WO2015064772A1 - カーボンナノチューブ - Google Patents
カーボンナノチューブ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015064772A1 WO2015064772A1 PCT/JP2014/079655 JP2014079655W WO2015064772A1 WO 2015064772 A1 WO2015064772 A1 WO 2015064772A1 JP 2014079655 W JP2014079655 W JP 2014079655W WO 2015064772 A1 WO2015064772 A1 WO 2015064772A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/158—Carbon nanotubes
- C01B32/168—After-treatment
- C01B32/178—Opening; Filling
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/158—Carbon nanotubes
- C01B32/16—Preparation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2202/00—Structure or properties of carbon nanotubes
- C01B2202/20—Nanotubes characterized by their properties
- C01B2202/32—Specific surface area
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2202/00—Structure or properties of carbon nanotubes
- C01B2202/20—Nanotubes characterized by their properties
- C01B2202/36—Diameter
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/70—Nanostructure
- Y10S977/734—Fullerenes, i.e. graphene-based structures, such as nanohorns, nanococoons, nanoscrolls or fullerene-like structures, e.g. WS2 or MoS2 chalcogenide nanotubes, planar C3N4, etc.
- Y10S977/742—Carbon nanotubes, CNTs
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
- Y10S977/84—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure
- Y10S977/842—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure for carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbon nanotube.
- Carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional nanomaterials composed of only carbon atoms, having a diameter of 0.4 to 50 nm and a length of approximately 1 to several 100 ⁇ m.
- the chemical structure is expressed by rolling and joining graphite layers, and a single-walled carbon nanotube is a single-walled carbon nanotube.
- Patent Document 1 describes a CNT having an open end. Such CNTs have a larger specific surface area than CNTs that do not have open ends.
- Patent Document 2 describes a technique for increasing the specific surface area of single-walled CNTs by performing an opening process in which holes are formed in the tips and side walls of single-walled CNTs by oxidation.
- CNT has a large specific surface area in order to exhibit properties such as substance and energy retention, energy transfer, and energy dispersibility, but from the viewpoint of fully exploiting the potential properties of CNT.
- the possibility of utilizing the inside of the CNT is high.
- Patent Document 2 requires an opening process such as an oxidation process for the synthesized aligned CNT aggregate, which takes a lot of work. Therefore, there is a need for a CNT that does not require an opening process such as an oxidation process and that can effectively utilize the interior as it is synthesized.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a carbon nanotube that can be used effectively without being subjected to an opening treatment while being synthesized.
- the increase in the opening of CNT can be grasped by the increase in the internal specific surface area.
- the present inventors diligently studied to achieve the above object, and in a method for supplying a source gas to a catalyst and growing CNTs by a chemical vapor deposition method (hereinafter also referred to as “CVD method”), a specific method is used. By applying the conditions, it was found that a CNT having a large number of side wall openings with a large ratio of the internal specific surface area to the total specific surface area, the tip not opened, and without performing an opening treatment after growth was obtained. It was.
- a continuous CNT manufacturing apparatus in which units for performing a formation process, a growth process, and a cooling process are connected on a catalyst base material in which a catalyst is formed on a base material having an area of 400 cm 2 or more by a wet process. It was important to use and grow CNTs.
- the gist configuration of the present invention completed based on the above findings is as follows.
- One of the major features of the carbon nanotube of the present invention is that the t-plot obtained from the adsorption isotherm shows an upwardly convex shape without being subjected to opening treatment.
- the bending point of the t plot is preferably in the range of 0.2 ⁇ t (nm) ⁇ 1.5.
- the total specific surface area S1 and the internal specific surface area S2 obtained from the t plot satisfy 0.05 ⁇ S2 / S1 ⁇ 0.30.
- the average outer diameter is preferably 2 to 5 nm.
- the inside of the carbon nanotube of the present invention can be used effectively without being subjected to the opening treatment.
- FIG. 2 is a TEM image of the CNT of Example 1. It is a schematic diagram which shows the structure of the CNT manufacturing apparatus used for the comparative example. It is a graph which shows t plot of a comparative example. It is a TEM image of CNT of a comparative example.
- the CNTs of the present invention can be produced by a method in which a raw material gas is supplied to a substrate having a catalyst layer on the surface (hereinafter referred to as “catalyst substrate”), and the CNTs are grown on the catalyst layer by a CVD method. .
- a large number of CNTs are oriented in a direction substantially perpendicular to the catalyst substrate to form an aggregate.
- this is called “CNT aligned aggregate”.
- An object obtained by collectively separating the aligned CNT aggregates from the catalyst substrate is referred to as “CNT” in this specification.
- the CNT of the present invention is not subjected to opening treatment, and one of the major features is that the t plot obtained from the adsorption isotherm shows a convex shape upward.
- the t plot is obtained based on data measured by the nitrogen gas adsorption method.
- Adsorption is a phenomenon in which gas molecules are removed from the gas phase to the solid surface, and is classified into physical adsorption and chemical adsorption based on the cause.
- physical adsorption is used. If the adsorption temperature is constant, the number of nitrogen gas molecules adsorbed on the CNT increases as the pressure increases.
- the horizontal axis is the relative pressure (ratio of adsorption equilibrium pressure P and saturated vapor pressure P0), and the vertical axis is the nitrogen gas adsorption amount, which is called the “isothermal line”.
- the case of measurement is called “adsorption isotherm”, and the case of measuring the nitrogen gas adsorption amount while reducing the pressure is called “desorption isotherm”.
- the t plot is obtained by converting the relative pressure to the average thickness t (nm) of the nitrogen gas adsorption layer in the adsorption isotherm measured by the nitrogen gas adsorption method. That is, the average thickness t of the nitrogen gas adsorption layer is plotted against the relative pressure P / P0, and the average thickness t of the nitrogen gas adsorption layer corresponding to the relative pressure is obtained from the known standard isotherm to perform the above conversion. To obtain a CNT t-plot (t-plot method by de Boer et al.).
- a typical t plot of a sample (not limited to CNT) having pores on the surface is shown in FIG.
- the growth of the nitrogen gas adsorption layer is classified into the following stages (1) to (3). That is, (1) Monomolecular adsorption layer formation process with nitrogen molecules on the entire surface (2) Polymolecular adsorption layer formation and capillary condensation filling process inside the pores (3) Apparent filling of the pores with nitrogen It is possible to observe the process of forming a multi-molecular adsorption layer on a non-porous surface. The slope of the t plot changes due to the processes (1) to (3).
- FIG. 3 is a t plot of the CNT of the present invention. As shown therein, in the region where the average thickness t of the nitrogen gas adsorption layer is small, the plot is located on a straight line passing through the origin, whereas t When becomes larger, the plot becomes a position shifted downward from the straight line, and shows an upwardly convex shape.
- the shape of the t plot shows that the ratio of the internal specific surface area to the total specific surface area of the CNT is large, and a large number of openings are formed on the side wall of the CNT.
- CNTs having such a t-plot shape could be obtained conventionally by performing cleavage treatment such as oxidation after synthesis.
- the CNT of the present invention is characterized in that it exhibits a t-plot shape as described above in a state where no opening treatment is performed.
- the CNT of the present invention may include a part of the CNT having an opening at the tip, which is generated at the time of manufacture.
- the CNT of the present invention has a bending point in the range of 0.2 ⁇ t (nm) ⁇ 1.5 in the t plot.
- the bending point is preferably in the range of 0.45 ⁇ t (nm) ⁇ 1.5, and more preferably in the range of 0.55 ⁇ t (nm) ⁇ 1.0.
- the pore diameter of the opening on the side wall of the CNT is appropriate, accessibility to the inside of the CNT such as a substance is increased, and the retention of the substance and energy is improved. It is.
- the intersection of the approximate straight line A at the stage (1) and the approximate straight line B at the stage (3) is defined as a “bend point position”.
- the CNT of the present invention has a large ratio of the internal specific surface area to the total specific surface area, but the ratio of the total specific surface area S1 and the internal specific surface area S2 (S2 / S1) is 0.05 ⁇ S2 / It is preferable to satisfy S1 ⁇ 0.30.
- S2 / S1 was about 0.04 at the maximum.
- S2 / S1 can be set to 0.05 or more in a state where no opening treatment is performed.
- 0.30 is appropriate as an upper limit when production efficiency is considered.
- S1 is preferably 600 to 1800 m 2 / g, and preferably 800 to 1500 m. More preferably, it is 2 / g. If S1 is 600 m ⁇ 2 > / g or more, it is excellent in the holding
- S2 is 30 m ⁇ 2 > / g or more, it is excellent in the holding
- an appropriate upper limit of S2 is 540 m 2 / g.
- the total specific surface area S1 and the internal specific surface area S2 of the CNT of the present invention can be obtained from the t plot.
- the processes (1) and (3) are almost straight lines.
- the total specific surface area S1 is obtained from the slope of the straight line in (1), and (3).
- the external specific surface area S3 can be obtained from the slope of the straight line.
- the internal specific surface area S2 can be calculated by subtracting the external specific surface area S3 from the total specific surface area S1.
- the average outer diameter of the CNT of the present invention is preferably 2 to 5 nm.
- An average outer diameter of 2 to 5 nm is preferable because the total specific surface area S1 can be increased.
- the “average outer diameter of CNT” is defined as an arithmetic average value obtained by measuring the outer diameter of 50 arbitrary CNTs using a transmission electron microscope.
- the outer diameter of the CNT is preferably distributed within a range of 1 to 10 nm.
- the ratio of the G band peak intensity to the D band peak intensity in the Raman spectrum is preferably 1 or more, preferably 50 or less, and preferably 10 or less. Is more preferable. By being 10 or less, it has shown that there are many amorphous parts originating in opening being formed in a side wall.
- the G / D ratio is an index generally used for evaluating the quality of CNTs.
- the G band is a vibration mode derived from a hexagonal lattice structure of graphite, which is a cylindrical surface of CNT
- the D band is a vibration mode derived from an amorphous part.
- the CNT of the present invention is usually obtained as an aligned CNT aggregate at the time of production, but the height (length) at the time of production is preferably 100 to 5000 ⁇ m.
- the carbon purity of the CNT of the present invention is preferably 98% by mass or more, more preferably 99% by mass or more, and still more preferably 99.9% by mass or more, without performing purification treatment.
- the purification treatment is not performed, the carbon purity immediately after the growth becomes the purity of the final product. If desired, a purification treatment may be performed. Carbon purity can be determined by elemental analysis using fluorescent X-rays.
- the CNT of the present invention can be obtained by appropriately setting various conditions in the CVD method. Particularly important conditions are (1) growing CNTs on a substrate having an area of 400 cm 2 or more, (2) forming a catalyst on the substrate by a wet process, (3) formation process, growth process. And using a continuous CNT manufacturing apparatus in which units for performing cooling processes are connected is required. Details will be described below.
- the base material used for the catalyst base material is, for example, a flat plate-like member, and is preferably one that can maintain the shape even at a high temperature of 500 ° C. or higher.
- metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, aluminum, manganese, cobalt, copper, silver, gold, platinum, niobium, tantalum, lead, zinc, gallium, indium, germanium, and antimony And alloys and oxides containing these metals, or non-metals such as silicon, quartz, glass, mica, graphite, and diamond, and ceramics.
- the metal material is preferable because it is low in cost and easy to process as compared with silicon and ceramic, and in particular, Fe-Cr (iron-chromium) alloy, Fe-Ni (iron-nickel) alloy, Fe-Cr-Ni ( An iron-chromium-nickel alloy or the like is preferred.
- the thickness of the substrate is not particularly limited, and for example, a thin film having a thickness of about several ⁇ m to a thickness of about several cm can be used. Preferably, it is 0.05 mm or more and 3 mm or less.
- the shape of the substrate is not particularly limited, but can be rectangular or square. In the case of a square, the length of one piece is 20 cm or more, preferably 50 cm or more.
- a catalyst layer is formed on the base material (when the carburization prevention layer is provided on the base material, on the carburization prevention layer).
- the catalyst may be any as long as it can produce CNTs, and examples thereof include iron, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, and chlorides and alloys thereof. These may be combined with aluminum, alumina, titania, titanium nitride, or silicon oxide, or may be layered.
- an iron-molybdenum thin film, an alumina-iron thin film, an alumina-cobalt thin film, an alumina-iron-molybdenum thin film, an aluminum-iron thin film, an aluminum-iron-molybdenum thin film, and the like can be exemplified.
- the amount of the catalyst may be within a range in which CNT can be produced, for example.
- the film thickness is preferably 0.1 nm or more and 100 nm or less, and more preferably 0.5 nm or more and 5 nm or less. 0.8 nm or more and 2 nm or less is particularly preferable.
- the wet process includes a step of applying a coating agent obtained by dissolving a metal organic compound and / or metal salt containing an element serving as a catalyst in an organic solvent, and then a step of heating. You may add the stabilizer for suppressing the condensation polymerization reaction of a metal organic compound and a metal salt to a coating agent.
- any method such as spray coating, brush coating, spin coating, dip coating or the like may be used, but dip coating is preferred from the viewpoint of productivity and film thickness control.
- the heating temperature is preferably about 50 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 350 ° C. or lower.
- the heating time is preferably 5 minutes or more and 20 minutes or less, and more preferably 15 minutes or less.
- the catalyst layer is baked and the film thickness is reduced.
- the catalyst fine particles in the catalyst layer become easy to move, the CNT diameter changes and the frequency of bending increase, the number of defects (pores) increases, and a CNT having a large internal specific surface area is obtained. Therefore, it is preferable to suppress the decrease in the thickness of the catalyst layer before the growth process as much as possible.
- the iron thin film is formed after the alumina film is formed.
- Examples of the metal organic compound for forming the alumina thin film include aluminum trimethoxide, aluminum triethoxide, aluminum tri-n-propoxide, aluminum tri-i-propoxide, aluminum tri-n-butoxide, aluminum trimethoxide. And aluminum alkoxides such as -sec-butoxide and aluminum tri-tert-butoxide.
- Other examples of the metal organic compound containing aluminum include a complex such as tris (acetylacetonato) aluminum (III).
- Examples of the metal salt for forming the alumina thin film include aluminum sulfate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, aluminum bromide, aluminum iodide, aluminum lactate, basic aluminum chloride, basic aluminum nitrate and the like. Among these, it is preferable to use aluminum alkoxide. These can be used alone or as a mixture.
- Examples of the metal organic compound for forming the iron thin film include iron pentacarbonyl, ferrocene, acetylacetone iron (II), acetylacetone iron (III), trifluoroacetylacetone iron (II), trifluoroacetylacetone iron (III) and the like. Can be mentioned.
- Examples of the metal salt for forming the iron thin film include iron sulfate, iron nitrate, iron phosphate, iron chloride, iron bromide and other inorganic acid iron, iron acetate, iron oxalate, iron citrate, iron lactate, etc. And organic acid iron. Among these, it is preferable to use organic acid iron. These can be used alone or as a mixture.
- the stabilizer is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of ⁇ -diketones and alkanolamines.
- ⁇ -diketones include acetylacetone, methyl acetoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate, benzoylacetone, dibenzoylmethane, benzoyltrifluoroacetone, furoylacetone, and trifluoroacetylacetone, and acetylacetone and ethyl acetoacetate are particularly preferable. .
- alkanolamines include monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, N-ethyldiethanolamine, N, N-dimethylaminoethanol, diisopropanolamine, and triisopropanolamine.
- a secondary alkanolamine is preferred.
- organic solvent various organic solvents such as alcohols, glycols, ketones, ethers, esters, hydrocarbons and the like can be used, but alcohols or glycols are used because of the good solubility of metal organic compounds and metal salts. Is preferred. These organic solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- alcohol methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and the like are preferable in terms of handling properties and storage stability.
- the formation step is a step of heating at least one of the catalyst and the reducing gas while setting the environment surrounding the catalyst as the reducing gas environment.
- the formation step at least one of the effects of reducing the catalyst, promoting the atomization of the catalyst as a state suitable for the growth of CNT, and improving the activity of the catalyst appears.
- the catalyst is an alumina-iron thin film
- the iron catalyst is reduced into fine particles, and a large number of nanometer-sized iron fine particles are formed on the alumina layer.
- the catalyst is in a state suitable for the production of the aligned CNT aggregate. Even if this step is omitted, CNTs can be produced.
- the production amount and quality of the aligned CNT aggregate can be dramatically improved.
- a gas capable of producing CNTs may be used.
- hydrogen gas, ammonia, water vapor, and a mixed gas thereof can be applied.
- a mixed gas obtained by mixing hydrogen gas with an inert gas such as helium gas, argon gas, or nitrogen gas may be used.
- the reducing gas may be used in the formation process or may be used as appropriate in the growth process.
- the temperature of the catalyst and / or reducing gas in the formation step is preferably 400 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower.
- the time for the formation step is preferably 3 minutes to 20 minutes, and more preferably 3 minutes to 10 minutes. Thereby, it can suppress that baking of a catalyst layer advances during a formation process, and a film thickness reduces.
- the growth step is a step of growing an aligned CNT aggregate on the catalyst by setting the surrounding environment of the catalyst as a raw material gas environment and heating at least one of the catalyst and the raw material gas. From the viewpoint of growing CNTs with a uniform density, it is preferable to heat at least the raw material gas.
- the heating temperature is preferably 400 ° C to 1100 ° C.
- a raw material gas, an inert gas, and optionally a reducing gas and / or a catalyst activation material are introduced into a CNT growth furnace containing a catalyst base material.
- a gaseous substance containing a carbon source at the growth temperature is used.
- hydrocarbons such as methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, propylene, and acetylene are preferable.
- a lower alcohol such as methanol and ethanol
- an oxygen-containing compound having a low carbon number such as acetone and carbon monoxide may be used. Mixtures of these can also be used.
- the source gas may be diluted with an inert gas.
- the inert gas may be any gas that is inert at the temperature at which the CNT grows and does not react with the growing CNT, and preferably does not reduce the activity of the catalyst.
- noble gases such as helium, argon, neon and krypton; nitrogen; hydrogen; and a mixed gas thereof can be exemplified.
- a catalyst activator may be added.
- the catalyst activator used here is generally a substance containing oxygen, and is preferably a substance that does not significantly damage the CNT at the growth temperature.
- low carbon number oxygen-containing compounds such as water, oxygen, ozone, acid gas, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide; alcohols such as ethanol and methanol; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran; ketones such as acetone Aldehydes; esters; as well as mixtures thereof are useful.
- water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ethers are preferable, and water is particularly preferable.
- the volume concentration of the catalyst activator is not particularly limited, but a trace amount is preferable.
- a trace amount is preferable.
- it is 10 to 10,000 ppm, preferably 50 to 1000 ppm in the gas introduced into the furnace.
- the pressure in the reactor and the processing time in the growth process may be appropriately set in consideration of other conditions.
- the pressure may be 10 2 to 10 7 Pa and the processing time may be about 1 to 60 minutes. it can.
- the cooling step is a step of cooling the aligned CNT aggregate, the catalyst, and the base material under a cooling gas after the growth step. Since the aligned CNT aggregate, the catalyst, and the substrate after the growth step are in a high temperature state, they may be oxidized when placed in an oxygen-existing environment. In order to prevent this, the aligned CNT aggregate, the catalyst, and the substrate are cooled to, for example, 400 ° C. or lower, more preferably 200 ° C. or lower, in a cooling gas environment. As the cooling gas, an inert gas is preferable, and nitrogen is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of safety and cost.
- peeling process As a method of peeling single-walled CNTs from a substrate, there are methods of physically, chemically or mechanically peeling from the substrate, for example, a method of peeling using an electric field, a magnetic field, centrifugal force, or surface tension; For example, a method of directly peeling from a substrate; a method of peeling from a substrate using pressure or heat, and the like can be used.
- a simple peeling method there is a method of picking and peeling directly from a substrate with tweezers. More preferably, a thin blade such as a cutter blade can be used to cut off the substrate.
- a vacuum pump and a vacuum cleaner to suck and peel off the substrate.
- the catalyst remains on the base material, and it becomes possible to newly grow vertically aligned single-walled CNTs using the catalyst.
- a CNT manufacturing apparatus 100 for manufacturing the CNT of the present invention is schematically shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 2, the manufacturing apparatus 100 includes an inlet purge unit 1, a formation unit 2, a growth unit 3, a cooling unit 4, an outlet purge unit 5, a transport unit 6, connection units 7, 8 and 9, and gas mixing prevention means. 11, 12, 13.
- the inlet purge unit 1 is a set of devices for preventing outside air from entering the furnace from the inlet of the catalyst base 10. It has a function of replacing the surrounding environment of the catalyst substrate 10 conveyed into the manufacturing apparatus 100 with an inert purge gas such as nitrogen. Specifically, it has a chamber for holding the purge gas, an injection unit for injecting the purge gas, and the like.
- the formation unit 2 is a set of devices for realizing the formation process. Specifically, it includes a formation furnace 2A for holding the reducing gas, a reducing gas injection unit 2B for injecting the reducing gas, and a heater 2C for heating at least one of the catalyst and the reducing gas.
- the growth unit 3 is a set of apparatuses for realizing a growth process. Specifically, a growth furnace 3A, a raw material gas injection unit 3B for injecting a raw material gas onto the catalyst base 10, and a heater 3C for heating at least one of the catalyst and the raw material gas are included. An exhaust port 3 ⁇ / b> D is provided at the top of the growth unit 3.
- the cooling unit 4 is a set of devices that realizes a cooling process for cooling the catalyst base 10 on which the aligned CNT aggregate has grown. Specifically, the cooling furnace 4A for holding the cooling gas, in the case of the water-cooled type, the water-cooled cooling pipe 4C disposed so as to surround the space in the cooling furnace, and in the case of the air-cooled type, the cooling gas is injected into the cooling furnace. It has the cooling gas injection part 4B.
- the outlet purge unit 5 is a set of devices for preventing outside air from being mixed into the furnace from the outlet of the catalyst base 10. It has a function to make the surrounding environment of the catalyst substrate 10 an inert purge gas environment such as nitrogen. Specifically, it has a chamber for holding the purge gas, an injection unit for injecting the purge gas, and the like.
- the transport unit 6 is a set of apparatuses for transporting the catalyst base 10 into the furnace of the manufacturing apparatus. Specifically, a mesh belt 6A in a belt conveyor system, a belt driving unit 6B using an electric motor with a speed reducer, and the like are included.
- the substrate conveyance speed by the mesh belt 6A is preferably 300 mm / min or more. By being 300 mm / min or more, it is possible to suppress the substrate from being rapidly heated in the formation process, and the catalyst layer from being baked during the formation process, thereby reducing the film thickness.
- connection portions 7, 8, and 9 are a set of devices that spatially connect the furnace space of each unit. Specifically, a furnace or a chamber that can block the ambient environment of the catalyst base 10 and the outside air and allow the catalyst base 10 to pass from unit to unit can be used.
- the gas mixing prevention means 11, 12, 13 are a set of devices for preventing gas from being mixed with each other between adjacent furnaces (formation furnace 2A, growth furnace 3A, cooling furnace 4A) in the manufacturing apparatus 100. Yes, installed in the connecting parts 7, 8, 9.
- the gas mixture preventing means 11, 12, and 13 are mainly injected by seal gas injection portions 11B, 12B, and 13B for injecting a seal gas such as nitrogen along the opening surfaces of the inlet and outlet of the catalyst base 10 in each furnace. Exhaust portions 11A, 12A, and 13A for exhausting the sealed gas to the outside are provided.
- the catalyst base 10 placed on the mesh belt 6A is transported from the apparatus inlet to the furnace of the inlet purge unit 1, and after being treated in each furnace, from the outlet purge unit 5 through the apparatus outlet. It is transported outside the device.
- the present inventors consider the reason why the CNT of the present invention can be obtained by the above production method as follows. That is, it is presumed that the operation of the present invention relates to the gas amount Vs supplied during the formation process with respect to the amount of the substrate present in the formation unit.
- the operation of the present invention relates to the gas amount Vs supplied during the formation process with respect to the amount of the substrate present in the formation unit.
- Vs 1 sLm / cm 2 .
- Total specific surface area S1, internal specific surface area S2> The nitrogen gas adsorption isotherm of the CNT that was not subjected to the opening treatment after synthesis was measured by the method described above, and a t plot was obtained. Based on this t plot, the total specific surface area S1 and the internal specific surface area S2 were calculated by the method described above.
- Arithmetic mean roughness Ra was measured with a laser microscope (VK-9700 manufactured by KEYENCE) at an objective magnification of 50 times.
- Example 1 (Base material) A flat plate of Fe—Cr alloy SUS430 (manufactured by JFE Steel Co., Ltd., Cr: 18% by mass) having a length of 500 mm ⁇ width of 500 mm and a thickness of 0.6 mm was prepared. When the surface roughness at a plurality of locations was measured using a laser microscope, the arithmetic average roughness Ra was approximately 0.063 ⁇ m.
- a catalyst was formed on the above substrate by the following method. First, 1.9 g of aluminum tri-sec-butoxide was dissolved in 100 mL (78 g) of 2-propanol, and 0.9 g of triisopropanolamine was added and dissolved as a stabilizer to prepare a coating agent for forming an alumina film.
- the above-mentioned coating agent for forming an alumina film was applied onto the substrate in an environment of room temperature of 25 ° C. and relative humidity of 50%. As the coating conditions, the substrate was immersed, held for 20 seconds, pulled up at a lifting speed of 10 mm / second, and then air-dried for 5 minutes. Next, it heated for 15 minutes in 300 degreeC air environment, Then, it cooled to room temperature. Thereby, an alumina film having a film thickness of 40 nm was formed on the substrate.
- an iron film coating agent was applied on a substrate on which an alumina film was formed in an environment at room temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 50%. As the coating conditions, the substrate was immersed, held for 20 seconds, pulled up at a lifting speed of 3 mm / second, and then air-dried for 5 minutes. Next, in an air environment at 100 ° C., the mixture was heated for 15 minutes and then cooled to room temperature. Thereby, a catalyst generation film having a film thickness of 3 nm was formed.
- CNT synthesis An aligned CNT aggregate was manufactured by continuously performing a process including a formation process and a growth process using a continuous manufacturing apparatus as shown in FIG.
- the catalyst base described above was placed on the mesh belt of the production apparatus, and the transport speed of the mesh belt was kept constant (360 mm / min) to produce an aligned CNT aggregate on the base material.
- the conditions of each part of the manufacturing apparatus were set as follows.
- FIG. 3 shows a t plot of CNTs obtained by peeling the obtained aligned CNT aggregate from the substrate.
- Table 3 shows the total specific surface area S1, the internal specific surface area S2, S2 / S1, the inflection point t, and the average outer diameter.
- the TEM image of CNT peeled from the base material is shown in FIG. In FIG. 4, many locations where the side walls of the CNT are opened were observed. Other characteristics were a G / D ratio of 3.0, an outer diameter distribution of 1 to 9 nm, and a carbon purity of 99.9%.
- Example 2 The aligned CNT aggregate obtained in Example 1 was peeled from the substrate using a resin blade. Next, after spraying sodium carbonate powder (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) on the surface of the base material and wiping with a non-woven cloth soaked in water, the base material surface is wiped off with a sponge soaked in water, Washed with water. Catalyst formation and CNT production were carried out in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cleaning substrate thus obtained was used.
- sodium carbonate powder manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- Comparative Example 1 As a base material, a flat plate of Fe-Cr alloy SUS430 (manufactured by JFE Steel Corporation, Cr 18%) having a length of 40 mm x a width of 40 mm and a thickness of 0.6 mm was used. When the surface roughness was measured using a laser microscope, the arithmetic average roughness Ra ⁇ 0.063 ⁇ m.
- a silicon dioxide film (carburization prevention layer) having a thickness of 100 nm was formed on both the front and back surfaces of the substrate using a sputtering apparatus.
- an aluminum oxide film having a thickness of 10 nm and an iron film having a thickness of 1.0 nm were formed on the surface only by using a sputtering apparatus.
- the aligned CNT aggregate was manufactured by sequentially performing a formation process and a growth process with a batch type manufacturing apparatus 200 as shown in FIG.
- the apparatus 200 includes a reaction furnace 202 made of quartz, a heater 204 made of a resistance heating coil provided so as to surround the reaction furnace 202, and one end of the reaction furnace 202 to supply a reducing gas and a raw material gas. It includes a gas supply port 206 connected, an exhaust port 208 connected to the other end of the reaction furnace 202, and a holder 210 made of quartz for fixing the substrate. Further, although not shown, a control device including a flow rate control valve and a pressure control valve is provided at an appropriate place in order to control the flow rates of the reducing gas and the raw material gas.
- Table 2 The manufacturing conditions are shown in Table 2.
- FIG. 6 shows a t plot of CNTs obtained by peeling the obtained aligned CNT aggregate from the substrate.
- the t plot was a straight line passing through the origin.
- the evaluation results of the obtained CNT are summarized in Table 3.
- the TEM image of CNT peeled from the base material is shown in FIG. In FIG. 7, a state in which the side wall of the CNT is open was not seen.
- Other characteristics were a G / D ratio of 4.5 and a carbon purity of 99.9%.
- the units that perform the formation process, the growth process, and the cooling process were connected by the catalyst base material in which the catalyst was formed by the wet process on the base material having an area of 400 cm 2 or more.
- the CNT of Comparative Example 1 uses a batch-type CNT manufacturing apparatus with a catalyst base formed by a dry process on a base having an area of less than 400 cm 2.
- the CNTs of Examples 1 and 2 have a larger ratio of the internal specific surface area S2 to the total specific surface area S1 than the CNT of Comparative Example 1, and the tip remains unopened. It can be seen that it has a large number of openings on the side walls.
- the inside of the carbon nanotube of the present invention can be used effectively without being subjected to the opening treatment. Therefore, the carbon nanotube of the present invention is excellent in substance and energy retention, energy transmission, and energy dispersibility.
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Abstract
Description
本発明のカーボンナノチューブは、開口処理されておらず、吸着等温線から得られるtプロットが上に凸な形状を示すことを大きな特徴の1つとする。
(1)全表面への窒素分子による単分子吸着層形成過程
(2)多分子吸着層形成とそれに伴う細孔内での毛管凝縮充填過程
(3)細孔が窒素によって満たされた見かけ上の非多孔性表面への多分子吸着層形成過程を観測することができる。この(1)~(3)の過程によってtプロットの傾きに変化が生じる。
触媒基材に用いる基材は、例えば平板状の部材であり、500℃以上の高温でも形状を維持できるものが好ましい。具体的には、鉄、ニッケル、クロム、モリブデン、タングステン、チタン、アルミニウム、マンガン、コバルト、銅、銀、金、白金、ニオブ、タンタル、鉛、亜鉛、ガリウム、インジウム、ゲルマニウム、及びアンチモンなどの金属、並びにこれらの金属を含む合金及び酸化物、又はシリコン、石英、ガラス、マイカ、グラファイト、及びダイヤモンドなどの非金属、並びにセラミックなどが挙げられる。金属材料はシリコン及びセラミックと比較して、低コスト且つ加工が容易であるから好ましく、特に、Fe−Cr(鉄−クロム)合金、Fe−Ni(鉄−ニッケル)合金、Fe−Cr−Ni(鉄−クロム−ニッケル)合金などは好適である。
触媒基材において、基材上(基材上に浸炭防止層を備える場合には当該浸炭防止層の上)には、触媒層が形成されている。触媒としては、CNTの製造が可能であればよく、例えば、鉄、ニッケル、コバルト、モリブデン、並びに、これらの塩化物及び合金が挙げられる。これらが、さらにアルミニウム、アルミナ、チタニア、窒化チタン、酸化シリコンと複合化、あるいは層状になっていてもよい。例えば、鉄−モリブデン薄膜、アルミナ−鉄薄膜、アルミナ−コバルト薄膜、及びアルミナ−鉄−モリブデン薄膜、アルミニウム−鉄薄膜、アルミニウム−鉄−モリブデン薄膜などを例示することができる。触媒の存在量としては、例えば、CNTの製造が可能な範囲であればよく、鉄を用いる場合、製膜厚さは、0.1nm以上100nm以下が好ましく、0.5nm以上5nm以下がさらに好ましく、0.8nm以上2nm以下が特に好ましい。
成長工程の前にフォーメーション工程を行なうことが好ましい。フォーメーション工程とは、触媒の周囲環境を還元ガス環境とすると共に、触媒及び還元ガスの少なくとも一方を加熱する工程である。この工程により、触媒の還元、CNTの成長に適合した状態としての触媒の微粒子化促進、触媒の活性向上の少なくとも一つの効果が現れる。例えば、触媒がアルミナ−鉄薄膜である場合、鉄触媒は還元されて微粒子化し、アルミナ層上にナノメートルサイズの鉄微粒子が多数形成される。これにより触媒はCNT配向集合体の製造に好適な状態となる。この工程を省略してもCNTを製造することは可能であるが、この工程を行なうことでCNT配向集合体の製造量及び品質を飛躍的に向上させることができる。
成長工程とは、触媒の周囲環境を原料ガス環境とすると共に、触媒及び原料ガスの少なくとも一方を加熱することにより、触媒上にCNT配向集合体を成長させる工程である。均一な密度でCNTを成長させる観点からは、少なくとも原料ガスを加熱することが好ましい。加熱の温度は、400℃~1100℃が好ましい。成長工程では、触媒基材を収容するCNT成長炉内に、原料ガス、不活性ガス、随意に還元ガス及び/又は触媒賦活物質を導入して行う。
原料ガスとしては、成長温度において炭素源を含むガス状物質が用いられる。なかでもメタン、エタン、エチレン、プロパン、ブタン、ペンタン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、プロピレン、及びアセチレンなどの炭化水素が好適である。この他にも、メタノール、エタノールなどの低級アルコール、アセトン、一酸化炭素などの低炭素数の含酸素化合物でもよい。これらの混合物も使用可能である。
原料ガスは不活性ガスで希釈されてもよい。不活性ガスとしては、CNTが成長する温度で不活性であり、且つ成長するCNTと反応しないガスであればよく、触媒の活性を低下させないものが好ましい。例えば、ヘリウム、アルゴン、ネオン及びクリプトンなどの希ガス;窒素;水素;並びにこれらの混合ガスを例示できる。
CNTの成長工程において、触媒賦活物質を添加してもよい。触媒賦活物質の添加によって、CNTの生産効率や純度をより一層改善することができる。ここで用いる触媒賦活物質としては、一般には酸素を含む物質であり、成長温度でCNTに多大なダメージを与えない物質であることが好ましい。例えば、水、酸素、オゾン、酸性ガス、酸化窒素、一酸化炭素、及び二酸化炭素などの低炭素数の含酸素化合物;エタノール、メタノールなどのアルコール類;テトラヒドロフランなどのエーテル類;アセトンなどのケトン類;アルデヒド類;エステル類;並びにこれらの混合物が有効である。この中でも、水、酸素、二酸化炭素、一酸化炭素、およびエーテル類が好ましく、特に水が好適である。
成長工程における反応炉内の圧力、処理時間は、他の条件を考慮して適宜設定すればよいが、例えば、圧力は102~107Pa、処理時間は1~60分程度をすることができる。
冷却工程とは、成長工程後にCNT配向集合体、触媒、基材を冷却ガス下に冷却する工程である。成長工程後のCNT配向集合体、触媒、基材は高温状態にあるため、酸素存在環境下に置かれると酸化してしまうおそれがある。それを防ぐために冷却ガス環境下でCNT配向集合体、触媒、基材を例えば400℃以下、さらに好ましくは200℃以下に冷却する。冷却ガスとしては不活性ガスが好ましく、特に安全性、コストなどの点から窒素であることが好ましい。
単層CNTを基材から剥離する方法としては、物理的、化学的あるいは機械的に基材上から剥離する方法があり、たとえば電場、磁場、遠心力、表面張力を用いて剥離する方法;機械的に直接、基材より剥ぎ取る方法;圧力、熱を用いて基材より剥離する方法などが使用可能である。簡単な剥離法としては、ピンセットで直接基材より、つまみ、剥離させる方法がある。より好適には、カッターブレードなどの薄い刃物を使用して基材より切り離すこともできる。またさらには、真空ポンプ、掃除機を用い、基材上より吸引し、剥ぎ取ることも可能である。また、剥離後、触媒は基材上に残余し、新たにそれを利用して垂直配向した単層CNTを成長させることが可能となる。
本発明のCNTを製造するためのCNT製造装置100を図2に模式的に示す。図2に示すように、製造装置100は、入口パージ部1、フォーメーションユニット2、成長ユニット3、冷却ユニット4、出口パージ部5、搬送ユニット6、接続部7,8,9、ガス混入防止手段11,12,13を有する。
入口パージ部1は、触媒基材10の入口から炉内へ外気が混入することを防止するための装置一式である。製造装置100内に搬送された触媒基材10の周囲環境を窒素などの不活性パージガスで置換する機能を有する。具体的には、パージガスを保持するためのチャンバ、パージガスを噴射するための噴射部などを有する。
フォーメーションユニット2は、フォーメーション工程を実現するための装置一式である。具体的には、還元ガスを保持するためのフォーメーション炉2A、還元ガスを噴射するための還元ガス噴射部2B、並びに触媒及び還元ガスの少なくとも一方を加熱するためのヒーター2Cなどを有する。
成長ユニット3は、成長工程を実現するための装置一式である。具体的には、成長炉3A、原料ガスを触媒基材10上に噴射するための原料ガス噴射部3B、並びに触媒及び原料ガスの少なくとも一方を加熱するためのヒーター3Cを含んでいる。成長ユニット3の上部には排気口3Dが設けられている。
冷却ユニット4は、CNT配向集合体が成長した触媒基材10を冷却する冷却工程を実現する装置一式である。具体的には、冷却ガスを保持するための冷却炉4A、水冷式の場合は冷却炉内空間を囲むように配置した水冷冷却管4C、空冷式の場合は冷却炉内に冷却ガスを噴射する冷却ガス噴射部4Bを有する。
出口パージ部5は、触媒基材10の出口から炉内へ外気が混入することを防止するための装置一式である。触媒基材10の周囲環境を窒素などの不活性パージガス環境にする機能を有する。具体的には、パージガスを保持するためのチャンバ、パージガスを噴射するための噴射部などを有する。
搬送ユニット6は、製造装置の炉内に触媒基材10を搬送するための装置一式である。具体的には、ベルトコンベア方式におけるメッシュベルト6A、減速機付き電動モータを用いたベルト駆動部6Bなどを有する。メッシュベルト6Aによる基板の搬送速度は、300mm/min以上とするのが好ましい。300mm/min以上であることにより、フォーメーション工程で基板が速やかに加熱され、フォーメーション工程中に触媒層の焼成が進行して膜厚が減少するのを抑えることができる。
接続部7、8、9は、各ユニットの炉内空間を空間的に接続する装置一式である。具体的には、触媒基材10の周囲環境と外気を遮断し、触媒基材10をユニットからユニットへ通過させることができる炉又はチャンバなどが挙げられる。
ガス混入防止手段11,12,13は、製造装置100内の隣接する炉(フォーメーション炉2A、成長炉3A、冷却炉4A)間でガス同士が相互に混入することを防止するための装置一式であり、接続部7,8,9に設置される。ガス混入防止手段11,12,13は、各炉における触媒基材10の入口及び出口の開口面に沿って窒素等のシールガスを噴出するシールガス噴射部11B,12B,13Bと、主に噴射されたシールガスを外部に排気する排気部11A,12A,13Aとを、それぞれ有する。
上記のような製造方法で本発明のCNTが得られる理由を、本発明者らは以下のように考えている。すなわち、本発明の作用は、フォーメーションユニット内に存在する基材の量に対するフォーメーション工程中に供給するガス量Vsが関係していると推測される。図5のようなバッチ式の小型製造装置では、例えば1cm2の基材を積載し、1sLmのガスを供給することから、Vs=1sLm/cm2となる。一方、図2のような大型の連続式製造装置では、例えば15000cm2の基材を積載し、150sLmのガスを供給することから、Vs=0.01sLm/cm2となり、前者と比較して1/100程度となる。触媒微粒子が生成されるガス雰囲気の違いから、触媒微粒子の生成状態が異なり、品質の異なるCNTが合成されるものと推測される。
既述の方法で、合成後に開口処理をしていないCNTの窒素ガス吸着等温線を測定し、tプロットを得た。このtプロットに基づき、既述の方法で全比表面積S1、内部比表面積S2を算出した。
CNT配向集合体を試料とし、顕微レーザラマンシステム(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック(株)製NicoletAlmega XR)を用い、基材中心部付近のCNTを測定した。
既述の方法で測定・算出した。
算術平均粗さRaは、レーザ顕微鏡(キーエンス製VK−9700)を用いて、対物倍率50倍で測定した。
(基材)
縦500mm×横500mm、厚さ0.6mmのFe−Cr合金SUS430(JFEスチール株式会社製、Cr:18質量%)の平板を用意した。レーザ顕微鏡を用いて複数個所の表面粗さを測定したところ、算術平均粗さRa≒0.063μmであった。
上記の基材上に以下のような方法で触媒を形成した。まず、アルミニウムトリ−sec−ブトキシド1.9gを2−プロパノール100mL(78g)に溶解させ、安定剤としてトリイソプロパノールアミン0.9gを加えて溶解させて、アルミナ膜形成用コーティング剤を作製した。ディップコーティングにより、室温25℃、相対湿度50%の環境下で基材上に上述のアルミナ膜形成用コーティング剤を塗布した。塗布条件としては、基材を浸漬後、20秒間保持して、10mm/秒の引き上げ速度で基材を引き上げた後、5分間風乾した。次に、300℃の空気環境下で15分間加熱した後、室温まで冷却した。これにより、基材上に膜厚40nmのアルミナ膜を形成した。
図2に示すような連続式製造装置で、フォーメーション工程と成長工程を含む工程を連続的に行なうことでCNT配向集合体を製造した。前述の触媒基材を製造装置のメッシュベルト上に載置し、メッシュベルトの搬送速度を一定(360mm/min)にして、基材上にCNT配向集合体を製造した。製造装置の各部の条件は以下のように設定した。
得られたCNT配向集合体を基材上から剥離して得られたCNTのtプロットを図3に示す。図3から明らかなように、tプロットは、t=0.6nm付近で上に凸な形状で屈曲していた。全比表面積S1、内部比表面積S2、S2/S1、屈曲点のt、および平均外径を表3に示す。また、基材上から剥離したCNTのTEM画像を図4に示す。図4では、CNTの側壁が開口されている箇所が多数観察された。他の特性は、G/D比3.0、外径分布1~9nm、炭素純度99.9%であった。
実施例1で得られたCNT配向集合体を、樹脂製のブレードを用いて基材から剥離した。次に、その基材の表面に炭酸ナトリウムの粉末(和光純薬工業社製)を散布し、水を含ませた不織布で拭き取った後、さらに水を含ませたスポンジで基材表面を拭き取り、水洗浄した。こうして得られた洗浄基材を用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、触媒形成とCNT製造を実施した。
基材として、縦40mm×横40mm、厚さ0.6mmのFe−Cr合金SUS430(JFEスチール株式会社製、Cr18%)の平板を使用した。レーザ顕微鏡を用いて表面粗さを測定したところ、算術平均粗さRa≒0.063μmであった。
1 入り口パージ部
2 フォーメーションユニット
3 成長ユニット
4 冷却ユニット
5 出口パージ部
6 搬送ユニット
7,8,9 接続部
10 触媒基材
11,12,13 ガス混入防止手段
Claims (4)
- 開口処理されておらず、吸着等温線から得られるtプロットが上に凸な形状を示すことを特徴とするカーボンナノチューブ。
- 前記tプロットの屈曲点が0.2≦t(nm)≦1.5の範囲にある請求項1に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
- 前記tプロットから得られる全比表面積S1および内部比表面積S2が、0.05≦S2/S1≦0.30を満たす請求項1または2に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
- 平均外径が2~5nmである請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のカーボンナノチューブ。
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US9776873B2 (en) | 2017-10-03 |
CN105658573A (zh) | 2016-06-08 |
KR20160070084A (ko) | 2016-06-17 |
EP3064472B1 (en) | 2021-02-17 |
JPWO2015064772A1 (ja) | 2017-03-09 |
EP3064472A4 (en) | 2016-12-28 |
EP3064472A1 (en) | 2016-09-07 |
US20160251225A1 (en) | 2016-09-01 |
JP6048591B2 (ja) | 2016-12-21 |
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