shown in FIG. 13 as having the cross-section of a triangular prism. A triangular prism includes a "bottom" face, two "side" faces and two "end" faces. Although in some aspects the respective "end" faces of the cavity 1322 are in a plane which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the single geometric solid (which includes geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b), in other aspects the respective "end" faces of the cavity 1322 are not in a plane which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the single geometric solid portion.

[0132] In the cross-section shown in FIG. 13, the first geometric solid portion 1326a and the second geometric solid portion 1326b meet at the "top" or apex of the cross-section of the triangular prism-shaped cavity 1322. As used herein, the "top" or apex of the triangular prism-shaped cavity refers to the vertice opposite the light emitting diodes 1308. In various aspects, in order that the luminaire 1300 perform optimally, the interior angle of the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1322 at the apex is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees. For example, according to various aspects, the interior angle of the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1322 at the apex can range from 1.0 degree to 90.0 degrees, or any sub-range subsumed therein, such as, for example, from 1.0 degree to 30.0 degrees, from 10.0 degrees to 50.0 degrees, from 20.0 degrees to 70.0 degrees, from 30.0 degrees to 75.0 degrees, from 40.0 degrees to 85.0 degrees, from 50.0 degrees to 90.0 degrees, etc. Any numerical range recited in this specification describes all sub-ranges of the same numerical precision (i.e., having the same number of specified digits) subsumed within the recited range. For example, a recited range of "1.0 degree to 90.0 degrees" describes all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 degree and the recited maximum value of 90.0 degrees, such as, for example, "34.8 degrees to 78.6 degrees" even if the range of "34.8 degrees to 78.6 degrees" is not expressly recited in the text of the specification. Accordingly, the Applicant reserves the right to amend this specification, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range of the same numerical precision subsumed within the ranges expressly recited in this specification. All such ranges are inherently described in this specification such that amending to expressly recite any such sub-ranges will comply with written description, sufficiency of description, and added matter requirements, including the requirements under 35 U.S.C. § 112(a) and Article 123(2) EPC. Additionally, numerical parameters described in this specification should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits, numerical precision, and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. It is also understood that numerical parameters described in this specification will necessarily possess the inherent variability characteristic of the underlying measurement techniques used to determine the numerical value of the parameter.

[0133] An issue with many currently available luminaires is that the means they utilize for redirecting and distributing light emitted by light sources, when viewed in cross-section in planes bisecting the light source(s), do not subtend a full 180 degree angle over the light sources used. For known luminaires which include means for redirecting and distributing light emitted by light sources which do subtend a large angle over the light sources, the means they utilize to couple light from the light sources into the redirecting and distributing means are energy inefficient (e.g., directing light from a light source to a parabolic-shaped reflector which redirects light in the opposite direction). Thermodynamically, the arrangement of such means operates to reduce the etendue or angular disorder of the emitted light to a greater extent than is required to meet the light distribution requirements of the luminaire. This reduction incurs an unnecessary energy penalty, requiring more energy into the luminaire to produce the desired light distribution from the luminaire. Light redirecting and distribution means that do not subtend a full 180 degrees over the light sources present an angularly restrictive pupil for light entering the redirecting and distribution means commensurately reducing etendue at a cost in energy. In various aspects of the luminaire 1300, the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1322 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 1308 in the plane of the triangular cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 1308 in the plane of the triangular cross-section. See FIG. 19 for an example showing a cavity which redirects light emitted from a light source and subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees. By virtue of the cavity 1322 redirecting the light in an energy efficient manner and by subtending an angle of at least 180 degrees and thereby avoiding incurring the energy penalty associated with reducing entendue, the luminaire 1300 realizes an improved energy efficiency in comparison to know luminaires.

[0134] According to various aspects, the luminaire 1300 may further include a reflector 1310 positioned within the cavity 1322 (shown at the "top" or apex of the cross- section of the cavity 1322 in FIG. 13). The reflector 1310 may be a diffuse reflector or a specular reflector, may be considered as one or more surfaces, faces or walls of the cavity 1322 and may be similar or identical to the reflector 1210. For example, the reflector 1310 may form a "top" surface of the cavity 1322, a "left" side surface of the cavity 1322 and/or a "right" side surface of the cavity 1322. The reflector 1304a is connected to, coated on or adhered to a curved portion and a faceted portion of the "exterior" surface 1328a of the geometric solid portion 1326a and the reflector 1304b is connected to, coated on or adhered to a curved portion and a faceted portion of the "exterior" surface 1328b of the geometric solid portion 1326b. For the aspects shown in FIG. 13, the cavity 1322 may include air or be filled with another transparent material. According to various aspects, the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b can be extruded, molded or cast from a transparent material.

[0135] The light emitting diodes 1308 emit light into the cavity 1322. Some of the light emitted from the light emitting diodes 1308 encounters an interface (a refractive index boundary) between the air in the cavity 1322 and the transparent solid material comprising the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b. This material interface occurs at aperture 1324a between the cavity 1322 and the geometric solid portion 1326a.

Depending on the angle at which this portion of light impinges on the interface at the aperture 1324a, some this light may enter the geometric solid portion 1326a. However, a considerable portion of the light will be reflected back into the cavity 1322 and may exit through the aperture 1324b. Similarly, a portion of the light emitted from the light emitting diodes 1308 encounters the material interface at the aperture 1324b. Some of this light may be transmitted through the interface at the aperture 1324b into the geometric solid portion 1326b or it may be reflected back into the cavity 1322 thence exiting through the aperture 1324a into the geometric solid portion 1326a. It will be appreciated that the two "side" surfaces/faces of the cavity 1322 function both as apertures 1324a, 1324b to transmit light into the geometric solid portions 1326a and 1326b, and also function in a manner similar to the reflector 1210 in the luminaire 1200 to reflect light out through the apertures 1324a, 1324b. It will also be appreciated that the great majority of light produced by the light emitting diodes 1308 will either be transmitted through the apertures 1324a, 1324b immediately or be recycled one or more times from the "side" surfaces/faces of the cavity 1322 finally exiting through the apertures 1324a, 1324b. The cavity 1322 which redirects the light emitted by the light emitting diodes 1308 subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 1308, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 1308.

[0136] After the light emitted by the light emitting diodes 1308 passes through the apertures 1324a, 1324b, the light may transverse the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b and enter the surrounding environment or it may be specularly or diffusely reflected from the reflectors 1304a, 1304b and enter the surrounding environment. Thus, the light emitting diode 1308 may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavity 1322, the cavity 1322 may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b and the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b and the reflectors 1304a, 1304b may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment. As shown in FIG. 13, the reflectors 1304a, 1304b may extend under the cavity 1322 so as to re-reflect light reflected from the "side" surfaces/faces of the cavity 1322 at apertures 1324a, 1324b. For aspects which include the reflector 1310, the reflector 1310 may help to eliminate a discemable "hot spot" when an observer stares straight "down" into the luminaire 1300 towards the light emitting diodes 1308 from directly "above". [0137] The cross-sectional shape of the cavity 1322 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its walls (e.g., reflector 1310) or otherwise changing the shape of the cavity 1322 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the apertures 1324a, 1324b and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light. In addition, the curvature and the extent of the curvature of the reflectors 1304a, 1304b, their orientation relative to the apertures 1324a, 1324b, the "width" of apertures 1324a, 1324b, and the position and orientation of the apertures 1324a, 1324b relative to the reflectors 1304a, 1304b may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by reflectors 1304a, 1304b and its and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 1322 along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 1308 positioned within the cavity 1322). Thus, it will be appreciated the cross-section of the cavity 1322 may be other than the cross-section of a triangular prism. See FIGs. 20 and 21 showing examples of cavities having cross-sections other than a triangular prism.

[0138] According to various aspects, the two conjoined geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b may be replaced by any suitable transparent solid shape with two conjoined solid portions that receive light from the apertures 1324a, 1324b.

[0139] Although not shown in FIG. 13 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 1300 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 1300 may be similar or identical to the anti -glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1300. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 1300 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surfaces 1328a, 1328b of the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surfaces 1328a, 1328b of the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 1300 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surfaces 1328a, 1328b of the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surfaces 1328a, 1328b of the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b.

[0140] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 1300 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surfaces 1328a, 1328b of the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b can be treated exterior surfaces 1328a, 1328b which operate to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 1300 which do not include the anti -glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surfaces 1328a, 1328b may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surfaces 1328a, 1328b of the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surfaces 1328a, 1328b to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1300.

[0141] FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 1400 according to various aspects. The luminaire 1400 includes a substrate 1402, a first diffuse reflector 1404a, a second diffuse reflector 1404b, a plurality of light emitting diodes 1408 (only one of which is shown), reflective end panels 1412 (not shown), a first geometric solid portion 1426a and a second geometric solid portion 1426b. According to various aspects, the luminaire 1400 may also include an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material 1440 which is optically connected to the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b as shown in FIG. 14.

[0142] The substrate 1402, the diffuse reflectors 1404a, 1404b, the light emitting diodes 1408, the reflective end panels 1412 and the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b may be similar or identical to the substrate 1102, the reflector 1104, the light emitting diodes 1108, the reflective end panels 1112 and the geometric solid portions 1326a, 1326b described hereinabove.

[0143] As shown in FIG. 14, the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b have lobe or lobe-like cross-sections bounded by curved surfaces 1436a, 1436b and planar surfaces 1438a, 1438b. The lobe or lobe-like cross-sections are joined together side-by-side and are conjoined into a single geometric solid which is formed from a transparent material and defines a longitudinal axis (not shown) of the luminaire 1400. According to various aspects, the geometric solid portion 1426a is conjoined with the geometric solid portion 1426b along an entire length of the single geometric solid. The cross-section of the geometric solid portion 1426a is substantially a mirror-image of the cross-section of the geometric solid portion 1426b. Although the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b are shown in FIG. 14 as having lobe or lobe-like cross-sections, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b can have cross- sections other than lobe or lobe-like cross-sections (e.g., any of the cross-sections described hereinabove with regard to the geometric solid 426 of FIG. 4). Additionally, although in some aspects the respective "ends" of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b are in a plane which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the luminaire 1400, in other aspects the respective "ends" of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b are not in a plane which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the luminaire 1400.

[0144] According to other aspects, in lieu of the curved surfaces 1436a, 1436b shown in FIG. 14, the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b may include other curved surfaces. For example, the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b may include curved surfaces whose cross-sections are segments of conic sections such as circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, etc. According to other aspects, the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b may include surfaces with compound curvatures. According to other aspects, the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b may include other curved surfaces in lieu of or in addition to the planar surfaces 1438a, 1438b. For example, according to various aspects, the planar surfaces 1438a, 1438b may be replaced with curved surfaces, the planar surfaces 1438a, 1438b may be replaced with planar-like surfaces having a Fresnel lens formed therein, the planar surfaces 1438a, 1438b may be replaced with planar-like surfaces having a prismatic array formed therein, etc. Thus, it will be appreciated that the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b may be bound by more than two curved or planar surfaces.

[0145] The geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b collectively define a cavity 1422 which is an inclusion into the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b. The cavity 1422 may be similar or identical to the cavity 1322 described hereinabove. Thus, the interior angle of the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1422 at the apex is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees. Also, the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1422 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 1408 in the plane of the triangular cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 1408 in the plane of the triangular cross-section. Furthermore, the luminaire 1400 realizes an improved energy efficiency when compared to known luminaires and the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 1422 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its walls or otherwise changing the shape of the cavity 1422 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 1400 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light. According to various aspects, the luminaire 1400 may further include a reflector 1410 positioned within the cavity 1422 (shown at the "top" or apex of the cross-section of the cavity 1422 in FIG. 14). The reflector 1410 may be a diffuse reflector or a specular reflector, may be considered as one or more surfaces, faces or walls of the cavity 1422 and may be similar or identical to the reflector 1310. The reflector 1404a is connected to, coated on or adhered to the curved portion 1436a of the geometric solid 1426a and the reflector 1404b is connected to, coated on or adhered to a curved portion 1436b of the geometric solid 1426b. For the aspects shown in FIG. 14, the cavity 1422 may include air or be filled with another transparent material. According to various aspects, the conjoined geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b can be extruded, molded or cast from a transparent material.

[0146] The light emitting diodes 1408 emit light into the cavity 1422. The emitted light traverses the air-filled cavity 1422, and in a manner similar to the light traversing the cavity 1322 of the luminaire 1300, is either transmitted or reflected by the material interfaces at the apertures 1424a, 1424b. Light is reflected and recirculated within the cavity 1422 in a manner analogous with the reflection and recirculation described hereinabove for the cavity 1322. Light exiting the apertures 1424a, 1424b may either pass through the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b and exit through surfaces 1408a, 1408b into the surrounding environment or it may be reflected from the diffuse reflectors 1404a, 1404b resulting in redirection out through the planar surfaces 1438a, 1438b into the surrounding environment. Thus, the light emitting diode 1408 may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavity 1422, the cavity 1422 may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b and the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b and the reflectors 1404a, 1404b may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment. As shown in FIG. 14, the reflectors 1404a, 1404b may extend under the cavity 1422 so as to re-reflect light reflected from the cavity surfaces/faces/walls at the apertures 1424a, 1424b. For aspects which include the reflector 1410, the reflector 1410 may help to eliminate a discernable "hot spot" when an observer stares straight "down" into the luminaire 1400 towards the light emitting diodes 1408 from directly "above".

[0147] The anti-glare material 1440 optically connected to the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1400. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material 1440 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from

Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material 1440 forms part of an antiglare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b. [0148] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 1400 including the anti-glare material 1440, the exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b can be treated exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b which operate to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 1400 which do not include the anti-glare material 1440. For such aspects, the exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1400.

[0149] FIG. 15 illustrates a representation of a component 1526 of the luminaire

1400 according to various aspects. The representation is a 3-D rendering of a transparent, solid component 1526 which is similar to or corresponds to the combination of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b.

[0150] FIG. 16 illustrates a representation of a component 1626 of the luminaire 1400 according to other aspects. The representation is a 3-D rendering of a transparent component 1626 which is similar to or corresponds to the combination of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b. The component 1626 is different from the component 1526 in that the component 1626 includes air-filled cavities 1640a, 1640b in the respective centers of the "lobe portions" of the component 1626 corresponding to the geometric solid portion 1426a and 1426b. A component 1626 of this type may be advantageous due to reduced material usage and weight.

[0151] In the luminaires 400-1400 described hereinabove, light is injected into a cavity or cavities of some shape (e.g., the reflective cavity 422) and is then redirected from the cavity or cavities into a geometric solid of transparent material (e.g., the cylinder 426). The light passes through the geometric solid and is either distributed into the surrounding environment, or is reflected from a final reflector (e.g., the reflector 404) back through the geometric solid and distributed into the surrounding environment. Thus, the light emitting diodes may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavity or cavities, the cavity or cavities may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid and the geometric solid and the final reflector may be considered a means for distributing light to the surrounding environment. In these aspects, the final reflectors are connected to, coated onto or adhered to the geometric solid of transparent material. In some instances, for reasons such as manufacturing cost or convenience, it may be advantageous to have the final reflectors not be in direct contact with surfaces of the geometric solid, but rather be only proximate to them. That is to say they could be located on an adjacent mounting case or some other proximate surface.

[0152] FIG. 17 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 1700 according to various aspects. The luminaire 1700 is similar to the luminaire 700, but is different. The luminaire 1700 includes a substrate 1702, a reflector 1704, a plurality of light emitting diodes 1708 (only one of which is shown), a reflector 1710, reflective end panels 1712 (not shown) and a geometric solid 1726. For these aspects, the reflector 1704 is connected to, coated on or adhered to a surface of a mounting case 1728.

[0153] The substrate 1702, the reflector 1704, the plurality of light emitting diodes 1708, the reflector 1710, the reflective end panels 1712 and the geometric solid 1726 may be otherwise similar to or identical to the substrate 702, the reflector 704, the light emitting diodes 708, the reflector 710, the reflective end panels 712 and the geometric solid 726 described hereinabove.

[0154] According to various aspects, the reflector 1704 includes the same diffuse reflective material that the reflector 1710 includes. According to other aspects, the reflector 1710 may be a diffuse reflective coating and the reflector 1704 may have different reflective properties. For the aspects shown in FIG. 17, the reflective cavity 1722 is filled with a transparent material, and the geometric solid 1726 and the transparent material of the reflective cavity 1722 can be formed from a single piece of extruded, molded or cast transparent material. The reflective cavity 1722 is surrounded by the reflector 1710 and the reflective end panels 1712 (not shown). The reflector 1710 and the reflective end panels 1712 may be formed as a continuous diffuse reflective coating. Although the reflector 1710 is shown as a single reflector 1710, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the reflector 1710 may be formed from multiple segments (e.g., one for each "wall" of the reflective cavity 1722).

[0155] The cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 1722 can be adjusted by introducing curvature in its walls (e.g., reflector 1710) or otherwise changing the shape of the reflective cavity 1722 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output through the aperture 1724. In addition, the curvature and extent of the curvature of the reflector 1704, its orientation relative to the aperture 1724, the "width" of the aperture 1724, and the position and orientation of the aperture 1724 relative to reflector 1704 may all be varied so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the reflector 1704 and the light's angular distribution. According to other aspects, further tuning of the spatial uniformity of the light output can be realized by varying the cross-sectional shape of the reflective cavity 1722 along its longitudinal axis (e.g., the axis containing the centers of the light emitting diodes 1708 positioned within the reflective cavity 1722). As shown in FIG. 17, the reflector 1704 does not need to be in contact with the substrate 1702. In certain instances, the spatial relationship of the reflector 1704 with the aperture 1724 is better optimized by this arrangement.

[0156] For the aspects shown in FIG. 17, light emanates from the reflective cavity 1722 through the aperture 1724 into the geometric solid 1726. However, rather than the light being reflected from a reflector (or reflectors) on an "exterior" surface 1730 of the geometric solid 1726, some light, whose direction of propagation is generally

"downward" in FIG. 17, exits through the "exterior" surface 1730 of the geometric solid 1726 and then strikes the reflector 1704 connected to, coated on or adhered onto the "interior" surfaces of the mounting case 1728. The light is then directed back through the "exterior" surface 1730 into the geometric solid 1726 and subsequently into the outside environment. Thus, the light emitting diode 1708 may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavity 1722, the cavity 1722 may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid 1726 and the geometric solid 1726 and the reflector 1704 may be considered a means for distributing light to the outside

environment.

[0157] The mounting case 1728 and the reflector 1704 are shown in FIG. 17 as having particular cross-sections. However, it will be appreciated that the cross-sectional shapes of the mounting case 1728 and the reflector 1704 may be adjusted or otherwise varied so as to optimize the performance of the luminaire 1700. Thus, it will be appreciated that the cross-sections of the mounting case 1728 and the reflector 1704 may be different from those shown in FIG. 17.

[0158] Although not shown in FIG. 17 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 1700 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid 1726. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 1700 may be similar or identical to the anti-glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1700. According to various aspects, the anti -glare material of the luminaire 1700 forms part of an anti -glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surface 1728 of the geometric solid 1726. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surface 1728 of the geometric solid 1726 by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti -glare material of the luminaire 1700 forms part of an anti -glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid 1726 so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surface 1728 of the geometric solid 1726. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surface 1728 of the geometric solid 1726.

[0159] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 1700 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surface 1728 of the geometric solid 1726 can be a treated exterior surface 1728 which operates to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 1700 which do not include the anti-glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surface 1728 may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surface 1728 of the geometric solid 1726 in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surface 1728 to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1700.

[0160] FIG. 18 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 1800 according to various aspects. The luminaire 1800 is similar to the luminaire 1400, but is different. The luminaire 1800 includes a first diffuse reflector 1804a, a second diffuse reflector 1804b, a plurality of light emitting diodes 1808 (only one of which is shown), reflective end panels 1812 (not shown), a first geometric solid portion 1826a and a second geometric solid portion 1826b. For these aspects, the first and second diffuse reflectors 1804a, 1804b are connected to, coated on or adhered to a surface of a mounting case 1828. According to various aspects, the first and second diffuse reflectors 1804a, 1804b may be portions of the same diffuse reflector, and/or the luminaire 1800 may include an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material 1840 which is optically connected to the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b as shown in FIG. 18.

[0161] The diffuse reflectors 1804a, 1804b, the light emitting diodes 1808, the reflective end panels 1812 and the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b may be similar or identical to the diffuse reflectors 1404a, 1404b, the light emitting diodes 1408, the reflective end panels 1412 and the first and second geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b described hereinabove.

[0162] As shown in FIG. 18, the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b are joined together side-by-side and are conjoined into a single geometric solid which is formed from a transparent material and defines a longitudinal axis (not shown) of the luminaire 1800. According to various aspects, the geometric solid portion 1826a is conjoined with the geometric solid portion 1826b along an entire length of the single geometric solid. The cross-section of the geometric solid portion 1826a is substantially a mirror-image of the cross-section of the geometric solid portion 1826b. The geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b have lobe or lobe-like cross-sections bounded by curved surfaces 1836a, 1836b and planar surfaces 1838a, 1838b. Although the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b are shown in FIG. 18 as having lobe or lobe-like cross-sections, it will be appreciated that according to other aspects, the geometric solid portion 1826a, 1826b can have cross-sections other than lobe or lobe-like cross-sections (e.g., any of the cross- sections described hereinabove with regard to the geometric solid 426 of FIG. 4).

Additionally, although in some aspects the respective "ends" of the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b are in a plane which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the luminaire 1800, in other aspects the respective "ends" of the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b are not in a plane which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the luminaire 1800. According to various aspects, the conjoined geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b can be extruded, molded or cast from a transparent material. According to various embodiments, the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b may also include air- filled cavities (not shown) similar to the air-filled cavities 1640a, 1640b shown in FIG. 16.

[0163] According to other aspects, in lieu of the curved surfaces 1836a, 1836b shown in FIG. 18, the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b may include other curved surfaces. For example, the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b may include curved surfaces whose cross-sections are segments of conic sections such as circles, ellipses, parabolas, hyperbolas, etc. According to other aspects, the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b may include surfaces with compound curvatures. According to other aspects, the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b may include other curved surfaces in lieu of or in addition to the planar surfaces 1838a, 1838b. For example, according to various aspects, the planar surfaces 1838a, 1838b may be replaced with curved surfaces, the planar surfaces 1838a, 1838b may be replaced with planar-like surfaces having a Fresnel lens formed therein, the planar surfaces 1838a, 1838b may be replaced with planar-like surfaces having a prismatic array formed therein, etc. Thus, it will be appreciated that the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b may be bound by more than two curved or planar surfaces.

[0164] The geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b collectively define a cavity 1822 which is an inclusion into the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b. The cavity 1822 may be similar or identical to the cavity 1422 described hereinabove. Thus, the interior angle of the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1822 at the apex is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees. Also, the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1822 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 1808 in the plane of the triangular cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 1808 in the plane of the triangular cross-section. Furthermore, the luminaire 1800 realizes an improved energy efficiency in comparison to know luminaires and the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 1822 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its walls or otherwise changing the shape of the cavity 1822 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 1800 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light. The cavity 1822 may include air or be filled with another transparent material. According to various aspects, the luminaire 1800 may further include a reflector 1810 positioned within the cavity 1822 (shown at the "top" or apex of the cross- section of the cavity 1822 in FIG. 18). The reflector 1810 may be a diffuse reflector or a specular reflector, may be considered as one or more surfaces/faces/ walls of the cavity 1822 and may be similar or identical to the reflector 1410.

[0165] For the aspects shown in FIG. 18, light emanates from the cavity 1822 through the apertures 1824a, 1824b and into the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b. However, rather than the light being reflected from a reflector (or reflectors) on the curved surfaces 1836a, 1836b of the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b, some light exits through the curved surfaces 1836a, 1836b and then strikes the diffuse reflectors 1804a, 1804b connected to, coated on or adhered onto the "interior" surfaces of the mounting case 1828. The light is then directed back through the curved surfaces 1836a, 1836b into the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b and subsequently into the outside environment. Thus, the light emitting diode 1808 may be considered a means for injecting light into the cavity 1822, the cavity 1822 may be considered a means for redirecting light into the geometric solid portions 1824a, 1824b and the geometric solid portions 1824a, 1824b and the reflectors 1804a, 1804b may be considered a means for distributing light to the outside environment.

[0166] The mounting case 1828 and the diffuse reflectors 1804a, 1804b are shown in FIG. 18 as having particular cross-sections. However, it will be appreciated that the cross-sectional shapes of the mounting case 1828 and the diffuse reflectors 1804a, 1804b may be adjusted or otherwise varied so as to optimize the performance of the luminaire 1800. Thus, it will be appreciated that the cross-sections of the mounting case 1828 and the diffuse reflectors 1804a, 1804b may be different from those shown in FIG. 18.

[0167] The anti-glare material 1840 optically connected to the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1800. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material 1840 forms part of an anti -glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH) which is connected to the mounting case 1828 as shown in FIG. 18 to operate on light exiting the exterior surfaces 1838a, 1838b of the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b. Alternatively, instead of the anti-glare film being connected to the mounting case 1828, the anti-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surfaces 1838a, 1838b of the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b. According to other aspects, in lieu of the anti-glare material 1840 forming a part of an anti-glare film, the anti-glare material 1440 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surfaces 1838a, 1838b of the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surfaces 1838a, 1838b of the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process.

[0168] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 1800 including the anti-glare material 1840, the exterior surfaces 1838a, 1838b of the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b can be treated exterior surfaces 1838a, 1838b which operate to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 1800 which do not include the anti-glare material 1840. For such aspects, the exterior surfaces 1838a, 1838b may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surfaces 1838a, 1838b of the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surfaces 1838a, 1838b to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 1800.

[0169] FIG. 19 illustrates a cross-section of the cavity 1822 of the luminaire 1800 according to various aspects. With the light emitting diode 1808 arranged in the cavity 1822 as shown, light emitted from the light emitting diode 1808 in the plane of the triangular cross-section shown in FIG. 19 will strike along the two "side" surfaces/faces of the cavity 1822 (e.g., at apertures 1824a, 1824b), subtending an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diode 1808. In other words, the cavity 1822 subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees to the "top" of the light emitting diode 1808 in the plane of the triangular cross-section. The dotted line extending to the "left" and "right" at the "top" of the light emitting diode 1808 in FIG. 19 represents the 180 degrees over the light emitting diode 1808. As both the "left" surface/face and the "right" surface/face of the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1822 extends "down" past the dotted line in FIG. 19, it will be appreciated that the triangular cross-section of the cavity 1822 subtends an angle greater than 180 degrees over the light emitting diode 1808. For purposes of clarity, it will be appreciated that only some of the light "rays" and the paths they follow are shown in FIG. 19. The cavity 1822 redirects the light emitted by the light emitting diode 1808 into the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b, which subsequently distribute the light to the outside environment as described hereinabove. It will be appreciated that with the configuration of the light emitting diode 1808, the cavity 1822 and the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b of the luminaire 1800, there is essentially no decrease in etendue and consequent cost in energy associated with coupling the light emitted from the light emitting diode 1808 to the cavity 1822 and/or the geometric solid portions 1826a, 1826b of the luminaire 1800. This applies equally to the luminaires 1300 and 1400 as well.

[0170] FIG. 20 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 2000 according to various aspects. The luminaire 2000 is similar to the luminaire 1400, but is different. The luminaire 2000 includes a substrate 2002, a first diffuse reflector 2004a, a second diffuse reflector 2004b, a plurality of light emitting diodes 2008 (only one of which is shown), reflective end panels 2012 (not shown), a first geometric solid portion 2026a and a second geometric solid portion 2026b. The first and second geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b collectively define a cavity 2022.

[0171] The substrate 2002, the diffuse reflectors 2004a, 2004b, the light emitting diodes 2008, and the reflective end panels 2012 may be similar or identical to the substrate 1402, the reflectors 1404a, 1404b, the light emitting diodes 1408 and the reflective end panels 1412. Although the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b are similar to the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b, they are different in that the cavity 2022 defined by the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b has a cross-section other than a strictly triangular shaped cross-section.

[0172] In contrast to the cavity 1422 which has two planar "side" surfaces/faces (e.g., at apertures 1424a, 1424b) and has a triangular-shaped cross-section, the cavity 2022 has two curved "side" surfaces/faces (e.g., at apertures 2024a, 2024b) and has a more complex cross-section than a strictly triangular-shaped cross-section. Due to the differences in the "side" surfaces/faces between the cavity 2022 and the cavity 1422, it will be appreciated that the distribution of light exiting the exterior surfaces 2038a, 2038b of the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b will be different from the distribution of light exiting the exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b. Otherwise, the luminaire 2000 functions in a manner similar to the luminaire 1400. In various aspects the interior angle of the triangular cross-section of the cavity 2022 at the "top" or apex 2040 is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees. Also, in various aspects the cross-section of the cavity 2022 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2008 in the plane of the cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2008 in the plane of the cross-section. Furthermore, the luminaire 2000 realizes an improved energy efficiency in comparison to know luminaires and the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 2022 may be adjusted by introducing more curvature in its walls or otherwise changing the shape of the cavity 2022 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 2000 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.

[0173] Although not shown in FIG. 20 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 2000 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 2000 may be similar or identical to the anti -glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2000. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 2000 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surfaces 2038a, 2038b of the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b. The anti -glare coating may be applied to the exterior surfaces 2038a, 2038b of the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 2000 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g.,

Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surfaces 2038a, 2038b of the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surfaces 2038a, 2038b of the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b.

[0174] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 2000 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surfaces 2038a, 2038b of the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b can be treated exterior surfaces which operate to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 2000 which do not include the antiglare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surfaces 2038a, 2038b may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surfaces 2038a, 2038b of the geometric solid portions 2026a, 2026b in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surfaces 2038a, 2038b to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2000.

[0175] FIG. 21 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 2100 according to various aspects. The luminaire 2100 is similar to the luminaire 1400, but is different. The luminaire 2100 includes a substrate 2102, a first diffuse reflector 2104a, a second diffuse reflector 2104b, a plurality of light emitting diodes 2108 (only one of which is shown), reflective end panels 2112 (not shown), a first geometric solid portion 2126a and a second geometric solid portion 2126b. The first and second geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b collectively define a cavity 2122.

[0176] The substrate 2102, the diffuse reflectors 2104a and 2104b, the light emitting diodes 2108, and the reflective end panels 2112 may be similar or identical to the substrate 1402, the diffuse reflectors 1404a and 1404b, the light emitting diodes 1408 and the reflective end panels 1412. Although the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b are similar to the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b, they are different in that the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b include curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b (as opposed to the planar exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions

1426a, 1426b) and the cavity 2122 defined by the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b has a cross-section other than a strictly triangular shaped cross-section.

[0177] In contrast to the cavity 1422 which has two planar "side" surfaces/faces (e.g., at apertures 1424a, 1424b) and has a triangular-shaped cross-section, the cavity 2122 has four planar "side" surfaces/faces 2124a, 2124b, 2142a and 2142b and has a more complex cross-section (the shape of a triangular prism resting atop a rectangular cuboid) than a triangular-shaped cross-section. Due to the differences in the "side" surfaces/faces between the cavity 2122 and the cavity 1422, it will be appreciated that the distribution of light exiting the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b of the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b will be different from the distribution of light exiting the planar exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b. Otherwise, the luminaire 2100 functions in a manner similar to the luminaire 1400. In various aspects, the interior angle of the cross-section of the cavity 2122 at the "top" or apex 2140 is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees. Also, in various aspects the cross-section of the cavity 2122 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2108 in the plane of the cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2108 in the plane of the cross-section.

Furthermore, the luminaire 2100 realizes an improved energy efficiency in comparison to know luminaires and the cross-sectional shape of the cavity 2122 may be adjusted by introducing more curvature in its walls or otherwise changing the shape of the cavity 2022 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 2100 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.

[0178] As was the case with other curved surfaces in previous aspects of the above-described luminaires, the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b of the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b of the luminaire 2100 have cross-sections which are built up from circular arcs. In other aspects, the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b can be built up from parabolic, hyperbolic or elliptical arcs or any other type of curved surface. In general, the shape of all the surfaces that interact with light in the various aspects of the above-described luminaires can be optimized utilizing optical design software such as Light Tools available from Synopsys, Inc., Mountain View, CA. As a result, these surfaces may have curvatures not easily characterized as being based on conic sections or other well-known curve shapes.

[0179] Although not shown in FIG. 21 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 2100 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 2100 may be similar or identical to the anti -glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2100. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 2100 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b of the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b. The anti -glare coating may be applied to the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b of the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 2100 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b so as to operate on light exiting the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b of the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b of the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b.

[0180] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 2100 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b of the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b can be treated exterior surfaces which operate to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 2100 which do not include the anti -glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b of the geometric solid portions 2126a, 2126b in a manner (e.g., roughening the curved exterior surfaces 2138a, 2138b to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2100.

[0181] FIG. 22 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 2200 according to various aspects. The luminaire 2200 is similar to the luminaire 1400 but is different. The luminaire 2200 includes a substrate 2202, a first diffuse reflector 2204a, a second diffuse reflector 2204b, a plurality of light emitting diodes 2208 (only one of which is shown), reflective end panels 2212 (not shown), a first portion of geometric solid 2226a and a second portion of a geometric solid 2226b. The geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b collectively define a cavity 2222 which is similar or identical to the cavity 1422 (or the cavity 1322, the cavity 1822, etc.). For example, according to various aspects, the luminaire 2200 may include a reflector (not shown) at the "top" or apex of the cross- section of the cavity 2222.

[0182] The substrate 2202, the reflectors 2204a, 2204b, the light emitting diodes 2208 and the reflective end panels 2212 may be similar or identical to the substrate 1402, the reflectors 1404a and 1404b, the light emitting diodes 1408 and the reflective end panels described hereinabove. Although the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b are similar to the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b, they are different in that the geometric solid portion 2226a includes both a planar exterior surface 2238a and a curved exterior surface 2240a through which light exits the luminaire 2200 and the geometric solid portion 2226b includes both a planar exterior surface 2238b and a curved exterior surface 2240b through which light exits the luminaire 2200 (as opposed to just the planar exterior surface 1438a of the first geometric solid portion 1426a and the planar exterior surface 1438b of the second geometric solid portion 1426b).

[0183] As shown in FIG. 22, the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b are joined together side-by-side and are conjoined into a single geometric solid which is formed from a transparent material and defines a longitudinal axis (not shown) of the luminaire 2100. According to various aspects, the geometric solid portion 2226a is conjoined with the geometric solid portion 2226b along an entire length of the single geometric solid. The geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b have cross-sections bounded by the curved exterior surfaces 2236a, 2236b, 2240a, 2240b and the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b. The cross-section of the geometric solid portion 2226a is substantially a mirror- image of the cross-section of the geometric solid portion 2226b. According to various aspects, the conjoined geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b can be extruded, molded or cast from a transparent material.

[0184] Due to the differences in the surfaces of the geometric solid portions through which light exits the luminaire 2200 and the luminaire 1400, it will be appreciated that the distribution of light exiting the combination of the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b and the curved exterior surfaces 2240a, 2240b of the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b will be different from the distribution of light exiting the planar exterior surfaces 1438a, 1438b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b. Otherwise, the luminaire 2200 functions in a manner similar to the luminaire 1400. Thus, in various aspects the interior angle of the triangular cross-section of the cavity 2222 at the "top" or apex is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees. Also, in various aspects the triangular cross-section of the cavity 2222 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2208 in the plane of the triangular cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2208 in the plane of the triangular cross-section. Furthermore, the cross-sectional shape of the exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b, 2240a, 2240b through which light exits the luminaire 2200 may be adjusted by introducing more curvature in its walls or otherwise changing the cross- sectional shape of the exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b, 2240a, 2240b so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 2100 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.

[0185] Additionally, although the cavity 2222 is shown as having a triangular- shaped cross-section, it will be appreciated that according to various aspects the cross- sectional shape of the cavity 2222 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its walls or otherwise changing the shape of the cavity 2222 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 2200 and/or to satisfy a desired

distribution of light.

[0186] Although not shown in FIG. 22 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 2200 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 2200 may be similar or identical to the anti -glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2200. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 2200 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b and/or the curved exterior surfaces 2240a, 2240b of the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b and/or the curved exterior surfaces 2240a, 2240b of the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 2200 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b so as to operate on light exiting the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b and/or the curved exterior surfaces 2240a, 2240b of the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b and/or the curved exterior surfaces 2240a, 2240b of the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b. [0187] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 2200 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b and/or the curved exterior surfaces 2240a, 2240b of the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b can be treated exterior surfaces which operate to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 2200 which do not include the anti-glare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b and/or the curved exterior surfaces 2240a, 2240b may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b and/or the curved exterior surfaces 2240a, 2240b of the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b in a manner (e.g., roughening the planar exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b and/or the curved exterior surfaces 2240a, 2240b to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2200. It will be appreciated that according to various aspects, the luminaire 2200 may include the anti-glare or light diffusing material as well as treated exterior surfaces which operate to reduce the amount of glare.

[0188] In the above-described luminaires, diffuse reflectors are or can be located either on an external surface (or surfaces) of a transparent geometric solid (or geometric solid portions) or alternatively on a surface of a mounting case. For example, the diffuse reflectors 1404a, 1404b are located on the external surfaces 1436a, 1436b of the geometric solid portions 1426a, 1426b of the luminaire 1400, and the diffuse reflectors 1804a, 1804b are located on the mounting case 1828 of the luminaire 1800. However, in some applications the distribution of light is improved by using a combination which includes a diffuse reflector (or diffuse reflectors) located on a mounting case and diffuse reflectors patterned onto one or more of the surfaces that bound one or both of the portions of the transparent geometric solid. [0189] FIG. 23 illustrates a cross-section of another luminaire 2300 according to various aspects. The luminaire 2300 is similar to the luminaire 1800, but is different. The luminaire 2300 includes a substrate 2302, a first diffuse reflector 2304a, a second diffuse reflector 2304b, a plurality of light emitting diodes 2308 (only one of which is shown), reflective end panels 2312 (not shown), a first geometric solid portion 2326a and a second geometric solid portion 2326b. The first and second geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b collectively define a cavity 2322 which is similar or identical to the cavity 1822.

[0190] The reflectors 2304a, 2304b, the light emitting diodes 2308, the reflective end panels 2312 and the geometric solid portions 2326a and 2326b may be similar or identical to the reflectors 1804a, 1804b, the light emitting diodes 1808, the reflective end panels 1812 and the geometric solid portions 1826b and 1826b. However, the luminaire 2300 is different from the luminaire 1800 in that the luminaire 2300 includes the substrate 2302 in lieu of the mounting case 1828 and in that the luminaire 2300 further includes reflectors 2340a, 2340b connected to, coated on or adhered to portions of the curved exterior surfaces 2336a, 2336b of the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b.

[0191] The substrate 2302 includes five planar surfaces which surround the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b and the diffuse reflectors 2304a, 2304b are connected to, coated on or adhered to a surface of the substrate 2302. In some aspects, the reflectors 2340a, 2340b are patterned onto the portions of the curved surfaces 2336a, 2336b of the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b. When light enters the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b from the cavity 2322 through the apertures 2324a, 2324b and passes through the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b, some of that light exits through the curved surfaces 2336a, 2336b and then strikes the reflectors 2340a, 2340b. The light is then directed back through the curved surfaces 2336a, 2336b into the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b and subsequently into the outside environment. It will be appreciated that by patterning variously shaped areas of diffuse reflector directly onto the curved surfaces 2336a, 2336b of the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b, the distribution of the light emitted from the luminaire 2300 can be altered to meet specific light distribution requirements.

[0192] Otherwise, the luminaire 2300 functions in a manner similar to the luminaire 1800. Thus, in various aspects the interior angle of the triangular cross-section of the cavity 2322 at the "top" or apex is ninety degrees or less, and in some aspects is substantially less than ninety degrees. Also, in various aspects the triangular cross- section of the cavity 2322 into which light is emitted subtends an angle of at least 160 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2308 in the plane of the triangular cross-section, and in some aspects subtends an angle of at least 180 degrees over the light emitting diodes 2308 in the plane of the triangular cross-section. Furthermore, the luminaire 2300 realizes an improved energy efficiency in comparison to know luminaires and the cross- sectional shape of the cavity 2322 may be adjusted by introducing curvature or more curvature in its walls or otherwise changing the shape of the cavity 2322 so as to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire 2300 and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light.

[0193] Although not shown in FIG. 23 for purposes of simplicity, according to various aspects the luminaire 2300 includes an optional anti-glare or light diffusing material which is optically connected to the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b. The anti-glare or light diffusing material of the luminaire 2300 may be similar or identical to the anti -glare material 430 described hereinabove, and operates to reduce the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2300. According to various aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 2300 forms part of an anti-glare coating (e.g., Vuegard 912AG available from Performance Coatings International Laboratories LLC, Bangor, PA) which is applied to the exterior surfaces 2238a, 2238b of the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b. The anti-glare coating may be applied to the exterior surfaces 2338a, 2338b of the geometric solid portions 2226a, 2226b by, for example, a spray coating process or a roller coating process. According to other aspects, the anti-glare material of the luminaire 2300 forms part of an anti-glare film (e.g., Optigraphix Light Diffuser Film DFPMHT available from Graphix Plastics, Cleveland, OH). The anti-glare film can be positioned external to but proximate the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b so as to operate on light exiting the exterior surfaces 2338a, 2338b of the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b. Alternatively, the ant-glare film can include an adhesive material which is utilized to affix the anti-glare film to the exterior surfaces 2338a, 2338b of the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b.

[0194] According to various aspects, in lieu of the luminaire 2300 including the anti-glare or light diffusing material, the exterior surfaces 2338a, 2338b of the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b can be treated exterior surfaces which operate to reduce the amount of glare compared to aspects of the luminaire 2300 which do not include the antiglare material or light diffusing material. For such aspects, the exterior surfaces 2338a, 2338b may be treated by an abrasive blasting such as, for example, a bead blasting to alter the exterior surfaces 2338a, 2338b of the geometric solid portions 2326a, 2326b in a manner (e.g., roughening the exterior surfaces 2338a, 2338b to break up hot spot images) which reduces the amount of glare associated with light emanating from the luminaire 2300.

[0195] Although not shown in FIG. 23 for purposes of simplicity, it will be appreciated that the respective "ends" of the cavity 2322 (the ends proximate the reflective end panels 2312) may have respective reflectors connected to, coated on or adhered to each of the respective "ends" of the cavity 2322. These reflectors may include any suitable material and according to various aspects, may include the same material(s) as the reflector 104. Thus, it will be appreciated that these reflectors may be considered as being white in color.

[0196] In view of the above, it will be appreciated that the cross-section of the cavities described herein can be modified to improve the energy-efficiency of the luminaires, to improve the optical efficiency of the luminaires, to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaires and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light. It will also be appreciated that the cross-sectional shape of the geometric solids described herein, especially the surfaces thereof from which light exits the luminaires, can be modified to improve the energy-efficiency of the luminaires, to improve the optical efficiency of the luminaires, to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaires and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light. It will be further appreciated that the number, shape and location of the reflectors and reflective surfaces described herein can be modified to improve the energy-efficiency of the luminaires, to improve the optical efficiency of the luminaires, to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaires and/or to satisfy a desired distribution of light. In brief, the exact configuration of a given luminaire can be tailored to meet a desired energy-efficiency, a desired optical efficiency, a desired distribution of light and/or to optimize the uniformity of light output by the luminaire.

[0197] Examples

[0198] Example 1 - A luminaire is provided. The luminaire comprises a geometric solid. The geometric solid comprises a first geometric solid portion formed from an optically clear material and a second geometric solid portion formed from the optically clear material, wherein the first and second geometric solid portions are conjoined along an entire length of the geometric solid and collectively define a cavity. The luminaire also comprises a plurality of discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity, a first aperture positioned to allow a first portion of light in the cavity to pass into the first geometric solid portion, and a second aperture positioned to allow a second portion of the light in the cavity to pass into the second geometric solid portion. The cavity is configured to subtend an angle of at least 180 degrees over at least one of the discrete light sources in a plane of a cross-section of the cavity.

[0199] Example 2 -The luminaire of Example 1, wherein the first geometric solid portion comprises a first curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid and a first planar surface extending the length of the geometric solid, and wherein the second geometric solid portion comprises a second curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid and a second planar surface extending the length of the geometric solid.

[0200] Example 3 - The luminaire of Example 2, wherein the first geometric solid portion further comprises a third planar surface extending the length of the geometric solid, and the second geometric solid further comprises a fourth planar surface extending the length of the geometric solid.

[0201] Example 4 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2 or 3, wherein a cross-section of the first geometric solid portion is a mirror image of a cross-section of the second geometric solid portion.

[0202] Example 5 - The luminaire of Example 1, wherein the first geometric solid portion comprises a first curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid and a second curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid, and wherein the second geometric solid portion comprises a third curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid and a fourth curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid. [0203] Example 6 - The luminaire of Examples 1 or 5, wherein a cross-section of the first geometric solid portion is a mirror image of a cross-section of the second geometric solid portion.

[0204] Example 7 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, wherein the cavity extends along the length of the geometric solid.

[0205] Example 8 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein the cavity comprises air.

[0206] Example 9 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, wherein the cavity comprises another optically clear material.

[0207] Example 10 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, wherein a cross-section of the cavity comprises a triangular-shaped cross-section, wherein an interior angle of an apex of the triangular-shaped cross section of the cavity is less than 90 degrees.

[0208] Example 11 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, wherein a cross-section of the cavity comprises a cross-section having a planar base, a curved first side connected to the planar base and a curved second side connected to the planar base, wherein the curved first side meets the curved second side at an apex of the cavity.

[0209] Example 12 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, wherein a cross-section of the cavity comprises a cross-section having a planar base, a planar first side connected to the planar base, a planar second side connected to the planar base, a planar third side connected to the planar first side and a planar fourth side connected to the planar second side, wherein the planar third side meets the planar fourth side at an apex of the cavity. [0210] Example 13 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7 ,8 ,9, 10, 11 or

12, wherein at least one of the geometric solid and the cavity comprises an extruded material.

[0211] Example 14 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 10, 11, 12 or 13, wherein at least one of the plurality of discrete light sources comprises a light emitting diode.

[0212] Example 15 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, wherein the geometric solid defines a longitudinal axis and the plurality of discrete light sources are aligned with the longitudinal axis.

[0213] Example 16 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14, wherein the geometric solid defines a longitudinal axis and at least one of the plurality of discrete light sources is offset from the longitudinal axis.

[0214] Example 17 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12,

13, 14, 15 or 16, further comprising a reflective material positioned in the cavity.

[0215] Example 18 - The luminaire of Example 17, wherein the reflective material defines at least one of a first surface of the cavity and a second surface of the cavity.

[0216] Example 19 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or 18, further comprising a reflector positioned to reflect light which exited from the geometric solid back into the geometric solid.

[0217] Example 20 - The luminaire of Example 19, wherein the reflector is connected to a surface of the geometric solid.

[0218] Example 21 - The luminaire of Example 19, wherein the reflector is patterned onto a curved surface of the geometric solid. [0219] Example 22 - The luminaire of Example 19, wherein the reflector is external to the geometric solid.

[0220] Example 23 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 or 22, further comprising a first reflective surface positioned adjacent a first end of the geometric solid and a second reflective surface positioned adjacent a second end of the geometric solid.

[0221] Example 24 - The luminaire of Examples 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 or 23, further comprising an anti-glare material optically connected to the first and second geometric solid portions.

[0222] Example 25 - A luminaire is provided. The luminaire comprises a geometric solid. The geometric solid is formed from an optically clear material and comprises a first geometric solid portion and a second geometric solid portion conjoined with the first geometric solid portion along an entire length of the geometric solid. The luminaire also comprises a cavity defined by the first and second geometric solid portions, a plurality of discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity, a first aperture positioned to allow a first portion of light in the cavity to pass into the first geometric solid portion, and a second aperture positioned to allow a second portion of the light in the cavity to pass into the second geometric solid portion. An interior angle of an apex of a cross-section of the cavity is less than 90 degrees and the cavity is configured to subtend an angle of at least 180 degrees over at least one of the discrete light sources in a plane of the cross-section of the cavity.

[0223] Although the various aspects of the luminaires have been described herein in connection with certain disclosed aspects, many modifications and variations to those aspects may be implemented. Also, where materials are disclosed for certain

components, other materials may be used. Furthermore, according to various embodiments, a single component may be replaced by multiple components, and multiple components may be replaced by a single component, to perform a given function or functions. The foregoing description and the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and variations as falling within the scope of the disclosed aspects.

[0224] While this invention has been described as having exemplary designs, the described invention may be further modified within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles.

[0225] Any patent, patent application, publication, or other disclosure material, in whole or in part, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein is incorporated herein only to the extent that the incorporated materials does not conflict with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth in this disclosure. As such, and to the extent necessary, the disclosure as explicitly set forth herein supersedes any conflicting material incorporated herein by reference. Any material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions, statements, or other disclosure material set forth herein will only be incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises between that incorporated material and the existing disclosure material.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A luminaire, comprising:

a geometric solid, comprising:

a first geometric solid portion formed from an optically clear material; and a second geometric solid portion formed from the optically clear material, wherein the first and second geometric solid portions are conjoined along an entire length of the geometric solid and collectively define a cavity;

a plurality of discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity;

a first aperture positioned to allow a first portion of light in the cavity to pass into the first geometric solid portion; and

a second aperture positioned to allow a second portion of the light in the cavity to pass into the second geometric solid portion, wherein:

the cavity is configured to subtend an angle of at least 180 degrees over at least one of the discrete light sources in a plane of a cross-section of the cavity.

2. The luminaire of Claim 1, wherein:

the first geometric solid portion comprises:

a first curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid; and a first planar surface extending the length of the geometric solid; and the second geometric solid portion comprises:

a second curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid; and a second planar surface extending the length of the geometric solid.

3. The luminaire of Claim 2, wherein:

the first geometric solid portion further comprises a third planar surface extending the length of the geometric solid; and

the second geometric solid portion further comprises a fourth planar surface extending the length of the geometric solid.

4. The luminaire of Claim 3, wherein a cross-section of the first geometric solid portion is a mirror image of a cross-section of the second geometric solid portion.

5. The luminaire of Claim 1, wherein:

the first geometric solid portion comprises:

a first curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid; and a second curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid; and the second geometric solid portion comprises:

a third curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid; and a fourth curved surface extending the length of the geometric solid.

6. The luminaire of Claim 5, wherein a cross-section of the first geometric solid portion is a mirror image of a cross-section of the second geometric solid portion.

7. The luminaire of Claim 1, wherein the cavity extends along a length of the geometric solid.

8. The luminaire of Claim 7, wherein the cavity comprises air.

9. The luminaire of Claim 7, wherein the cavity comprises another optically clear material.

10. The luminaire of Claim 7, wherein a cross-section of the cavity comprises a triangular-shaped cross-section, wherein an interior angle of an apex of the triangular- shaped cross-section of the cavity is less than 90 degrees.

11. The luminaire of Claim 7, wherein a cross-section of the cavity comprises a cross-section having:

a planar base;

a curved first side connected to the planar base; and

a curved second side connected to the base, wherein the curved first side meets the curved second side at an apex of the cavity.

12. The luminaire of Claim 7, wherein a cross-section of the cavity comprises a cross-section having:

a planar base;

a planar first side connected to the planar base;

a planar second side connected to the planar base;

a planar third side connected to the planar first side; and

a planar fourth side connected to the planar second side, wherein the planar third side meets the planar fourth side at an apex of the cavity.

13. The luminaire of Claim 1, wherein at least one of the geometric solid and the cavity comprises an extruded material.

14. The luminaire of Claim 1, wherein at least one of the plurality of discrete light sources comprises a light emitting diode.

15. The luminaire of Claim 1, wherein:

the geometric solid defines a longitudinal axis; and

the plurality of discrete light sources are aligned with the longitudinal axis.

16. The luminaire of claim 1, wherein:

the geometric solid defines a longitudinal axis; and

at least one of the plurality of discrete light sources is offset from the longitudinal axis.

17. The luminaire of Claim 1, further comprising a reflective material positioned in the cavity.

18. The luminaire of Claim 17, wherein the reflective material defines at least one of the following:

a first surface of the cavity; and

a second surface of the cavity.

19. The luminaire of Claim 1, further comprising a reflector positioned to reflect light which exited from the geometric solid back into the geometric solid.

20. The luminaire of Claim 19, wherein the reflector is connected to a surface of the geometric solid.

21. The luminaire of Claim 19, wherein the reflector is patterned onto a curved surface of the geometric solid.

22. The luminaire of Claim 19, wherein the reflector is external to the geometric solid.

23. The luminaire of Claim 1, further comprising:

a first reflective surface positioned adjacent a first end of the geometric solid; and a second reflective surface positioned adjacent a second end of the geometric solid.

24. The luminaire of Claim 1, further comprising an anti-glare material optically connected to the first and second geometric solid portions.

25. A luminaire, comprising:

a geometric solid formed from an optically clear material, the geometric solid comprising:

a first geometric solid portion; and

a second geometric solid portion conjoined with the first geometric solid portion along an entire length of the geometric solid;

a cavity defined by the first and second geometric solid portions;

a plurality of discrete light sources positioned to emit light into the cavity; a first aperture positioned to allow a first portion of light in the cavity to pass into the first geometric solid portion; and

an interior angle of an apex of a cross-section of the cavity is less than 90 degrees; and

the cavity is configured to subtend an angle of at least 180 degrees over at least one of the discrete light sources in a plane of the cross-section of the cavity.