WO2013011539A1 - 有機発光素子の製造方法 - Google Patents
有機発光素子の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013011539A1 WO2013011539A1 PCT/JP2011/004059 JP2011004059W WO2013011539A1 WO 2013011539 A1 WO2013011539 A1 WO 2013011539A1 JP 2011004059 W JP2011004059 W JP 2011004059W WO 2013011539 A1 WO2013011539 A1 WO 2013011539A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- hole injection
- layer
- tungsten oxide
- film
- organic
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/82—Cathodes
- H10K50/828—Transparent cathodes, e.g. comprising thin metal layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/10—Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of electroluminescent light sources
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/17—Carrier injection layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/17—Passive-matrix OLED displays
- H10K59/173—Passive-matrix OLED displays comprising banks or shadow masks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/12—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an organic light-emitting element (hereinafter referred to as “organic EL element”), which is an electroluminescent element, and in particular, for driving a wide luminance range from low luminance to high luminance for light source use with low power.
- organic EL element organic light-emitting element
- the organic EL element is a current-driven light emitting element and has a configuration in which a functional layer containing an organic material is provided between an electrode pair including an anode and a cathode.
- the functional layer includes a light emitting layer, a buffer layer, and the like.
- a hole injection layer for injecting holes may be disposed between the functional layer and the anode.
- For driving a voltage is applied between the electrode pair, and an electroluminescence phenomenon generated by recombination of holes injected from the anode into the functional layer and electrons injected from the cathode into the functional layer is used. Since it is self-luminous, its visibility is high, and since it is a complete solid element, it has excellent impact resistance. Therefore, its use as a light-emitting element and a light source in various display devices has attracted attention.
- Organic EL elements are roughly classified into two types depending on the type of functional layer material used.
- the first is a vapor deposition type organic EL element in which an organic low molecular weight material is mainly used as a functional layer material and is formed by a vacuum process such as a vapor deposition method.
- a coating type organic EL element is formed by using an organic polymer material or an organic low molecular weight material having good thin film formability as a functional layer material, and forming the film by a wet process such as an inkjet method or a gravure printing method.
- the vapor deposition type organic EL element is suitable for a small-sized organic EL panel, but it is very difficult to apply it to, for example, a 100-inch class full-color large-sized organic EL panel.
- the factor lies in manufacturing technology.
- a mask vapor deposition method is generally used when forming a light emitting layer separately for each color (for example, R, G, B).
- R, G, B a color that is a mask vapor deposition method for each color
- the panel has a large area, it becomes difficult to maintain the alignment accuracy of the mask due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the mask and the glass substrate, and thus a normal display cannot be manufactured.
- the functional layer is manufactured by a wet process. In this process, since the positional accuracy when the functional layer is separately applied to a predetermined position does not basically depend on the substrate size, there is a merit that a technical barrier against an increase in size is low.
- organic EL elements In order for the organic EL element to emit light efficiently and with low power consumption and high luminance, it is important to efficiently inject carriers (holes and electrons) from the electrode to the functional layer. In general, in order to inject carriers efficiently, it is effective to provide an injection layer for lowering an energy barrier (injection barrier) during injection between each electrode and a functional layer.
- an organic low molecular vapor deposition film such as copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)
- a coating film made of an organic polymer solution such as PEDOT: PSS
- an inorganic vapor deposition film such as molybdenum oxide, a sputtered film, etc.
- the hole injection layer is formed on the surface of the anode made of a transparent conductive film such as ITO or IZO, a metal film such as aluminum, or a laminate thereof.
- Tungsten oxide has excellent hole injection characteristics, but after film formation on the substrate, it is exposed to an etching solution or cleaning solution in the bank formation process, so that part of the film dissolves and the film thickness decreases, so-called “film” Can cause the problem of "reduction”.
- the film thickness is excessively reduced, it becomes difficult to set the required film thickness for the hole injection layer, and the surface state of the hole injection layer becomes rough, and the state becomes non-uniform as a whole. There is concern about the impact.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and uses a hole injection layer capable of achieving both hole injection characteristics and stability with respect to a mass production process of an organic EL panel in an organic light emitting device. It is.
- the present invention provides an organic light-emitting device capable of expecting excellent light-emitting characteristics by improving the dissolution tolerance of hole injection characteristics and exhibiting good hole injection efficiency, and a method for manufacturing the same. With the goal.
- a method for manufacturing an organic light-emitting element which is one embodiment of the present invention includes a tungsten oxide layer including tungsten oxide having an oxygen defect structure in which oxygen atoms are partially bonded to tungsten atoms, and an anode.
- tungsten oxide layer is formed under predetermined film formation conditions, an oxygen defect structure is formed in the film, and the hole injection characteristics are improved by the occupied level resulting from the structure. I found. Further, it has been found that if the tungsten oxide layer is baked under a predetermined condition strictly defined after the film formation, it is possible to improve the dissolution resistance to the etching solution and the cleaning solution used in the bank formation process while maintaining the oxygen defect structure.
- One embodiment of the present invention has been made on the basis of this finding, and a tungsten oxide layer can be formed as a hole injection layer having good hole injection characteristics while reducing the amount of film loss. Thus, the manufactured organic light emitting device can be driven at a low voltage, and excellent light emission efficiency can be expected.
- the organic EL panel is manufactured by arranging a plurality of organic light-emitting elements of one embodiment of the present invention by preventing the hole injection layer from being reduced, variation in the film thickness of the hole injection layer throughout the panel is produced. It is possible to suppress the absolute amount of light emission, and to reduce the deviation (variation) in light emission efficiency.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of an organic EL element according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. It is typical sectional drawing which shows the structure of a hole only element. It is a graph which shows the dependence of the drive voltage of a hole only element with respect to the film-forming conditions of a hole injection layer. It is a device characteristic figure which shows the relationship curve of the applied voltage and current density of a Hall only element. It is a device characteristic figure which shows the relationship curve of the applied voltage and current density of an organic EL element. It is a device characteristic figure which shows the relationship curve of the current density of organic electroluminescent element, and emitted light intensity. It is typical sectional drawing which shows the structure of the sample for photoelectron spectroscopy measurements.
- FIG. 3 is an interfacial energy diagram between a tungsten oxide layer and an ⁇ -NPD layer under film formation conditions C. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the film reduction amount with respect to a tungsten oxide film-forming rate, and a drive voltage. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the amount of WOx film reduction
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view (a) showing a configuration of an organic EL element 1C according to Embodiment 2, and a partially enlarged view (b) in the vicinity of a hole injection layer 4A. It is typical sectional drawing which shows the structure of Hall only element 1D.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view (a) showing a configuration of an organic EL element 1C according to Embodiment 2, and a partially enlarged view (b) in the vicinity of a hole injection layer 4A. It is typical sectional drawing which shows the structure of Hall only element 1D.
- FIG. 10 is a process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing an organic EL element 1C according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 10 is a process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing an organic EL element 1C according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 10 is a process diagram for explaining a method of manufacturing an organic EL element 1C according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 10 is a process diagram for explaining a manufacturing method of an organic EL element 1C according to a modification of the second embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a process diagram for explaining a manufacturing method of an organic EL element 1C according to a modification of the second embodiment. It is a device characteristic figure which shows the relationship curve of the applied voltage and current density of a Hall only element.
- W5p 3/2, W4f 5/2 by HXPS measurement of the tungsten oxide layer is a diagram showing a spectrum attributed to W4f 7/2. It is a figure (a) which shows the peak fitting analysis result concerning sample alpha shown in Drawing 33, and a figure (b) which shows the peak fitting analysis result concerning sample epsilon. It is a figure which shows the UPS spectrum of a tungsten oxide layer. It is a figure for demonstrating the structure of a tungsten trioxide crystal
- Luminance change plots ((a) and (b)) of samples ⁇ and ⁇ , enlarged views ((a1) and (b1)) near the peak appearing closest to the center point in each luminance change plot, and (a1) It is a figure ((a2), (b2)) which shows the 1st derivative of each brightness
- a tungsten oxide layer including tungsten oxide having an oxygen defect structure in which oxygen atoms are partially bonded to tungsten atoms is formed over a base layer including an anode.
- the tungsten oxide layer is baked, so that the oxygen defect structure is maintained and the etching solution used in the fourth step is counteracted.
- the tungsten oxide layer When the tungsten oxide layer is formed under the predetermined film formation conditions as described above, an oxygen defect structure is formed in the film, and the hole injection characteristics are improved by the occupied level resulting from the structure.
- the tungsten oxide layer by baking the tungsten oxide layer under a predetermined condition strictly defined after the film formation, it is possible to improve the dissolution resistance to the etching solution and the cleaning solution used in the bank formation process while maintaining the oxygen defect structure. .
- the tungsten oxide layer can be configured as a hole injection layer having a good hole injection characteristic while reducing the amount of film loss. In the organic light emitting device manufactured thereby, it is possible to expect excellent luminous efficiency as well as low voltage driving.
- the organic EL panel is manufactured by arranging a plurality of organic light-emitting elements of one embodiment of the present invention by preventing the hole injection layer from being reduced in film thickness, the variation in the finished film thickness of the hole injection layer over the entire panel can be achieved. It is possible to suppress the emission efficiency deviation (variation).
- the tungsten oxide layer in the second step, can be fired so that the film density is 5.8 g / cm 3 or more and 6.0 g / cm 3 or less.
- the electronic state in the first step, has an occupied level in a binding energy region that is 1.8 to 3.6 eV lower than the lowest binding energy in the valence band.
- the tungsten oxide layer having an oxygen defect structure may be formed to maintain the occupied level even after the second step.
- the UPS spectrum or the XPS spectrum has a raised shape in a binding energy region that is 1.8 to 3.6 eV lower than the lowest binding energy in the valence band.
- the tungsten oxide layer having the oxygen defect structure can be formed, and the raised shape can be maintained even after the second step.
- the differential spectrum of the UPS spectrum is different from the exponential function over a binding energy region that is 1.8 to 3.6 eV lower than the lowest binding energy in the valence band.
- the tungsten oxide layer having the oxygen defect structure may be formed so as to have a spectral shape expressed as a function, and a shape expressed as a function different from the exponential function may be maintained even after the second step.
- a tungsten atom having a valence of 6 and a tungsten atom having a valence of 5 are included, and the content of the pentavalent tungsten atom is 6
- the tungsten oxide layer having the oxygen defect structure is formed such that W 5+ / W 6+, which is a value divided by the content of the valent tungsten atom, is 3.2% or more and 7.4% or less, The ratio of W 5+ / W 6+ can be maintained even after two steps.
- a first step of forming a tungsten oxide layer containing tungsten oxide on a base layer including an anode a second step of baking the tungsten oxide layer, and the baking of the oxidized
- a third step of forming a partition wall material film using a partition wall material above the tungsten layer a fourth step of patterning the partition wall material film using an etchant to form a partition wall having a pattern having an opening
- a fifth step of forming an organic layer containing an organic material inside the opening, and a sixth step of forming a cathode above the organic layer a first step of forming a tungsten oxide layer containing tungsten oxide on a base layer including an anode
- a second step of baking the tungsten oxide layer and the baking of the oxidized
- a third step of forming a partition wall material film using a partition wall material above the tungsten layer a fourth step of patterning the partition wall material film using an etchant to form a partition wall having a pattern having an
- a UPS spectrum or an XPS spectrum The tungsten oxide layer is formed to have a raised shape in a binding energy region that is 1.8 to 3.6 eV lower than the lowest binding energy in the valence band.
- the dissolution resistance to the etching solution used in the fourth step can be improved while maintaining the raised structure of the UPS spectrum or the XPS spectrum. .
- a first step of forming a tungsten oxide layer containing tungsten oxide on a base layer containing an anode, a second step of baking the tungsten oxide layer, and the baking of the oxidized A third step of forming a partition wall material film using a partition wall material above the tungsten layer; a fourth step of patterning the partition wall material film using an etchant to form a partition wall having a pattern having an opening; A fifth step of forming an organic layer containing an organic material inside the opening, and a sixth step of forming a cathode above the organic layer.
- the valence is hexavalent.
- tungsten atoms tungsten atoms and valence pentavalent is, the content of the pentavalent tungsten atom is a valence divided by the content of the hexavalent tungsten atom W 5+ / W 6+ is 3
- the formed tungsten oxide layer, in the second step, by firing the tungsten oxide layer, while maintaining the ratio of the W 5+ / W 6+ can also be improved.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the organic EL element 1 in the first embodiment.
- the organic EL element 1 is a coating type in which a functional layer is applied by a wet process to form a film, and includes a hole injection layer 4 and various functional layers (here, a buffer layer 6A) including an organic material having a predetermined function. And the light emitting layer 6 ⁇ / b> B) are disposed between the electrode pair including the anode 2 and the cathode 8 in a state where the light emitting layer 6 ⁇ / b> B) is stacked on each other.
- the organic EL element 1 includes an anode 2, a hole injection layer 4, a buffer layer 6A, a light emitting layer 6B, a cathode 8 (a barium layer 8A and aluminum) with respect to one main surface of a substrate 10.
- Layer 8B) in the same order.
- a power source DC is connected to the anode 2 and the cathode 8, and power is supplied to the organic EL element 1 from the outside.
- the substrate 10 is a portion that becomes a base material of the organic EL element 1, and includes, for example, alkali-free glass, soda glass, non-fluorescent glass, phosphate glass, borate glass, quartz, acrylic resin, styrene resin, and polycarbonate resin. , Epoxy resin, polyethylene, polyester, silicon resin, or an insulating material such as alumina.
- the anode 2 is composed of a transparent conductive film made of ITO having a thickness of 50 nm.
- the structure of the anode 2 is not limited to this.
- a transparent conductive film such as IZO, a metal film such as aluminum, APC (silver, palladium, copper alloy), ARA (silver, rubidium, gold alloy), MoCr (molybdenum) Alloy films such as NiCr (alloy of chromium) and NiCr (alloy of nickel and chromium) may be used, and a plurality of these films may be laminated.
- the hole injection layer 4 is configured as a tungsten oxide layer including tungsten oxide (in the composition formula WOx, x is a real number in the range of 2 ⁇ x ⁇ 3) and having a thickness of 2 nm or more (here, 10 nm as an example). Is done. If the film thickness is less than 2 nm, it is difficult to perform uniform film formation, and it is difficult to form a Schottky ohmic connection between the anode 2 and the hole injection layer 4 described below, which is not preferable.
- the Schottky ohmic connection is stably formed when the film thickness of tungsten oxide is 2 nm or more, if the hole injection layer 4 is formed with a film thickness larger than this, the Schottky ohmic connection can be used from the anode 2 using the Schottky ohmic connection. Stable hole injection efficiency to the hole injection layer 4 can be expected.
- the film density is set to be in the range of 5.8 g / cm 3 or more and 6.0 g / cm 3 or less. This is performed immediately after film formation by baking in a baking process under a predetermined condition after the tungsten oxide film is formed (a process in which air is fired at a heating temperature of 200 ° C. to 230 ° C.
- the film density was much in 5.4 g / cm 3 or more 5.7 g / cm 3 or less, which was increased to 5.8 g / cm 3 or more 6.0 g / cm 3 or less in the range It is.
- the surface of the hole injection layer 4 is formed with a recess (recess) having a recess structure toward the anode side. This is because the surface on the light emitting layer 6B side is partially removed by the etching solution or cleaning solution used when forming the bank 5 during the bank formation.
- the recess depth of the recess is smaller than the thickness of the hole injection layer 4 in the lower portion of the recess, and the film reduction amount is considerably suppressed as compared with the conventional case by the introduction of the firing step.
- the hole injection layer 4 has a film thickness of about 14 nm immediately after film formation, and maintains a film thickness of more than half (7 nm or more) immediately after film formation even when the film is reduced.
- the hole injection layer 4 is preferably made of tungsten oxide as much as possible, but may contain a trace amount of impurities as long as it can be mixed at a normal level.
- the hole injection layer 4 is formed under specific film formation conditions.
- the film has an oxygen defect structure in which oxygen atoms are partially bonded to tungsten atoms, and in the electronic state, the upper end of the valence band, that is, the lowest binding energy in the valence band, Occupied levels exist in the binding energy region as low as 1.8 to 3.6 eV.
- This occupied level is the highest occupied level of the hole injection layer 4, and its binding energy range is closest to the Fermi level (Fermi surface) of the hole injection layer 4. Therefore, hereinafter, this occupied level is referred to as “occupied level near the Fermi surface”.
- the “occupied level” referred to in the present invention includes an electron level by an electron orbit occupied by at least one electron, that is, a level of a so-called semi-occupied orbit.
- the binding energy is substantially equal to the binding energy of the occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface of the hole injection layer 4.
- substantially equal and “interface state connection made” means that the lowest binding energy at the occupied level near the Fermi surface at the interface between the hole injection layer 4 and the buffer layer 6A, This means that the difference from the lowest binding energy in the highest occupied orbit is within a range of ⁇ 0.3 eV.
- the “interface” here refers to a region including the surface of the hole injection layer 4 and the buffer layer 6A at a distance within 0.3 nm from the surface.
- the occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface is preferably present in the whole hole injection layer 4, but may be present at least at the interface with the buffer layer 6A. Note that such an occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface is not possessed by all tungsten oxides.
- a predetermined film formation described later is performed at the inside of the hole injection layer and at the interface with the buffer layer 6A. It is a unique level that can be formed for the first time depending on conditions.
- the hole injection layer 4 has a so-called Schottky ohmic connection at the interface with the anode 2 as a feature.
- the “Schottky ohmic connection” referred to here is a difference between the Fermi level of the anode 2 and the lowest binding energy at the occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface of the hole injection layer 4 described above from the surface of the anode 2.
- the “interface” here refers to a region including the surface of the anode 2 and a Schottky barrier formed on the hole injection layer 4 side from the surface.
- the dissolution resistance of the tungsten oxide film with respect to the etching / cleaning liquid used in the bank formation process is improved in proportion to the increase in the film density of the tungsten oxide film.
- the hole injection characteristic of the tungsten oxide film decreases in inverse proportion to the increase in film density.
- hole injection characteristics and dissolution resistance have a trade-off relationship. Therefore, in the hole injection layer 4 of the first embodiment, a tungsten oxide film is formed under a predetermined condition to form the above-mentioned occupied level, and a film density is obtained by performing a baking process under strictly defined conditions after the film formation. To increase dissolution resistance. In this way, both good hole injection characteristics and dissolution resistance are highly compatible.
- the bank 5 is not essential for the present invention, and is not necessary when the organic EL element 1 is used alone.
- a buffer layer 6A and a functional layer composed of a light emitting layer 6B corresponding to one of RGB colors are formed on the surface of the hole injection layer 4 partitioned in each bank 5, a buffer layer 6A and a functional layer composed of a light emitting layer 6B corresponding to one of RGB colors are formed.
- the functional layer is formed as an organic layer containing an organic material.
- the buffer layer 6A is a layer that efficiently transports holes from the hole injection layer 4 side to the light emitting layer 6B side, and is a 20 nm thick amine organic polymer TFB (poly (9,9-di-n-). octylfluorene-alt- (1,4-phenylene-((4-sec-butylphenyl) imino) -1,4-phenylene)).
- TFB amine organic polymer
- the light emitting layer 6B is composed of F8BT (poly (9, 9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole)) which is an organic polymer having a thickness of 70 nm.
- the light emitting layer 6B is not limited to the structure made of this material, and can be configured to include a known organic material.
- the functional layer in the present invention includes a hole transport layer that transports holes, a light-emitting layer that emits light by recombination of injected holes and electrons, a buffer layer that is used for optical property adjustment or electronic block applications, etc. Or a combination of two or more layers, or all layers.
- a layer that performs a required function such as the above-described hole transport layer and light emitting layer in addition to the hole injection layer.
- the functional layer refers to a layer necessary for the organic EL element other than the hole injection layer disposed between the anode and the light emitting layer.
- the cathode 8 is configured by laminating a barium layer 8A having a thickness of 5 nm and an aluminum layer 8B having a thickness of 100 nm.
- An electron transport layer may be provided between the light emitting layer 6B and the cathode 8. Further, the barium layer 8A may be regarded as an electron transport layer (or an electron injection layer). (Operation and effect of organic EL element)
- the hole injection layer 4 since the hole injection layer 4 has an oxygen defect structure, an occupied level near the Fermi surface exists in the hole injection layer 4. A so-called interface state connection is made between the occupied level near the Fermi surface and the highest occupied orbit of the buffer layer 6A, and the hole injection barrier between the hole injection layer 4 and the buffer layer 6A is extremely small. It has become.
- the organic EL element 1 when a voltage is applied to the organic EL element 1 at the time of driving, it is buffered from the Fermi level of the anode 2 to the occupied level near the Fermi surface of the hole injection layer 4 and from the occupied level near the Fermi surface. Holes are injected relatively smoothly into the highest occupied orbit of the layer 6A at a low voltage, and high hole injection efficiency is exhibited. And in a light emitting layer 6B, a favorable light emission characteristic will be exhibited because a hole recombines with an electron.
- the difference between the Fermi level of the anode 2 and the lowest binding energy at the occupied level near the Fermi surface of the hole injection layer 4, and the lowest binding energy at the occupied level of the hole injection layer 4, The difference from the lowest binding energy in the highest occupied orbit of the buffer layer 6A is suppressed within ⁇ 0.3 eV, and the hole injection efficiency is greatly enhanced.
- the Schottky ohmic connection formed between the anode 2 and the hole injection layer 4 is not greatly affected by the degree of the surface state of the anode 2 (including characteristics such as work function) and has high stability. Yes. Therefore, when manufacturing the organic EL element 1, it is not necessary to strictly control the surface state of the anode 2, and a large number of organic EL elements 1 or organic EL elements 1 having a high hole injection efficiency are formed at a relatively low cost. Large organic EL panels can be manufactured with good yield.
- the “surface state of the anode” referred to here refers to the surface state of the anode immediately before forming the hole injection layer in the standard manufacturing process of the organic EL element or organic EL panel.
- the hole injection layer 4 dissolution resistance is imparted by increasing the film density, and the amount of film loss is suppressed.
- an occupied level exists in the film, and thereby, by exhibiting good hole injection characteristics, an effective reduction of the driving voltage can be achieved. ing.
- the structure itself using tungsten oxide as the hole injection layer has been reported in the past (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the film thickness of the optimum hole injection layer obtained in this report is about 0.5 nm, and the film thickness dependence of the element characteristics is large, and the practicality for mass-producing large organic EL panels is not shown. .
- an occupied level near the Fermi surface is positively formed in the hole injection layer.
- the present invention provides a hole injection layer made of tungsten oxide that is chemically stable and can withstand the mass production process of a large organic EL panel, and has an occupied level in the vicinity of a predetermined Fermi surface. Efficiency is obtained and low voltage driving of the organic EL element is realized.
- the hole injection layer is greatly different from the prior art in that the hole injection layer is provided with dissolution resistance and can stably maintain the hole injection characteristics.
- the whole manufacturing method of the organic EL element 1 is illustrated.
- Manufacturing method of organic EL element First, the substrate 10 is placed in a chamber of a sputter deposition apparatus. Then, a predetermined gas is introduced into the chamber, and an anode 2 made of ITO having a thickness of 50 nm is formed based on the reactive sputtering method.
- a hole injection layer 4 made of a tungsten oxide film containing tungsten oxide having an oxygen defect structure is formed on the base layer including the anode 2 (here, directly on the upper surface of the anode 2).
- the organic EL element 1 is applied to a large-sized organic EL panel that requires film formation of a large area, if the film is formed by a vapor deposition method or the like, there is a possibility that unevenness occurs in the film thickness or the like. If the film is formed by the reactive sputtering method, it is easy to avoid such film formation unevenness.
- the target is replaced with metallic tungsten, and the reactive sputtering method is performed.
- Argon gas as a sputtering gas and oxygen gas as a reactive gas are introduced into the chamber.
- argon is ionized by a high voltage and collides with the target.
- metallic tungsten released by the sputtering phenomenon reacts with oxygen gas to become tungsten oxide, and is formed on the anode 2 of the substrate 10.
- the film forming conditions at this time are set to so-called low rate conditions as will be described later.
- the deposition rate can be controlled by both the input power density of the deposition apparatus and the gas flow rate (partial pressure) ratio.
- the film formation rate decreases when the flow rate (partial pressure) of oxygen in the gas is increased.
- the gas pressure (total pressure) is more than 2.7 Pa and 7.0 Pa or less
- the ratio of the oxygen gas partial pressure to the total pressure is 50% or more and 70% or less
- the input power per target unit area (input power density) is set to be 1W / cm 2 or more 2.8W / cm less than 2.
- a porous film quality close to a vapor deposition film can be obtained.
- an oxygen defect structure in which oxygen atoms are partially bonded to tungsten atoms is formed, and the quasi-occupied state is within a binding energy region 1.8 to 3.6 eV lower than the lowest binding energy in the valence band. The position can be present well. Thereby, good hole injection characteristics can be secured.
- a baking step is performed on the formed tungsten oxide film. Specifically, atmospheric baking is performed in a temperature range of 200 ° C. to 230 ° C. for a period of 15 minutes to 45 minutes. Note that if the heating temperature is too high, if an interlayer insulating film (planarization film) or the like is provided on the surface of the substrate 10, these may be altered.
- the tungsten oxide film is hardened and baked.
- the said immediately following deposition film density was in the range of 5.4 g / cm 3 or more 5.7 g / cm 3 or less, the film density after firing process 5.8 g / cm 3 or more It changes (increases) to a high density in the range of 6.0 g / cm 3 or less.
- the oxygen defect structure in the film is maintained even after the baking step, so that the occupied level is preserved and the hole injection characteristics are not deteriorated.
- the hole injection layer 4 can be provided with at least twice the dissolution resistance of the bank material etching liquid and cleaning liquid, which will be described later, immediately after film formation. Can be efficiently suppressed.
- the hole injection layer 4 is formed.
- a photosensitive resist material preferably a photoresist material containing a fluorine-based material is prepared.
- This bank material is uniformly applied on the hole injection layer 4 and prebaked.
- a mask having an opening (bank pattern to be formed) having a predetermined shape is overlaid on the bank material film.
- etching solution a general one such as a tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution can be used.
- TMAH tetramethylammonium hydroxide
- the hole injection layer 4 is densified through the firing step, and exhibits a certain dissolution resistance against an alkali solution, water, an organic solvent, and the like. Therefore, in the bank formation process, even if the hole injection layer 4 comes into contact with the etching solution, pure water, or the like, film loss due to dissolution in the etching solution or cleaning solution is suppressed as compared with a film that does not go through the baking step. Even when the shape of the hole injection layer 4 is maintained in this manner, after the organic EL element 1 is completed, the hole injection layer 4 can be used to efficiently inject holes into the buffer layer 6A. Voltage drive can be realized satisfactorily.
- a composition ink containing an amine-based organic molecular material is dropped onto the surface of the hole injection layer 4 exposed between adjacent banks 5 by a wet process such as an inkjet method or a gravure printing method, and a solvent is removed. Remove by volatilization. Thereby, the buffer layer 6A is formed.
- composition ink containing an organic light-emitting material is dropped on the surface of the buffer layer 6A in the same manner to volatilize and remove the solvent. Thereby, the light emitting layer 6B is formed.
- the formation method of the buffer layer 6A and the light emitting layer 6B is not limited to this, and a method other than the inkjet method or the gravure printing method, for example, a known method such as a dispenser method, a nozzle coating method, a spin coating method, intaglio printing, letterpress printing, etc.
- the ink may be dropped and applied by a method.
- a barium layer 8A and an aluminum layer 8B are formed on the surface of the light emitting layer 6B by vacuum deposition. Thereby, the cathode 8 is formed.
- an additional sealing layer is provided on the surface of the cathode 8, or the entire element 1 is spatially externally provided.
- a sealing can to be isolated can be provided.
- the sealing layer can be formed of a material such as SiN (silicon nitride) or SiON (silicon oxynitride), and is provided so as to internally seal the element 1.
- the sealing can can be formed of the same material as that of the substrate 10, for example, and a getter that adsorbs moisture and the like is provided in the sealed space.
- the organic EL element 1 is completed through the above steps.
- tungsten oxide film forming conditions Tungsten oxide film forming conditions
- tungsten oxide constituting the hole injection layer 4 is formed under predetermined film formation conditions so that the hole injection layer 4 has the occupied level near the Fermi surface, and the hole injection layer 4
- the hole injection barrier between 4 and the buffer layer 6A is reduced so that the organic EL element 1 can be driven at a low voltage.
- a DC magnetron sputtering apparatus As a tungsten oxide film forming method for obtaining such performance, a DC magnetron sputtering apparatus is used, the target is metallic tungsten, the substrate temperature is not controlled, and the chamber gas is composed of argon gas and oxygen gas,
- the gas pressure (total pressure) is more than 2.7 Pa and 7.0 Pa or less, and the ratio of the oxygen gas partial pressure to the total pressure is 50% or more and 70% or less, and the input power per unit unit area (input power) density) is set to the film formation condition to be 1W / cm 2 or more 2.8W / cm less than 2, it is considered to be preferable that a film is formed by reactive sputtering.
- a hole-only element was manufactured as an evaluation device.
- the organic EL element carriers that form current are both holes and electrons, and therefore, the electric current of the organic EL element is reflected in addition to the hole current.
- the hole-only device since the electron injection from the cathode is hindered, the electron current hardly flows and the total current is composed of almost only the hole current, that is, the carrier can be regarded as almost only the hole. Suitable for evaluation.
- the specifically produced hole-only device is obtained by replacing the cathode 8 in the organic EL device 1 of FIG. 1 with gold as in the cathode 8C shown in FIG. That is, as shown in FIG. 2, an anode 2 made of an ITO thin film with a thickness of 50 nm is formed on a substrate 10, and a hole injection layer 4 made of tungsten oxide with a thickness of 30 nm is formed on the anode 2, and an amine system with a thickness of 20 nm.
- a buffer layer 6A made of TFB which is an organic polymer, a light emitting layer 6B made of F8BT which is an organic polymer having a thickness of 70 nm, and a cathode 8C made of gold having a thickness of 100 nm were sequentially laminated. Note that the bank 5 is omitted to constitute an evaluation device.
- the hole injection layer 4 was formed by a reactive sputtering method using a DC magnetron sputtering apparatus.
- the gas in the chamber was composed of at least one of argon gas and oxygen gas, and metallic tungsten was used as the target.
- the substrate temperature was not controlled, and the argon gas partial pressure, oxygen gas partial pressure, and total pressure were adjusted by the flow rate of each gas.
- Table 1 the film formation conditions are such that the total pressure, the oxygen gas partial pressure, and the input power are changed, whereby a hole provided with the hole injection layer 4 formed under each film formation condition. Only element 1B (element Nos. 1 to 14) was obtained.
- the oxygen gas partial pressure is expressed as a ratio (%) to the total pressure.
- Table 2 shows the relationship between input power and input power density of the DC magnetron sputtering apparatus.
- Each produced hole-only element 1B was connected to DC power supply DC, and the voltage was applied. The applied voltage at this time was changed, and the current value that flowed according to the voltage value was converted to a value (current density) per unit area of the element.
- the “drive voltage” is an applied voltage at a current density of 10 mA / cm 2 .
- the hole conduction efficiency of the hole injection layer 4 affects the element characteristics in each experiment of the first embodiment. It is done. However, it is clear from the evaluation result of the energy diagram described later that the hole injection barrier between the hole injection layer 4 and the buffer layer 6A is strongly reflected in the characteristics of the element.
- the hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer 4 to the buffer layer 6A is mainly considered, and the hole conduction efficiency of the hole injection layer 4 is discussed in the second embodiment.
- Table 3 shows the values of the driving voltage for the respective film-forming conditions of the total pressure, oxygen gas partial pressure, and input power of each hole-only element 1B obtained by the experiment.
- element No. of each hole only element 1B. Is indicated by a boxed number.
- FIG. 3 are graphs summarizing the film formation condition dependence of the driving voltage of each hole-only element 1B.
- Each point in FIG. 3A corresponds to an element No. from left to right.
- the drive voltages of 4, 10, and 2 are represented.
- Each point in FIG. 3B is an element No. from left to right.
- the drive voltage of 13, 10, 1 is represented.
- each point in FIG. The drive voltages of 14, 2, and 8 are represented.
- the dependence of the driving voltage on the total pressure is at least in the range where the total pressure exceeds 2.7 Pa and 4.8 Pa or less under the conditions of the oxygen gas partial pressure of 50% and the input power of 500 W.
- FIG. 5 a clear reduction in drive voltage was confirmed. It was found by another experiment that this tendency continues at least until the total pressure is 7.0 Pa or less. Therefore, it can be said that the total pressure is desirably set in the range of more than 2.7 Pa and 7.0 Pa or less.
- the dependency of the driving voltage on the oxygen gas partial pressure is at least an oxygen gas partial pressure of 50% to 70% under the conditions of a total pressure of 2.7 Pa and an input power of 500 W.
- the driving voltage decreased with the increase of the oxygen gas partial pressure.
- the oxygen gas partial pressure is preferably 50% or more and the upper limit is preferably suppressed to about 70%.
- element No. 14 satisfies all the desirable conditions of the total pressure, oxygen gas partial pressure, and input power described above. On the other hand, element No. 1 and 7 do not partially satisfy the above desirable conditions.
- the element No. No. 14 film forming conditions are film forming conditions A and element no. No. 1 film formation condition B, element No.
- the film formation condition 7 is referred to as film formation condition C.
- element no. 1 is HOD-B
- element no. 7 was also described as HOD-C.
- HOD-A As shown in FIG. 4, compared with HOD-B and HOD-C, HOD-A has the fastest rise in current density-applied voltage curve and a high current density at the lowest applied voltage. . Accordingly, it is estimated that HOD-A is superior in hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer 4 to the buffer layer 6A as compared with HOD-B and HOD-C. Note that HOD-A is an element having the lowest drive voltage among the hole-only elements 1B.
- the above is the verification regarding the hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer 4 to the buffer layer 6A in the hole only element 1B.
- the hole only element 1B has the same configuration as the organic EL element 1 except for the cathode. Therefore, also in the organic EL element 1, the dependency of the hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer 4 to the buffer layer 6A on the film formation conditions is essentially the same as that of the hole only element 1B. In order to confirm this, each organic EL element 1 using the hole injection layer 4 under the deposition conditions A, B, and C was fabricated.
- each specifically produced organic EL element 1 is formed with an anode 2 made of an ITO thin film having a thickness of 50 nm on a substrate 10 and further made of tungsten oxide having a thickness of 30 nm on the anode 2.
- Hole injection layer 4 buffer layer 6A made of TFB which is an amine organic polymer having a thickness of 20 nm
- light emitting layer 6B made of F8BT which is an organic polymer having a thickness of 70 nm
- barium having a thickness of 5 nm and aluminum having a thickness of 100 nm
- the cathode 8 made of the above was sequentially laminated. Note that the bank 5 is omitted because of the evaluation device configuration.
- the produced organic EL elements 1 under the film forming conditions A, B, and C were connected to a DC power source DC, and a voltage was applied.
- the current density-applied voltage curve at this time is shown in FIG.
- the vertical axis represents current density (mA / cm 2 )
- the horizontal axis represents applied voltage (V).
- the organic EL element 1 under the film forming condition A is BPD-A
- the organic EL element 1 under the film forming condition B is BPD-B
- the organic EL element 1 under the film forming condition C is used.
- BPD-C the organic EL element 1 under the film forming condition
- BPD-A has the fastest rise in the current density-applied voltage curve compared to BPD-B and BPD-C, and a high current density is obtained at the lowest applied voltage. .
- This is the same tendency as HOD-A, HOD-B, and HOD-C, which are hole-only elements having the same film forming conditions.
- a light emission intensity-current density curve showing the relationship of the light emission intensity according to the change in current density is shown in FIG.
- the vertical axis represents emission intensity (cd / A)
- the horizontal axis represents current density (mA / cm 2 ). From this, it can be seen that the emission intensity of BPD-A is the highest in the range of the measured current density.
- tungsten oxide constituting the hole injection layer 4 is a DC magnetron sputtering apparatus
- the target is metallic tungsten
- the substrate temperature is not controlled
- the gas in the chamber is argon gas and oxygen It is composed of gas
- the total pressure is over 2.7 Pa and 7.0 Pa or less
- the ratio of the oxygen gas partial pressure to the total pressure is 50% or more and 70% or less
- the input power density is 1 W / cm 2 or more.
- the hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer 4 to the buffer layer 6A is good, thereby achieving excellent low voltage driving and high light emission. It is assumed that efficiency is achieved.
- the conditions of input electric power were again expressed by input electric power density based on Table 2.
- the input power is adjusted so that the input power density satisfies the above conditions according to the target size.
- the hole injection layer 4 that realizes the organic EL element 1 with excellent low voltage driving and high luminous efficiency can be obtained. Note that the total pressure and oxygen partial pressure do not depend on the size of the apparatus or the target.
- the substrate temperature is not intentionally set in a sputtering apparatus arranged in a room temperature environment. Therefore, the substrate temperature is room temperature at least before film formation. However, the substrate temperature may increase by several tens of degrees Celsius during film formation.
- the organic EL element 1 in which the hole injection layer 4 is produced under the film forming condition A is the organic EL element 1 according to the first embodiment, and has an occupied level near the Fermi surface described above. This will be discussed later.
- the tungsten oxide constituting the hole injection layer 4 of the organic EL element 1 of Embodiment 1 has an occupied level near the Fermi surface.
- the occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface is formed by adjusting the film forming conditions shown in the previous experiment. Details are described below.
- the sample for photoelectron spectroscopy measurement was produced on each film-forming condition.
- a tungsten oxide layer 12 (corresponding to the hole injection layer 4) having a thickness of 10 nm is formed on the conductive silicon substrate 11 by the reactive sputtering method.
- the sample 1A under the film formation condition A will be referred to as sample A
- the sample 1A under the film formation condition B as sample B
- the sample 1A under the film formation condition C as sample C.
- Samples A, B, and C were all deposited in a sputtering apparatus and then transferred into a glove box connected to the sputtering apparatus and filled with nitrogen gas, and kept in a state where they were not exposed to the atmosphere. . And it enclosed with the transfer vessel in the said glove box, and mounted
- UPS ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
- the UPS spectrum reflects the state of the occupied level such as the valence band from the surface of the measurement object to a depth of several nm. Therefore, in this experiment, the state of the occupied level in the surface layer of the tungsten oxide layer 12 was observed using UPS.
- UPS measurement conditions are as follows. In Samples A, B, and C, since the conductive silicon substrate 11 was used, no charge-up occurred during measurement.
- FIG. 8 shows a UPS spectrum of the tungsten oxide layer 12 of Sample A.
- the origin of the binding energy on the horizontal axis is the Fermi level of the conductive silicon substrate 11, and the left direction is the positive direction.
- the UPS spectrum shown by tungsten oxide the largest and steep rise is uniquely determined.
- a tangent line passing through the rising inflection point is defined as a line (i), and an intersection with the horizontal axis is defined as a point (iii).
- the UPS spectrum of tungsten oxide is divided into a region (x) located on the high bond energy side from the point (iii) and a region (y) located on the low bond energy side.
- the ratio of the number of tungsten atoms to oxygen atoms in samples A, B, and C is approximately 1: 3.
- This composition ratio was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Specifically, using the photoelectron spectrometer, as in the UPS measurement, the tungsten oxide layer 12 is subjected to XPS measurement without exposure to the atmosphere, and tungsten and oxygen at a depth of several nm from the surface of the tungsten oxide layer 12 are measured. The composition ratio was estimated. In Table 4, the conditions for forming the tungsten oxide layer 12 are also shown.
- the tungsten oxide layer 12 has an atomic arrangement based on tungsten trioxide, that is, six oxygen atoms are 1 in at least a range of several nm from the surface. It is considered that the basic structure has a structure in which octahedron bonds to two tungsten atoms and the octahedrons share an apex oxygen atom. Therefore, the region (x) in FIG. 8 has the basic structure of the tungsten trioxide crystal or the amorphous structure in which the order of the crystal is disordered (however, the bond is not broken and the basic structure is maintained). Is an area corresponding to a so-called valence band. In addition, this inventor measured the X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) of the tungsten oxide layer 12, and confirmed that the said basic structure was formed in any of the samples A, B, and C.
- XAFS X-ray absorption fine structure
- the region (y) in FIG. 8 corresponds to the band gap between the valence band and the conduction band, but as this UPS spectrum shows, this region is different from the valence band in tungsten oxide. It is known that there may be a number of occupied levels. This is a level derived from another structure different from the above basic structure, and is a so-called inter-gap level (in-gap state or gap state).
- FIG. 9 shows UPS spectra in the region (y) of the tungsten oxide layers 12 in the samples A, B, and C.
- FIG. 9 The intensity of the spectrum shown in FIG. 9 was normalized by the value of the peak top of the peak (ii) located 3 to 4 eV higher than the point (iii) in FIG. 9 also shows the point (iii) at the same horizontal axis position as the point (iii) in FIG.
- the horizontal axis is expressed as a relative value (relative binding energy) with respect to the point (iii), and the binding energy decreases from left to right.
- tungsten oxide having a structure that is raised (not necessarily having a peak shape) in a region of a binding energy that is about 1.8 to 3.6 eV lower than the point (iii) in the UPS spectrum is formed as a hole.
- excellent hole injection efficiency can be exhibited in the organic EL element.
- a region having a binding energy lower by about 2.0 to 3.2 eV than the point (iii) is a region where the raised structure is relatively easy to confirm and the raised portion is relatively steep. It can be said that it is particularly important.
- the raised structure in the UPS spectrum is referred to as “a raised structure near the Fermi surface”.
- the occupied level corresponding to the raised structure in the vicinity of the Fermi surface is the aforementioned “occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface”.
- the UPS spectrum shown in FIG. 9 is subjected to two-term smoothing (with a smoothing factor of 1) 11 times, and then the differential processing by the central difference method is performed. went. This is to smooth the variation factors such as background noise during UPS measurement, to smooth the differential curve, and to clarify the following discussion.
- the differential value is 0 in the region (v) from the bond energy measurable by the photoelectron spectrometer to the point (iv).
- the differential value increases almost at the rate of increase toward the high binding energy side. It only increases gradually.
- the shapes of the differential curves of the samples B and C in the regions (v) and (vi) are almost similar to the UPS spectra of the samples B and C shown in FIG. Therefore, it can be said that the shape of the UPS spectrum and its differential curve in the regions (v) and (vi) of the samples B and C are exponential shapes.
- the tungsten oxide layer 12 of the sample A shows a steep rise from the vicinity of the point (iv) toward the high binding energy side, and the shape of the differential curve in the regions (v) and (vi) is exponential.
- the shape of the curve is clearly different. It is confirmed that such a sample A has a raised structure in the vicinity of the Fermi surface, which begins to rise near the point (iv) in the spectrum before differentiation in FIG. 9 and is different from the exponential spectrum shape. it can.
- the characteristic of Sample A is that, in other words, the occupied level near the Fermi surface exists in the range of about 1.8 to 3.6 eV lower than the lowest binding energy in the valence band. In the range of approximately 2.0 to 3.2 eV lower than the lowest binding energy, the raised structure near the Fermi surface corresponding to this range can be clearly confirmed by the UPS spectrum.
- FIG. 12 is an XPS spectrum of the tungsten oxide layer 12 of Sample A after the atmospheric exposure.
- the UPS spectrum (same as in FIG. 8) of the tungsten oxide layer 12 of Sample A was overwritten.
- XPS measurement conditions are the same as the UPS measurement conditions described above, except that the light source is Al K ⁇ rays. However, the interval between measurement points was set to 0.1 eV.
- the point (iii) in the figure is the same horizontal axis position as in FIG. 8, and the horizontal axis is shown by the relative binding energy with respect to the point (iii) as in FIG. Further, the line corresponding to (i) of FIG. 8 in the XPS spectrum is indicated by (i) ′ in FIG.
- the raised structure in the vicinity of the Fermi surface in the tungsten oxide layer 12 of Sample A is about 1.8 lower than the lowest binding energy in the valence band in the XPS spectrum as in the case of the UPS spectrum. Within the range of ⁇ 3.6 eV, the existence of a considerably large raised structure can be clearly confirmed. In another experiment, a raised structure near the Fermi surface was also confirmed in the spectrum of hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
- the structure of the organic EL element 1 shown in FIG. 1 (the structure in which the anode 2 made of ITO and the hole injection layer 4 made of tungsten oxide are sequentially laminated on one surface of the substrate 10. ), And UPS and XPS measurements were performed, charge-up occurred during the measurement of the tungsten oxide layer under the deposition conditions B and C.
- the absolute value of the binding energy indicated by each occupied level of the hole injection layer 4 may differ from that of the tungsten oxide layer 12 of sample 1A, but at least in the range from the band gap to the lowest binding energy in the valence band, a spectrum having the same shape as sample 1A is obtained. ing.
- the bond trajectory between 5d orbitals of adjacent tungsten atoms formed by depletion of oxygen atoms, or the 5d orbital of tungsten atoms alone existing in the film surface or in the film without being terminated by oxygen atoms It is presumed that the occupied level near the Fermi surface is derived. If these 5d orbitals are in a semi-occupied or non-occupied state, it is assumed that when they come into contact with organic molecules, electrons can be extracted from the highest occupied orbitals of organic molecules for mutual energy stabilization. Is done.
- the tungsten oxide has a semi-occupied 5d orbital of a single tungsten atom, or a structure similar thereto, whose bonding energy is lower than the bonding orbital of 5d orbitals of adjacent tungsten atoms. I think that it corresponds to a level.
- FIG. 13 is an energy diagram at the interface between the ⁇ -NPD layer and the tungsten oxide layer having an occupied level near the Fermi surface of the present invention.
- the lowest binding energy in the valence band (denoted as “upper end of valence band” in the figure) and the occupancy quasi near the Fermi surface.
- the lowest binding energy (denoted as “in-gap state upper end” in the figure) at the occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface, corresponding to the rising position of the position.
- the upper end of the valence band corresponds to the point (iii) in FIG. 8
- the upper end of the in-gap state corresponds to the point (iv) in FIG.
- the binding energy of the highest occupied orbit of ⁇ -NPD is the binding energy at the peak rising position by the highest occupied orbit in the UPS spectrum, in other words, the lowest in the highest occupied orbit of ⁇ -NPD. Binding energy.
- the tungsten oxide layer formed on the ITO substrate is moved back and forth between the photoelectron spectrometer and the ultra-high vacuum deposition apparatus connected to the apparatus, and UPS measurement and ⁇ -NPD are performed.
- the energy diagram of FIG. 13 was obtained by repeating ultra-high vacuum deposition. Since no charge-up was confirmed during the UPS measurement, in FIG. 13, the binding energy on the vertical axis is expressed as an absolute value with the Fermi level of the ITO substrate as the origin.
- FIG. 13 shows that the interface state connection is realized not by chance but by the interaction between tungsten oxide and ⁇ -NPD.
- the change in vacuum level (vacuum level shift) at the interface is that the electric double layer is formed at the interface with the tungsten oxide layer side negative and the ⁇ -NPD layer side positive based on the direction of the change.
- the magnitude of the vacuum level shift is as large as 2 eV, it is appropriate that the electric double layer is formed not by physical adsorption but by an action similar to a chemical bond. That is, it should be considered that the interface state connection is realized by the interaction between tungsten oxide and ⁇ -NPD.
- the inventor of the present application infers the following mechanism as a specific interaction.
- the occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface is derived from the 5d orbit of a tungsten atom constituting a structure similar to an oxygen defect as described above. This is hereinafter referred to as “the raised W5d trajectory”.
- the raised structure When the highest occupied orbit of the ⁇ -NPD molecule approaches the W5d orbit of the raised structure on the surface of the tungsten oxide layer, the raised structure is separated from the highest occupied orbit of the ⁇ -NPD molecule for mutual energy stabilization. Move to the W5d orbit. As a result, an electric double layer is formed at the interface, and vacuum level shift and interface level connection as shown in FIG. 13 occur.
- the highest occupied orbitals of amine organic molecules such as ⁇ -NPD are generally distributed with the electron density biased toward the nitrogen atom of the amine structure, and the unshared electron pair of the nitrogen atom is mainly used. It has been reported many as a result of the first principle calculation that it is configured as a component. From this, it is presumed that electrons move from the unshared electron pair of the nitrogen atom of the amine structure to the W5d orbit of the raised structure, particularly at the interface between the tungsten oxide layer and the amine organic molecule layer.
- the tungsten oxide layer and the ⁇ shown in FIG. 13 are formed at each interface between the deposited film of molybdenum oxide having the same physical properties as tungsten oxide and ⁇ -NPD and F8BT.
- interface state connection similar to the interface state connection of the NPD layer (see Non-Patent Documents 3, 4, and 5).
- the excellent hole injection efficiency for the functional layer of the hole injection layer of the organic EL element of the present invention can be explained by the above interface state connection. That is, an interface state connection occurs between a hole injection layer made of tungsten oxide having an occupied level near the Fermi surface and an adjacent functional layer, and the binding energy at the rising position of the occupied level near the Fermi surface The binding energy at the rising position of the highest occupied orbit of the functional layer becomes almost equal. Hole injection occurs between the connected levels. Therefore, there is almost no hole injection barrier between the hole injection layer and the functional layer of the present invention.
- the highest occupied orbital of the organic molecules constituting the functional layer interacts with the occupied level near the Fermi surface of the tungsten oxide layer.
- Sites with high electron density of the highest occupied orbital for example, nitrogen atom of amine structure in amine organic molecule; indicated by “injection site (y)” in the figure
- injection site (x) structure similar to oxygen defect on the surface of tungsten oxide layer
- the tungsten oxide layer having no raised structure near the Fermi surface such as the samples B and C described above, has the number density even if the implantation site (x) exists.
- the UPS spectrum it is so small that it does not reach the raised structure near the Fermi surface. Therefore, the possibility that the injection site (y) is in contact with the injection site (x) is very low. Since holes are injected where the injection site (x) and the injection site (y) are in contact, it can be seen that the efficiency of the samples B and C is extremely poor.
- the tungsten oxide layer having a raised structure near the Fermi surface such as the sample A described above, has abundant injection sites (y). Therefore, it is highly likely that the injection site (y) is in contact with the injection site (x), and the hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer to the functional layer is high.
- the ⁇ -NPD layer is also applied to the tungsten oxide layer under the film formation condition C in which the raised structure in the vicinity of the Fermi surface cannot be confirmed at all, similarly to FIG. The energy diagram at the interface was measured.
- FIG. 15 shows the result.
- the upper end of the in-gap state corresponding to the raised structure near the Fermi surface could not be confirmed. Therefore, as another candidate of the level used for hole injection, a structure different from the raised structure (see (z in FIG. 8), which is seen on the higher binding energy side than the position of the raised structure near the Fermi surface in the UPS spectrum. )) Rising position (denoted as "second in-gap state upper end") and the valence band upper end are shown in FIG.
- the highest occupied orbit of ⁇ -NPD in FIG. 15 is completely different from that in FIG. 13, and it is not approaching the upper end of the second in-gap state or the upper end of the valence band at all, that is, there is no interface state connection. Not happening. This means that neither the second in-gap state nor the valence band interacts with the highest occupied orbital of ⁇ -NPD. Even if holes are injected into the highest occupied orbit of ⁇ -NPD from the upper end of the second in-gap state, the injection barrier is 0.75 eV, which is very large compared to the case of FIG.
- This difference in the injection barrier is considered to have a great influence on the driving voltage and luminous efficiency of the hole-only element 1B and the organic EL element 1 under the respective film forming conditions described above. That is, the difference in characteristics between the hole-only element 1B and the organic EL element 1 under the deposition conditions A, B, and C is that the organic EL element of the present invention has excellent hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer to the functional layer. It is thought to strongly suggest this.
- the organic EL device of the present invention has excellent hole injection efficiency.
- a hole injection layer made of tungsten oxide has a raised structure near the Fermi surface in its photoelectron spectroscopy spectrum. This means that a structure similar to an oxygen defect and an occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface derived therefrom are present at least on the surface of the hole injection layer.
- the occupied level itself in the vicinity of the Fermi surface has the effect of connecting the interface state with the highest occupied orbital of the organic molecule by taking electrons from the organic molecule constituting the adjacent functional layer.
- the relationship between the drive voltage (standardized) of the tungsten oxide (WOx) film and the dissolution resistance with respect to a predetermined film formation rate condition is shown in the graph of FIG.
- the dissolution resistance was examined when the etching solution (TMAH solution) was dropped onto the film immediately after film formation.
- TMAH solution etching solution
- the tungsten oxide film is not baked, and the film density is controlled only by the film formation rates of “low rate”, “medium rate”, and “high rate”.
- Each film formation rate was as follows.
- the evaluation criteria for the required tolerance of the film reduction amount considers a range in which the film thickness can be controlled from the film thickness immediately after film formation (14 nm), and the film loss amount is less than half (7 nm or less immediately after film formation). ). Moreover, the evaluation standard of the required performance of the drive voltage (standardization) was set to a range of 1 or less as an example.
- the film reduction amount (diamond dotted line) and the drive voltage (square dotted line) are in a trade-off relationship with each other, and it can be confirmed that the film reduction amount can be suppressed as the film density increases.
- the following resist formation / peeling process was performed as a bank formation process.
- a resist (tok TFR-940) was applied by spin coating under the condition of 2500 rpm / 25 sec. This was baked at 100 ° C. for 90 seconds, then developed with a 2.38% developer (TMAH solution), and washed with water for 60 seconds. The resist was stripped with acetone.
- Evaluation criteria for dissolution resistance were evaluated as “good” when the film thickness was less than half of the film thickness immediately after film formation, and “bad” when the film thickness was more than this.
- the evaluation criteria for device characteristics were evaluated as “good” when the voltage value was able to achieve the performance equal to or higher than the LCD, and “bad” when the voltage value was higher than the above.
- Table 5 shows the film forming conditions, measurement results, and evaluation results of these samples. No. Reference numerals 4 and 5 correspond to examples according to the film forming conditions of the first embodiment.
- the sample No. 1 was formed at a high rate with a relatively high power density.
- the film density was high and the dissolution resistance was excellent, the device characteristics were not excellent, so that the total performance was deteriorated.
- the baking step is omitted.
- pentavalent tungsten atoms are hardly generated in tungsten oxide, and almost no oxygen defect structure is formed (the tungsten atoms in the film are only hexavalent). It is thought that the device characteristics were lowered.
- Sample No. with a relatively low Power density and no firing step In 1 to 3, relatively many pentavalent tungsten atoms are generated in the film by film formation at a low rate, and an oxygen defect structure is formed. For this reason, hole injection characteristics can be secured to some extent. However, since the dissolution properties are not excellent and the amount of film loss is large, the total performance is lowered.
- sample Nos. 1 and 2 were subjected to a firing process after film formation at a relatively low power density (low rate).
- a firing process after film formation at a relatively low power density (low rate).
- an oxygen defect structure is formed in the presence of a pentavalent tungsten atom, and excellent device characteristics are exhibited, and good dissolution resistance is also exhibited by improving the film density. For this reason, the total performance is excellent. From this result, it is possible to confirm the film forming conditions of the examples including the first embodiment and the effectiveness of the baking process.
- FIG. 17 shown next is a graph showing the relationship between the film reduction amount (diamond dotted line) and the drive voltage (round dotted line) with respect to the film density of the tungsten oxide (WOx) film.
- the film reduction amount diamond dotted line
- the drive voltage round dotted line
- the driving voltage increases rapidly when the film density is higher than about 6 g / cm 3 . This is presumably because the oxygen defect structure in the film disappears and the occupied level disappears due to the increase in film density.
- the film density needs to be set to about 5.8 g / cm 3 or more.
- an inflection point exists in the vicinity of 5.8 g / cm 3 , which corresponds to. Therefore, in consideration of these, it is considered that the range of 5.8 g / cm 3 or more and 6.0 g / cm 3 or less is appropriate as the film density of tungsten oxide suitable for the hole injection layer.
- FIG. 18 shows a tungsten oxide film formed at a low rate, a tungsten oxide film (corresponding to the hole injection layer 4) that has been formed at a low rate and then subjected to a baking process, and a tungsten oxide film formed at a high rate.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram in which UPS spectra measured for each of the above are superimposed.
- the tungsten oxide film formed at a low rate has a raised structure in the spectrum as in FIG. 9, indicating that there are occupied levels in the film.
- the tungsten oxide film formed at a low rate and subjected to the baking process after the film formation also has an occupied level in the film.
- the occupied level is well maintained in the film even after the firing step.
- FIG. 19 shows the relationship between the film density and the amount of film reduction.
- an organic EL panel in which a plurality of organic EL elements were arranged was used.
- center indicates an organic EL element near the center of the panel
- edge indicates an organic EL element near the panel periphery.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing the relationship between the film reduction amount with respect to the film density and the in-plane film thickness deviation in the organic EL panel.
- FIG. 21 shows the result.
- the variation of the film reduction amount at each position on the organic EL panel is referred to as “panel thickness deviation in the panel surface” and is obtained as a difference between the maximum value and the minimum value of the film reduction amount.
- one of the specifications required for the organic EL panel is that the film thickness deviation in the panel surface of the hole injection layer is 4 nm or less ( ⁇ 2 nm or less). If the film thickness deviation in the panel surface of the hole injection layer is large, it may be considered that the cavity design of the organic EL element is affected.
- the hole injection layer with a small amount of film loss can be designed to have a thin film thickness at the time of film formation.
- the absolute amount of deviation can be reduced. Therefore, in the present invention, by utilizing the fact that the film loss can be suppressed as much as possible by making the tungsten oxide film resistant to dissolution, the film thickness at the time of film formation is reduced and the film thickness deviation in the panel thickness of the finished film thickness is reduced. It is possible to suppress the absolute amount. Thereby, variation in the light emission efficiency of each element on the panel can be prevented.
- the in-plane film thickness deviation is suppressed to 4 nm or less ( ⁇ 2 nm or less) regardless of the presence or absence of the firing step.
- the in-plane film thickness deviation was reduced by 40% or more in the sample that had undergone the firing step, compared to the case where the firing step was not performed.
- the film thickness deviation in the panel surface is as small as possible. For this reason, it can be said that the baking process with respect to the tungsten oxide film of the present invention is effective in that the absolute amount of film thickness deviation in the panel surface can be effectively suppressed.
- FIG. 22 is a graph showing the relationship between the in-panel film thickness deviation (WOx film thickness deviation) of the hole injection layer made of tungsten oxide and the current efficiency deviation in each of RGB colors.
- the light emission characteristics of the organic EL element in which color filters of RGB colors were laminated were used for the measurement.
- the current efficiency shift increases in proportion to the film thickness shift of the tungsten oxide film.
- the film thickness shift in each organic EL element on the panel can be suppressed, so that the current efficiency becomes uniform and the light emission characteristics can be made uniform. This effect can ultimately contribute to improving the image display performance of the entire organic EL panel.
- the in-plane efficiency is improved by performing the baking process on the tungsten oxide film after the film formation as compared with the case where the baking process is not performed. It can be confirmed that variation is reduced and uniform light emission characteristics can be expected in the entire panel.
- FIG. 23 is a graph showing the measurement results on the relationship between the film reduction amount (diamond dotted line) and the film density (rectangular dotted line) with respect to the baking time of the baking process performed after the tungsten oxide film is formed.
- the film thickness immediately after film formation was (14 nm), and the firing temperature was (230 ° C.).
- FIG. 24A is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the organic EL element 1C according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 24B is a partially enlarged view near the hole injection layer 4A.
- the organic EL element 1C is, for example, a coating type in which a functional layer is applied by a wet process to form a film, and a hole injection layer 4A and various functional layers including an organic material having a predetermined function are stacked on each other. In this state, it has a configuration interposed between the electrode pair composed of the anode 2 and the cathode 8D.
- the organic EL element 1C has an anode 2, an ITO layer 3, a hole injection layer 4A, a buffer layer 6A, a light emitting layer 6B, an electron injection layer 7, a cathode 8D, a sealing, with respect to one main surface of the substrate 10.
- the layers 9 are stacked in the same order.
- ITO layer 3 The ITO (indium tin oxide) layer 3 is interposed between the anode 2 and the hole injection layer 4A and has a function of improving the bonding property between the layers.
- the ITO layer 3 is separated from the anode 2, but the ITO layer 3 can also be regarded as a part of the anode 2.
- the hole injection layer 4A is a tungsten oxide layer having a thickness of at least 2 nm (here, 30 nm as an example), which is formed under film formation conditions at a predetermined low rate. It consists of As a result, the ITO layer 3 and the hole injection layer 4A are in Schottky ohmic connection, and the vicinity of the Fermi surface at the position where the distance from the surface of the ITO layer 3 to the hole injection layer 4A side is 2 nm.
- FIG. 24A shows a state in which the hole injection layer 4A has a slightly reduced surface on the light emitting layer 6B side and has a concave structure toward the anode 2 side.
- the tungsten oxide constituting the hole injection layer 4A can be expressed as a real number composition in the range of 2 ⁇ x ⁇ 3 in the composition formula WOx.
- the hole injection layer 4A is preferably made of tungsten oxide with as high a purity as possible, but may contain a trace amount of impurities that can be mixed at a normal level.
- the details of the predetermined film forming conditions for the hole injection layer 4A will be described in detail in the section (Method for manufacturing the organic EL element 1C) and the section (About the film forming conditions for the hole injection layer 4A).
- the tungsten oxide layer constituting the hole injection layer 4A is formed under the predetermined film formation conditions, so that the tungsten oxide crystal 13 is formed as shown in FIG. Contains many.
- the grain size of each crystal 13 is on the order of nanometers.
- the hole injection layer 4A has a thickness of about 30 nm, while the crystal 13 has a grain size of about 3 to 10 nm.
- the crystal 13 having a particle size of the order of nanometers is referred to as “nanocrystal 13”, and the layer structure composed of the nanocrystal 13 is referred to as “nanocrystal structure”.
- the hole injection layer 4A may include an amorphous structure in addition to the nanocrystal structure.
- the tungsten atoms constituting the tungsten oxide are distributed so as to have a maximum valence state that the tungsten oxide can take and a valence state lower than the maximum valence. is doing.
- a structure similar to an oxygen defect may exist in the tungsten oxide layer.
- the valence of the tungsten atom not included in the structure similar to the oxygen defect is hexavalent, while the valence of the tungsten atom included in the structure similar to the oxygen defect is lower than the hexavalence.
- the organic EL element 1C in addition to the relaxation of the hole injection barrier between the ITO layer 3 and the hole injection layer 4A described above, pentavalent tungsten atoms are distributed in the hole injection layer 4A, and the structure is similar to an oxygen defect. By forming, further improvement in hole conduction efficiency can be expected. That is, by providing the hole injection layer 4A made of tungsten oxide with a nanocrystal structure, holes injected from the ITO layer 3 into the hole injection layer 4A conduct oxygen defects present at the crystal grain boundaries of the nanocrystal 13. As a result, the number of paths through which holes are conducted can be increased, leading to an improvement in hole conduction efficiency. Thereby, in the organic EL element 1C, the drive voltage can be reduced efficiently.
- the hole injection layer 4A undergoes a predetermined baking process after film formation, and the chemical resistance and dissolution resistance are enhanced by increasing the density. Therefore, even when the hole injection layer 4A comes into contact with a solution or the like used in a process or the like performed after the formation of the same layer, the damage of the hole injection layer 4A due to dissolution, alteration, decomposition, or the like is suppressed, and Film reduction can be effectively prevented. Since the hole injection layer 4A is made of a material having excellent chemical resistance, an effect of preventing a decrease in hole conduction efficiency can be expected.
- the hole injection layer 4A made of tungsten oxide in this embodiment includes both a case where the hole injection layer 4A is made of only a nanocrystal structure and a case where the hole injection layer 4A is made of both a nanocrystal structure and an amorphous structure.
- the nanocrystal structure is desirably present uniformly throughout the hole injection layer 4A, but between the interface between the ITO layer 3 and the hole injection layer 4A and the interface between the hole injection layer 4A and the buffer layer 6A.
- the grain boundary is connected even at one location, holes can be efficiently conducted from the lower end to the upper end of the hole injection layer 4A.
- Non-Patent Document 1 suggests that hole conduction efficiency is improved by crystallizing a tungsten oxide layer by annealing at 450 ° C.
- Non-Patent Document 1 does not describe the conditions for forming a tungsten oxide layer having a large area and the influence of tungsten oxide formed as a hole injection layer on the substrate on other layers on the substrate. Practical mass productivity of organic EL panels is not shown. Further, it is not shown that a tungsten oxide nanocrystal having a structure similar to an oxygen defect is positively formed in the hole injection layer.
- the hole injection layer according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a tungsten oxide layer that hardly causes a chemical reaction, is stable, and can withstand a mass production process of a large organic EL panel. Furthermore, it is greatly different from the prior art in that excellent hole conduction efficiency is realized by making the tungsten oxide layer positively have a structure similar to oxygen defects.
- the electron injection layer 7 has a function of injecting electrons from the cathode 8D to the light emitting layer 6B.
- barium having a thickness of about 5 nm, lithium fluoride having a thickness of about 1 nm, sodium fluoride, or a combination thereof Is preferably formed.
- the cathode 8D is composed of, for example, an ITO layer having a thickness of about 100 nm.
- a DC power supply DC is connected to the anode 2 and the cathode 8D, and power is supplied to the organic EL element 1C from the outside.
- the sealing layer 9 has a function of suppressing the organic EL element 1C from being exposed to moisture and air, and is formed of a material such as SiN (silicon nitride) or SiON (silicon oxynitride), for example. In the case of a top emission type organic EL element, it is preferably formed of a light transmissive material.
- a thin film made of silver is formed on the substrate 10 by, for example, sputtering, and the thin film is patterned by, for example, photolithography to form the anodes 2 in a matrix (FIG. 26A).
- the thin film may be formed by a vacuum evaporation method or the like.
- an ITO thin film is formed, for example, by sputtering, and the ITO layer 3 is formed by patterning the ITO thin film, for example, by photolithography.
- a thin film 4X containing tungsten oxide is formed on the upper surface of the base layer including the anode 2 (here, the upper surface of the ITO layer 3) under predetermined film formation conditions (low-rate film formation conditions) described later (FIG. 26).
- predetermined film formation conditions low-rate film formation conditions described later (FIG. 26).
- atmospheric baking is performed at a baking time of 200 ° C. to 230 ° C. for 15 minutes to 45 minutes, and baking is performed to obtain a film density of 5.8 g / cm 3 to 6.0 g / cm. Increase to 3 range.
- the film is densified by a baking process, and at least twice as long as the dissolution resistance to an etching solution and a cleaning solution used in the following bank formation step is provided immediately after film formation.
- a bank material film 5X is formed on the thin film 4X using a bank material made of an organic material, and a part of the bank material film 5X is removed to expose a part of the thin film 4X (FIG. 26C).
- the bank material film 5X can be formed, for example, by coating. The removal of the bank material film 5X can be performed by patterning using a predetermined developer (tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution or the like).
- TMAH tetramethylammonium hydroxide
- the tungsten oxide constituting the thin film 4X is slightly dissolved in the TMAH solution although it has a good chemical resistance through a baking step after the film formation.
- the bank residue adhering to the surface of the thin film 4X is washed with the developer, the exposed portion of the thin film 4X is eroded and a concave structure is formed in which the film is slightly reduced toward the anode 2 (FIG. 27A).
- a hole injection layer 4A having a recess 4a is formed.
- the bank 5 is formed by subjecting the surface of the bank material film 5X to a liquid repellency treatment using, for example, fluorine plasma.
- a composition ink containing an organic material is dropped into the region defined by the bank 5 by, for example, an ink jet method, and the ink is dried to form the buffer layer 6A and the light emitting layer 6B (FIG. 27B).
- the ink may be dropped by a dispenser method, a nozzle coating method, a spin coating method, intaglio printing, letterpress printing, or the like.
- a barium thin film to be the electron injection layer 7 is formed by, for example, vacuum deposition (FIG. 28A).
- an ITO thin film that becomes the cathode 8D is formed, for example, by sputtering (FIG. 28B).
- the sealing layer 9 is formed on the cathode 8D (FIG. 28C).
- the hole injection layer 4A (thin film 4X) is preferably formed by a reactive sputtering method. Specifically, metallic tungsten is used as a target, argon gas is used as a sputtering gas, and oxygen gas is used as a reactive gas in the chamber. In this state, argon is ionized by a high voltage and collides with the target. At this time, metallic tungsten released by the sputtering phenomenon reacts with oxygen gas to become tungsten oxide, and a tungsten oxide layer is formed on the ITO layer 3.
- the total pressure of the gas in the chamber is 2.3 Pa to 7.0 Pa
- the total pressure is The oxygen gas partial pressure ratio is 50% or more and 70% or less
- the input power (input power density) per unit area of the target is 1.4 W / cm 2 or more and less than 2.8 W / cm 2
- the total pressure / power density which is a value obtained by dividing the total pressure by the input power density, is preferably set to be greater than 0.7 Pa ⁇ cm 2 / W.
- a hole injection layer 4A made of tungsten oxide having a nanocrystal structure is formed.
- the planarizing film 17 is formed on the substrate 10 using an insulating resin material such as polyimide or acrylic.
- an insulating resin material such as polyimide or acrylic.
- Three layers of an aluminum alloy thin film 2X, an IZO thin film 3X, and a thin film (tungsten oxide film) 4X are sequentially formed on the planarizing film 17 based on the vapor deposition method (FIG. 29A).
- an ACL (aluminum cobalt lanthanum alloy) material can be used as the aluminum alloy material.
- a resist pattern R is formed by photolithography in a region where the anode 2, the IZO layer 3A, and the hole injection layer 4B are to be formed (FIG. 29B).
- the region of the thin film 4X not covered with the resist pattern R is subjected to dry etching (D / E) processing and patterned (FIG. 29C).
- dry etching in order to selectively etch only the thin film 4X, either a mixed gas of F-based gas and N 2 gas or a mixed gas of F-based gas and O 2 gas is used.
- Specific conditions for setting the dry etching process can be determined as follows as an example.
- regions of the IZO thin film 3X and the AI alloy thin film 2X that are not covered with the resist pattern R are patterned by wet etching (FIG. 29D).
- a mixed solution of nitric acid, phosphoric acid, acetic acid and water is used, and the two layers of the IZO thin film 3X and the Al alloy thin film 2X are wet etched together.
- Specific conditions for setting the wet etching process can be determined as follows as an example.
- Treatment target IZO thin film and Al alloy thin film
- Etchant Mixed aqueous solution of phosphoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid
- Solvent mixing ratio Arbitrary (can be mixed under general conditions)
- Etching temperature lower than room temperature.
- the film thickness of the upper IZO thin film is preferably 20 nm or less. This is because when the film thickness exceeds 20 nm, the amount of side etching increases.
- the anode 2 and the IZO layer 3A are formed. Thereafter, a resist stripping step is performed to remove the resist pattern R, whereby a three-layer structure of the patterned anode 2, IZO layer 3A, and hole injection layer 4B can be obtained (FIG. 30A). In this process, the hole injection layer 4B is formed at a position corresponding to the anode 2 and the IZO layer 3A.
- a bank material film 5X (not shown) is formed on the exposed surface of the planarization film 17, and the bank 5 is formed by patterning the bank material film 5X (FIG. 30B).
- a predetermined ink is prepared by the above-described method, and this is sequentially dropped and dried in an area defined in the bank 5, thereby forming the buffer layer 6A and the light emitting layer 6B, respectively (FIG. 30).
- C ⁇ Various experiments and considerations regarding film formation conditions of hole injection layers 4A and 4B> (Regarding film forming conditions of hole injection layers 4A and 4B)
- tungsten oxide constituting the hole injection layers 4A and 4B is formed under predetermined film formation conditions (low-rate film formation conditions), so that a nanocrystal structure exists in the hole injection layers 4A and 4B.
- the hole conduction efficiency is improved, and the organic EL element 1C can be driven at a low voltage.
- the predetermined film forming conditions will be described in detail.
- the DC magnetron sputtering apparatus was used for film formation, and the target was metallic tungsten.
- the substrate temperature was not controlled.
- the sputtering gas is preferably composed of argon gas
- the reactive gas is composed of oxygen gas
- the respective gases are set to the same flow rate
- the film is formed by the reactive sputtering method.
- the film formation method of the hole injection layers 4A and 4B is not limited to this, and the film can also be formed by a method other than the sputtering method, for example, a known method such as a vapor deposition method or a CVD method.
- the hole injection layers 4A and 4B made of tungsten oxide having a nanocrystal structure atoms and clusters flying to the substrate have a low motion that does not break the regular structure previously formed on the substrate. It is considered necessary to reach the substrate with energy and to be coupled with each other with regularity while moving on the substrate. For this purpose, it is desirable to form the film at the lowest possible film formation rate.
- the above-described (1) to (4) are conceivable as film formation conditions that can realize the low film formation rate in the reactive sputtering method.
- the inventors of the present application obtained a hole injection layer made of tungsten oxide having a nanocrystal structure by forming a hole injection layer under these film formation conditions (1) to (4). The reduction effect is confirmed.
- the upper limit of the total pressure is 4.7 Pa, but it has been separately confirmed that the same tendency is exhibited up to at least 7.0 Pa.
- the ratio of the oxygen gas partial pressure to the total pressure is set to 50%, but at least 50% to 70%, a reduction in driving voltage has been confirmed. Yes.
- the input power density in (3) changes the number and kinetic energy of tungsten atoms and tungsten clusters that are sputtered and released from the target. In other words, by lowering the input power density, the number of tungsten released from the target is reduced, the kinetic energy is also reduced, the amount of tungsten flying to the substrate can be reduced and the kinetic energy can be reduced, and film formation at a low rate can be achieved. I can expect.
- the total pressure in (1) changes the mean free path of tungsten atoms and tungsten clusters released from the target.
- the probability that tungsten atoms and tungsten clusters will repeatedly collide with the gas in the chamber before reaching the substrate increases, the flying directions of tungsten atoms and tungsten clusters are dispersed, and kinetic energy is also increased.
- the amount of tungsten reaching the substrate can be reduced and the kinetic energy can be reduced, and film formation at a low rate can be expected.
- the condition of the above parameters (total pressure / power density) for forming the nanocrystal structure of the second embodiment is 0.78 Pa ⁇ cm 2 / W or more within the range of the experiment described later, 0.7Pa ⁇ cm 2 / W is considered necessary larger than, the more reliable is considered to be preferable at 0.8Pa ⁇ cm 2 / W or more.
- the upper limit value of the above parameter is 3.13 Pa ⁇ cm 2 / W or less within the range of the experiment described later, and is considered to be smaller than 3.2 Pa ⁇ cm 2 / W. Is considered to be preferably 3.1 Pa ⁇ cm 2 / W or less.
- the film formation condition (4) was determined. It was confirmed by another experiment that the film formation rate was lower as the parameter value was larger and the film formation rate was higher as the parameter value was smaller.
- a hole-only element 1D shown in FIG. 25 was fabricated as an evaluation device. As described in the first embodiment, since the carriers flowing through the hole-only element can be regarded as only holes, the hole-only element is suitable for evaluating the hole conduction efficiency.
- the hole-only element 1D is obtained by changing the organic EL element 1C of FIG. 24 to the configuration of the evaluation device, replacing the ITO cathode 8D with a cathode 8E made of gold, and omitting the anode 2.
- the ITO layer 3 is used as an anode, and the electron injection layer 7 and the bank 5 are omitted.
- the layers are manufactured based on the manufacturing method described above. The thickness of each layer is 30 nm for the hole injection layer 4A, 20 nm for the buffer layer 6A made of TFB, 70 nm for the light emitting layer 6B made of F8BT, and the cathode made of gold. 8E was set to 100 nm. *
- the hole injection layer 4A was formed by a reactive sputtering method using a DC magnetron sputtering apparatus.
- the gas in the chamber was composed of at least one of argon gas and oxygen gas, and metallic tungsten was used as the target.
- the substrate temperature was not controlled, and the total pressure was adjusted by the flow rate of each gas.
- the partial pressures of argon gas and oxygen gas in the chamber are 50%, respectively.
- Each hole-only element 1D composed of the hole injection layer 4A having the five film forming conditions ⁇ to ⁇ shown in Table 7 was produced.
- the hole-only element 1D formed under the film formation condition ⁇ is HOD- ⁇
- the hole-only element 1D formed under the film formation condition ⁇ is HOD- ⁇
- the hole-only element 1D formed under the film formation condition ⁇ is HOD.
- the hole-only element 1D formed under the film formation condition ⁇ is referred to as HOD- ⁇
- the hole-only element 1D formed under the film formation condition ⁇ is referred to as HOD- ⁇ .
- Each produced Hall-only element 1D was connected to a DC power source DC and a voltage was applied. The applied voltage at this time was changed, and the current value that flowed according to the voltage value was converted to a value (current density) per unit area of the element.
- FIG. 31 shows the relationship between the applied voltage and current density of each hole-only element 1D.
- the vertical axis represents current density (mA / cm 2 )
- the horizontal axis represents applied voltage (V).
- Table 8 shows the driving voltage of each hole-only element 1D.
- the “driving voltage” here is an applied voltage at a current density of 0.3 mA / cm 2 .
- each hole-only element 1D has the same configuration other than the hole injection layer 4A, and therefore, the hole injection barrier between two adjacent layers excluding the hole injection layer 4A and the layers other than the hole injection layer 4A.
- the hole conduction efficiency is considered constant.
- the conduction efficiency of the hole injection layer 4A has a stronger influence on the device characteristics than the hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer 4A to the buffer layer 6A.
- the ITO layer 3 and the hole injection layer 4A used in the experiment have the Schottky ohmic connection of the present invention, as described in the first embodiment. . Therefore, it can be said that the difference in driving voltage depending on the film formation conditions of the hole injection layer 4A in each hole-only device 1D strongly reflects the difference in hole conduction efficiency of the hole injection layer 4A.
- HOD- ⁇ has the slowest rise in current density-applied voltage curve and the highest drive voltage compared to other devices. Therefore, it is considered that HOD- ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are superior in hole conduction efficiency as compared with HOD- ⁇ produced under the film forming conditions in which the total pressure is reduced and the input power density is maximized.
- the hole-only device 1D is the same as the organic EL device 1C except for the cathode 8E with respect to the essential parts related to the characteristics of the device. It is a configuration. Therefore, also in the organic EL element 1C, the film formation condition dependency of the hole conduction efficiency of the hole injection layer 4A is essentially the same as that of the hole-only element 1D.
- an organic EL element 1C using a hole injection layer 4A formed under each film forming condition of ⁇ to ⁇ was manufactured.
- the organic EL element 1C formed under the film forming condition ⁇ is BPD- ⁇
- the organic EL element 1C formed under the film forming condition ⁇ is BPD- ⁇
- the organic EL element 1C formed under the film forming condition ⁇ is BPD.
- the organic EL element 1C formed under the film formation condition ⁇ is referred to as BPD- ⁇
- the organic EL element 1C formed under the film formation condition ⁇ is referred to as BPD- ⁇ .
- Each organic EL element 1C is obtained by changing the organic EL element 1C of FIG. 24 to the configuration of the evaluation device, replacing the cathode 8D from ITO to aluminum, omitting the anode 2, and using the ITO layer 3 as the anode.
- Bank 5 is omitted.
- the layers are manufactured based on the manufacturing method described above, and the thickness of each layer is 30 nm for the hole injection layer 4A, 20 nm for the buffer layer 6A made of TFB, 70 nm for the light emitting layer 6B made of F8BT, and a barium layer.
- the electron injection layer 7 was 5 nm
- the cathode 8 made of an aluminum layer was 100 nm.
- Each organic EL element 1C produced under the deposition conditions ⁇ to ⁇ was connected to a DC power source DC, and a voltage was applied. The applied voltage at this time was changed, and the current value that flowed according to the voltage value was converted to a value (current density) per unit area of the element.
- the relationship between the applied voltage and current density of each organic EL element 1C is shown in FIG. In the figure, the vertical axis represents current density (mA / cm 2 ), and the horizontal axis represents applied voltage (V).
- Table 9 shows the driving voltage of each organic EL element 1C.
- the “driving voltage” here is an applied voltage at a current density of 8 mA / cm 2 .
- BPD- ⁇ has the slowest rise of the current density-applied voltage curve and the highest drive voltage compared to other devices. This is the same tendency as the hole-only elements HOD- ⁇ to ⁇ having the same film forming conditions.
- the film formation condition dependency of the hole conduction efficiency of the hole injection layer 4A is also acting in the organic EL element 1C as in the case of the hole only element 1D. That is, even in the organic EL element 1C, the hole conduction efficiency of the hole injection layer 4A is improved by performing the film formation under the film formation conditions in the range of the film formation conditions ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ , thereby reducing the low voltage. It is considered that driving has been realized.
- the input power condition is represented by the input power density as shown in Table 7.
- Table 7 the input power density
- a tungsten oxide layer having excellent hole conduction efficiency as in this experiment. 4A can be obtained.
- the total pressure and oxygen partial pressure do not depend on the apparatus.
- the substrate temperature is not intentionally set in a sputtering apparatus arranged in a room temperature environment. Therefore, at least the substrate temperature before film formation is room temperature. However, the substrate temperature may increase by several tens of degrees Celsius during film formation.
- the inventor of this application has confirmed by another experiment that the drive voltage rises conversely when the oxygen partial pressure is increased too much. Therefore, the oxygen partial pressure is desirably 50% to 70%.
- an organic EL element having a hole injection layer produced under film formation conditions ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ is preferable for low voltage driving, and more preferably an organic EL element produced under film formation conditions ⁇ and ⁇ . It is.
- an organic EL element including a hole injection layer manufactured under film forming conditions ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ is an object of the present application.
- Pentavalent tungsten atoms are present in the tungsten oxide layers constituting the hole injection layers 4A and 4B of the organic EL element 1C of the second embodiment. These pentavalent tungsten atoms are formed by adjusting the film forming conditions shown in the previous experiment. Details are described below.
- HXPS measurement a hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurement (hereinafter simply referred to as “HXPS measurement”) experiment was conducted.
- HXPS spectrum information from a hard X-ray photoelectron spectrum (hereinafter simply referred to as “HXPS spectrum”) up to several tens of nm in depth of the film of the measurement object, in other words, information on the bulk of the film is obtained.
- the measurement depth is determined by the angle formed by the surface normal and the direction in which photoelectrons are detected.
- the angle was adjusted and determined to be 40 °.
- HXPS measurement conditions are as follows. During the measurement, no charge up occurred.
- HXPS measurement was performed on each hole injection layer 4A of samples ⁇ to ⁇ .
- the resulting spectrum is shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis is the binding energy
- the Fermi level of the ITO substrate is the origin
- the left direction is the positive direction.
- the vertical axis represents the photoelectron intensity.
- each peak is 5p 3/2 level (W5p 3/2 ), 4f 5/2 level of tungsten from the left to the right in the figure. It was assigned to be a peak corresponding to (W4f 5/2 ), 4f 7/2 level (W4f 7/2 ).
- the position of the peak top of the component (W 6+ 4f 7/2 ) attributed to the hexavalent W4f 7/2 was adjusted to the binding energy of 35.7 eV.
- the positions and half-widths of the peak tops of the components attributed to the surface photoelectrons of W5p 3/2 , W4f 5/2 , and W4f 7/2 , the component attributed to hexavalent, and the component attributed to pentavalent was set within the range shown in Table 10.
- the initial value of the ratio of the Lorentzian function in the Gaussian-Lorentzian mixed function used for fitting each component was also set within the range shown in Table 10.
- the initial value of the area intensity of each component was arbitrarily set while maintaining the above intensity ratio. Then, the area intensity of each component is moved while maintaining the above intensity ratio, and the peak position of each component, the half width, and the ratio of the Lorentzian function are moved within the range of Table 10, and optimization calculation is performed up to 100 times, The final peak fitting analysis result was obtained.
- FIG. 34A shows the analysis result of the sample ⁇
- FIG. 34B shows the analysis result of the sample ⁇ .
- sample ⁇ , sample ⁇ are measured spectra (corresponding to the spectra in FIG. 33), and the two-dot chain line (surface) is a component (W sur 5p 3/2 , W sur 4f 5 ) belonging to the surface photoelectrons.
- the dotted line (W 6+ ) is a component attributed to hexavalence (W 6+ 5p 3/2 , W 6+ 4f 5/2 , W 6+ 4f 7/2 ),
- one-dot chain line ( W 5+ ) is a component (W 5+ 5p 3/2 , W 5+ 4f 5/2 , W 5+ 4f 7/2 ) attributed to pentavalent.
- a solid line (fit) is a spectrum obtained by adding the components indicated by the two-dot chain line, the dotted line, and the one-dot chain line.
- sample ⁇ there is a large “deviation” between the solid line (fit), which is the sum of the components of the peak fitting result, and the dotted line (W 6+ ) of only the hexavalent component.
- sample ⁇ does not have the “shift” as much as sample ⁇ . That is, it is assumed that this “deviation” in the sample ⁇ suggests the presence of pentavalent tungsten atoms.
- W 5+ / W 6+ which is the ratio of the number of pentavalent tungsten atoms to hexavalent tungsten atoms in samples ⁇ to ⁇ . This ratio was calculated by dividing the area intensity of the component attributed to pentavalent by the area intensity of the component attributed to corresponding hexavalence in the peak fitting analysis result of each sample.
- the area intensity ratio of the component attributed to pentavalent and the component attributed to the corresponding hexavalent is the same value in terms of measurement in any of W5p 3/2 , W4f 5/2 , and W4f 7/2 become. In fact, the same value was confirmed in this study. Therefore, in the following discussion, only W4f 7/2 is used.
- Table 11 shows W 5+ / W 6+ in W4f 7/2 of samples ⁇ to ⁇ .
- sample ⁇ has the highest proportion of pentavalent tungsten atoms in hole injection layer 4A, and then sample ⁇ , sample ⁇ , and sample ⁇ in this order. The ratio tends to be small, and the sample ⁇ is the smallest. Further, comparing the results of Table 9 and Table 11, it can be seen that the higher the proportion of pentavalent tungsten atoms in the hole injection layer 4A, the lower the driving voltage of the organic EL element.
- the ratio of the number of tungsten atoms and oxygen atoms in the hole injection layer 4A in the samples ⁇ to ⁇ is the average of the whole layer, It was confirmed that the ratio was approximately 1: 3. From this ratio, in any of samples ⁇ to ⁇ , the hole injection layer 4A is considered to have an atomic arrangement based on tungsten trioxide in the basic structure almost entirely.
- the inventor of the present application measured the X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) of the hole injection layer 4A, and confirmed that the basic structure was formed in any of samples ⁇ to ⁇ .
- XAFS X-ray absorption fine structure
- the hole injection layer 4A made of tungsten oxide of the second embodiment has an occupied level near the Fermi surface.
- interface state connection is made between the hole injection layer 4A and the buffer layer 6A, and the hole injection barrier between the hole injection layer 4A and the buffer layer 6A is kept small.
- the organic EL element of Embodiment 2 can be driven at a low voltage.
- the occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface exists at the grain boundary of the nanocrystal not only in the above-described interface but also in the layer of the hole injection layer 4A as described later, and serves as a hole conduction path. .
- the hole injection layer 4A can obtain good hole conduction efficiency, and the organic EL element of the second embodiment can be driven at a lower voltage.
- a hole injection layer 4A was formed in a sputtering apparatus, and then transferred to a glove box connected to the sputtering apparatus and filled with nitrogen gas, so that it was not exposed to the atmosphere. And it enclosed with the transfer vessel in the said glove box, and mounted
- UPS measurement conditions are as follows. Note that no charge-up occurred during the measurement.
- FIG. 35 shows a UPS spectrum in the region (y) of each hole injection layer 4A of samples ⁇ and ⁇ .
- the symbols such as the region (y) and the point (iii) are as described in the first embodiment, and the horizontal axis is the relative binding energy with the point (iii) as the origin.
- the UPS measurement is an evaluation of the surface layer only. Therefore, it was confirmed by HXPS measurement of each hole injection layer 4A of samples ⁇ and ⁇ whether the raised structure near the Fermi surface exists even over the entire film of hole injection layer 4A. On the other hand, it was still not confirmed in the sample ⁇ .
- the hole injection layer 4A of the second embodiment has an occupied level near the Fermi surface.
- a tungsten oxide layer having a structure that is raised (not necessarily a peak) in a region having a binding energy of about 1.8 to 3.6 eV lower than the point (iii), that is, an occupancy quasi-near the Fermi surface By using a tungsten oxide layer having a position as a hole injection layer, the organic EL element of Embodiment 2 can exhibit excellent hole conduction efficiency.
- the characteristics of the series of hole-only devices and organic EL devices described in the second embodiment include the hole injection efficiency from the ITO layer 3 to the hole injection layer 4A and the hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer 4A to the buffer layer 6A. Rather than the hole conduction efficiency of the hole injection layer 4A. The reason is described below.
- the injection sites (x) are present in the hole injection layer 4A at such a number density that can be confirmed by UPS, as will be described with reference to FIG. 14 in the first embodiment.
- the shape of the raised structure and the normalized strength are not much different in each of the ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ hole injection layers 4A. Therefore, the number density of the injection sites (x) is each of ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ . It is considered that the hole injection layer 4A has the same level.
- each of the ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ hole injection layers 4A is an injection site of the buffer layer 6A. It is considered that the injection site (x) has a sufficient number density with respect to the number density of (y). That is, the hole injection layers 4A under the film formation conditions ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ can be regarded as having the same degree of hole injection efficiency from the hole injection layer 4A to the buffer layer 6A.
- FIG. 36 is a view for explaining the structure of a tungsten oxide crystal.
- the tungsten oxide according to the second embodiment has a composition ratio of tungsten to oxygen of approximately 1: 3. Therefore, here, description will be made by taking tungsten trioxide as an example.
- the crystal of tungsten trioxide has a structure in which six oxygen atoms are bonded to one tungsten atom in octahedral coordination, and the octahedrons share apex oxygen atoms.
- the octahedrons are shown in a regular order like rhenium trioxide, but the octahedrons are actually arranged slightly distorted.
- These tungsten atoms bonded to six oxygen atoms in octahedral coordination are hexavalent tungsten atoms.
- a tungsten atom having a valence lower than hexavalent corresponds to a disorder in which the octahedral coordination is disturbed in some way.
- one of the six coordinated oxygen atoms is missing and has an oxygen defect.
- the tungsten atom bonded to the remaining five oxygen atoms is pentavalent. Become.
- the mechanism of hole conduction in the hole injection layer 4A of the second embodiment having pentavalent tungsten atoms inferred from the above is as follows.
- a pentavalent tungsten atom can donate electrons to holes from its own unshared electron pair. Therefore, if pentavalent tungsten atoms are close to each other, holes can move by hopping between unshared electron pairs of pentavalent tungsten atoms by the voltage applied to the hole injection layer. is there. Furthermore, if the pentavalent tungsten atoms are substantially adjacent to each other, the overlap of the 5d orbitals corresponding to the unshared electron pair becomes large and can be easily moved without hopping.
- holes are conducted between pentavalent tungsten atoms present in the hole injection layer 4A.
- the hole injection layer 4A in the sample for TEM observation was formed using a DC magnetron sputtering apparatus. Specifically, a 30-nm-thick tungsten oxide layer (considered as the hole injection layer 4A) was formed on the ITO substrate formed on glass by the reactive sputtering method.
- the TEM observation samples prepared under the film formation conditions ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are referred to as samples ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ , respectively.
- the thickness direction of the sample is thinned with respect to the surface to be observed.
- the cross section of the hole injection layer 4A is observed, and the cross section is produced by sample processing using a focused ion beam (FIB) apparatus, and further thinned to a thickness of about 50 nm.
- FIB focused ion beam
- FIG. 37 shows a TEM observation photograph of a cross section of each hole injection layer 4A of samples ⁇ to ⁇ . The magnification of the photograph follows the scale bar described in the photograph. The darkest part to the brightest part is divided into 256 gradations for display.
- FIG. 38 shows the result of two-dimensional Fourier transform of the TEM observation photograph of FIG. 37 (referred to as a two-dimensional Fourier transform image).
- This two-dimensional Fourier transform image is a wave number distribution in the inverse space of the TEM observation photograph of FIG. 37, and thus shows the periodicity of the TEM observation photograph.
- the two-dimensional Fourier transform image of FIG. 38 was created by subjecting the TEM photograph of FIG. 37 to Fourier transform using image processing software “LAview Version # 1.77”.
- FIG. 39 is a diagram showing an outline of the creation method, and shows a sample ⁇ as an example.
- FIG. 39 (a) a two-dimensional Fourier transform image is rotated in increments of 1 ° from 0 ° to 359 ° with the center point as the center of rotation, and from the center point to the X axis in the figure at every 1 ° rotation. Measure the luminance with respect to the distance in the direction. Then, all the measurement results for every 1 ° rotation were added and divided by 360 to obtain an average luminance (referred to as normalized luminance) with respect to the distance from the center point.
- FIG. 39B is a graph in which the distance from the center point is plotted on the horizontal axis and the normalized luminance at each distance is plotted on the vertical axis.
- FIG. 42 is a diagram showing an outline of the evaluation method, and shows samples ⁇ and ⁇ as examples.
- FIGS. 42 (a) and 42 (b) are luminance change plots of samples ⁇ and ⁇ , respectively, and FIGS. 42 (a1) and 42 (b1) are enlarged views near the peak P1.
- the “peak width L of the peak P1” indicated by “L” in the figure is used as an index indicating the “sharpness” of the peak P1.
- the luminance change plots of FIGS. 42 (a1) and (b1) are first-order differentiated and shown in FIGS. 42 (a2) and (b2). . 42 (a2) and 42 (b2), the value on the horizontal axis corresponding to the peak top of the peak P1 and the value on the horizontal axis corresponding to the position where the differential value first becomes 0 from the peak top toward the center point.
- the peak width L is defined as the difference between the two.
- Table 12 shows the values of the peak width L in the samples ⁇ to ⁇ when the value on the horizontal axis corresponding to the peak top of the peak P1 is normalized as 100.
- the peak width L is the smallest for the sample ⁇ , increases in the order of the samples ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ , and is the maximum for the sample ⁇ .
- the peak width L of the samples ⁇ and ⁇ is not as small as the sample ⁇ .
- the organic EL element 1C having the hole injection layer 4A under the film forming conditions ⁇ and ⁇ has a good hole conduction efficiency as described above.
- the value of the peak width L in Table 12 indicates the clarity of the concentric bright part closest to the center point in the two-dimensional Fourier transform image of FIG.
- the larger the value of the peak width L the larger the concentric bright part spreads, and therefore the regularity and order in the TEM photograph of FIG. 37 before the two-dimensional Fourier transform become lower.
- a hole injection layer having good hole conduction efficiency has an occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface throughout the film, has a high proportion of pentavalent tungsten atoms, has a nanocrystal structure, and has high regularity and order of the film structure.
- the hole injection layer with poor hole conduction efficiency does not confirm the occupied level near the Fermi surface over the entire film, and the proportion of pentavalent tungsten atoms is very low, and the nanocrystal structure cannot be confirmed. Low regularity and order. The correlation between these experimental results will be discussed below.
- the hole injection layer under each film forming condition in the second embodiment has a composition ratio of tungsten to oxygen of approximately 1: 3. Therefore, it is considered that the nanocrystal that is a factor of the regularity of the film structure seen in the hole injection layer under the film formation conditions ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ is a microcrystal of tungsten trioxide.
- Non-Patent Document 6 shows that the surface of tungsten trioxide crystal has a structure in which half of the outermost tungsten atoms are not terminated with oxygen atoms, and the structure where all the outermost tungsten atoms are terminated with oxygen atoms. More stable. In this way, it is considered that many pentavalent tungsten atoms that are not terminated by oxygen atoms are present on the surface or grain boundary of the nanocrystal.
- the hole injection layer under the film formation condition ⁇ has almost no pentavalent tungsten atoms, nanocrystals are not confirmed, and the entire film has an amorphous structure with poor regularity.
- the octahedron structure which is the basic structure of tungsten trioxide, shares oxygen at the apex without interrupting each other (thus it does not become a pentavalent tungsten atom), but the octahedron structure is periodic. This is probably due to lack of order.
- the occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface is considered to be derived from a structure similar to an oxygen defect.
- the pentavalent tungsten atom is also derived from a structure similar to an oxygen defect. That is, the occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface and the pentavalent tungsten atom are caused by the structure similar to the same oxygen defect.
- the assumption that the 5d orbit that is not used for bonding with an oxygen atom of a pentavalent tungsten atom or the like is an occupied level in the vicinity of the Fermi surface is as follows. Many reports have been made.
- FIG. 43B is a diagram showing the conduction of the holes 14 when the amorphous structure 16 is dominant and the nanocrystals 15 are few (or none) in the hole injection layer.
- hopping of the holes 14 occurs between the relatively close pentavalent tungsten atoms present in the amorphous structure 16.
- the holes 14 move to the buffer layer side while hopping between adjacent pentavalent tungsten atoms. That is, in the amorphous structure 16, the holes 14 move by hopping conduction.
- the driving voltage of the element becomes high.
- a structure similar to oxygen defects may be increased in the amorphous structure 16, and in fact, a tungsten oxide film is formed under predetermined conditions by, for example, vacuum deposition. Then, it is possible to produce an amorphous film containing a lot of structures similar to oxygen defects.
- the hole injection layer of the present invention has a composition ratio of tungsten to oxygen of approximately 1: 3, so that the entire film has few structures similar to oxygen defects and forms a crystal structure. Therefore, chemical stability is kept relatively good and coloring is reduced.
- FIG. 43 (a) is a diagram showing the conduction of the holes 14 when there are few (or no) amorphous structures 16 in the hole injection layer, while many nanocrystals 13 are present.
- the presence of a large number of nanocrystals 13 further connects the respective surfaces and grain boundaries.
- the structure of the metal oxide layer exhibiting good hole conduction efficiency includes (1) that there is a portion responsible for giving and receiving holes, and (2) that it is continuously present, Is considered important. Therefore, (1) a metal atom having a valence lower than the maximum valence that can be taken by itself is present in the layer, and (2) a metal oxide layer forming a nanocrystal structure is suitable for hole conduction. It can be said that it is a structure.
- the film formation method of the hole injection layer of the present invention is not limited to the reactive sputtering method, and for example, a vapor deposition method, a CVD method, or the like can be used.
- the organic EL element of the present invention is not limited to a configuration using a single element.
- An organic EL light-emitting device can be configured by integrating a plurality of organic EL elements as pixels on a substrate.
- Such an organic EL light-emitting device can be implemented by appropriately setting the film thickness of each layer in each element, and can be used as, for example, a lighting device. Or it can also be set as the organic electroluminescent panel which is an image display apparatus.
- the rising position of the peak P1 shown in FIG. 42 is the position at which the differential value first becomes 0 from the peak top of the peak P1 toward the center point in FIGS. 42 (a2) and (b2). did.
- the determination method of the rising position of the peak P1 is not limited to this.
- an average value of normalized luminance near the peak P1 is used as a baseline, and the baseline and the peak P1 are determined.
- An intersection with a nearby graph can be set as the rising position of the peak P1.
- a hole transport layer may be formed between the hole injection layer and the light emitting layer.
- the hole transport layer has a function of transporting holes injected from the hole injection layer to the light emitting layer.
- a hole transporting organic material is used as the hole transport layer.
- the hole transporting organic material is an organic substance having a property of transmitting generated holes by a charge transfer reaction between molecules. This is sometimes called a p-type organic semiconductor.
- the material of the hole transport layer may be either a high molecular material or a low molecular material, and can be formed by, for example, a wet printing method.
- the hole transport layer material preferably contains a cross-linking agent so as not to be mixed with the light emitting layer material.
- the material for the hole transport layer include a copolymer containing a fluorene moiety and a triarylamine moiety, and a low molecular weight triarylamine derivative.
- the crosslinking agent dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate or the like can be used. In this case, it is preferably formed of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT: PSS) or a derivative thereof (such as a copolymer).
- the ITO layer 3 is formed thereon in order to improve the bonding property between the respective layers.
- the anode 2 is made of a material mainly containing aluminum, the bondability is improved. Therefore, the ITO layer 3 may be omitted and the anode may have a single layer structure.
- the bank shape is not limited to a so-called pixel bank (a cross-shaped bank), and a line bank can also be adopted.
- FIG. 44 shows a configuration of an organic EL panel in which a plurality of line banks 65 are arranged and the light emitting layers 66a, 66b, 66c adjacent in the X-axis direction are divided.
- the line bank 65 is adopted, the light emitting layers adjacent to each other along the Y-axis direction are not defined by the bank element, but influence each other by appropriately setting the driving method, the area of the anode, the interval, and the like. It can be made to emit light without.
- an organic material is used as the bank material, but an inorganic material can also be used.
- the bank material film can be formed by coating, for example, as in the case of using an organic material.
- the organic EL device of the present invention can be used for display devices for mobile phones, display devices for televisions, various light sources, and the like. In any application, it can be applied as an organic EL element that is driven at a low voltage in a wide luminance range from low luminance to high luminance such as a light source. With such high performance, it can be widely used as various display devices for home or public facilities, or for business use, television devices, displays for portable electronic devices, illumination light sources, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の一態様である有機発光素子の製造方法は、タングステン原子に酸素原子が部分結合してなる酸素欠陥構造を持つ酸化タングステンを含む酸化タングステン層を、陽極を含む下地層上に形成する第1工程と、前記酸化タングステン層を焼成する第2工程と、前記焼成した前記酸化タングステン層の上方に、隔壁材料を用いて隔壁材料膜を形成する第3工程と、前記隔壁材料膜をエッチング液を用いてパターニングし、開口部を有するパターンの隔壁を形成する第4工程と、前記開口部の内部に有機材料を含む有機層を形成する第5工程と、前記有機層の上方に陰極を形成する第6工程と、を有し、前記第2工程では、前記酸化タングステン層を焼成することで、前記酸素欠陥構造を維持しつつ、前記第4工程で用いるエッチング液に対する溶解耐性を向上させるものとする。
<実施の形態1>
(有機EL素子の構成)
図1は、本実施の形態1における有機EL素子1の構成を示す模式的な断面図である。
(基板)
基板10は有機EL素子1の基材となる部分であり、例えば、無アルカリガラス、ソーダガラス、無蛍光ガラス、燐酸系ガラス、硼酸系ガラス、石英、アクリル系樹脂、スチレン系樹脂、ポリカーボネート系樹脂、エポキシ系樹脂、ポリエチレン、ポリエステル、シリコン系樹脂、またはアルミナ等の絶縁性材料のいずれかで形成することができる。
(陽極)
陽極2は、厚さ50nmのITOからなる透明導電膜で構成されている。陽極2の構成はこれに限定されず、例えばIZOなどの透明導電膜、アルミニウムなどの金属膜、APC(銀、パラジウム、銅の合金)、ARA(銀、ルビジウム、金の合金)、MoCr(モリブデンとクロムの合金)、NiCr(ニッケルとクロムの合金)などの合金膜でもよく、またこれらを複数積層して構成することもできる。
(ホール注入層)
ホール注入層4は、酸化タングステン(組成式WOxにおいて、xは概ね2<x<3の範囲における実数)を含んでなる、膜厚が2nm以上(ここでは一例として10nm)の酸化タングステン層として構成される。膜厚が2nm未満であると、均一な成膜を行いにくく、また、以下に示す陽極2とホール注入層4との間のショットキーオーミック接続を形成しにくいので、好ましくない。前記ショットキーオーミック接続は酸化タングステンの膜厚が2nm以上で安定して形成されるため、これ以上の膜厚でホール注入層4を形成すれば、ショットキーオーミック接続を利用して、陽極2からホール注入層4への安定したホール注入効率を期待できる。一方、膜密度は5.8g/cm3以上6.0g/cm3以下の範囲となるように設定されている。これは酸化タングステン成膜後に所定条件の焼成工程(加熱温度200℃以上230℃以内、加熱時間15分以上45分以内の条件で大気焼成する工程)で焼き締めを図ることにより、成膜直後(as-depo膜状態)では5.4g/cm3以上5.7g/cm3以下程度であった膜密度を、5.8g/cm3以上6.0g/cm3以下の範囲まで増加させたものである。このように膜密度を増大させることで、製造時のバンク形成工程で用いるエッチング液や洗浄液に対する溶解耐性を付与し、膜減りを最小限に抑制している。
(バンク)
ホール注入層4の表面には、発光層6Bを区画するように、絶縁性の有機材料(例えばアクリル系樹脂、ポリイミド系樹脂、ノボラック型フェノール樹脂等)からなるバンク(隔壁)5が、一定の台形断面を持つストライプ構造または井桁構造をなすように形成される。
なお、バンク5は本発明に必須の構成ではなく、有機EL素子1を単体で使用する場合等には不要である。
(機能層)
各々のバンク5に区画されたホール注入層4の表面には、バッファ層6Aと、RGBのいずれかの色に対応する発光層6Bからなる機能層が形成されている。機能層は、有機材料を含む有機層として形成される。複数の有機EL素子1を用いて有機ELパネルを構成する場合には、RGBの各色に対応する一連の3つの素子1を1単位(画素、ピクセル)として、基板10上にこれを複数単位にわたり並設する。
[バッファ層]
バッファ層6Aは、ホール注入層4側から発光層6B側へホールを効率よく輸送する層であって、厚さ20nmのアミン系有機高分子であるTFB(poly(9、9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-(1、4-phenylene-((4-sec-butylphenyl)imino)-1、4-phenylene))で構成される。
[発光層]
発光層6Bは、厚さ70nmの有機高分子であるF8BT(poly(9、9-di-n-octylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole))で構成される。しかしながら、発光層6Bはこの材料からなる構成に限定されず、公知の有機材料を含むように構成することが可能である。たとえば特開平5-163488号公報に記載のオキシノイド化合物、ペリレン化合物、クマリン化合物、アザクマリン化合物、オキサゾール化合物、オキサジアゾール化合物、ペリノン化合物、ピロロピロール化合物、ナフタレン化合物、アントラセン化合物、フルオレン化合物、フルオランテン化合物、テトラセン化合物、ピレン化合物、コロネン化合物、キノロン化合物およびアザキノロン化合物、ピラゾリン誘導体およびピラゾロン誘導体、ローダミン化合物、クリセン化合物、フェナントレン化合物、シクロペンタジエン化合物、スチルベン化合物、ジフェニルキノン化合物、スチリル化合物、ブタジエン化合物、ジシアノメチレンピラン化合物、ジシアノメチレンチオピラン化合物、フルオレセイン化合物、ピリリウム化合物、チアピリリウム化合物、セレナピリリウム化合物、テルロピリリウム化合物、芳香族アルダジエン化合物、オリゴフェニレン化合物、チオキサンテン化合物、アンスラセン化合物、シアニン化合物、アクリジン化合物、8-ヒドロキシキノリン化合物の金属錯体、2-ビピリジン化合物の金属錯体、シッフ塩とIII族金属との錯体、オキシン金属錯体、希土類錯体等の蛍光物質等を挙げることができる。
(陰極)
陰極8は、厚さ5nmのバリウム層8Aと、厚さ100nmのアルミニウム層8Bを積層して構成される。
(有機EL素子の作用および効果)
以上の構成を持つ有機EL素子1では、ホール注入層4が酸素欠陥構造を有することで、当該ホール注入層4中に前記フェルミ面近傍の占有準位が存在する。そして当該フェルミ面近傍の占有準位と、バッファ層6Aの最高被占軌道との間で、いわゆる界面準位接続がなされ、ホール注入層4とバッファ層6Aとの間のホール注入障壁が極めて小さくなっている。
(有機EL素子の製造方法)
まず、基板10をスパッタ成膜装置のチャンバー内に載置する。そしてチャンバー内に所定のガスを導入し、反応性スパッタ法に基づき、厚さ50nmのITOからなる陽極2を成膜する。
<各種実験と考察>
(酸化タングステンの成膜条件について)
本実施の形態1では、ホール注入層4を構成する酸化タングステンを所定の成膜条件で成膜することで、ホール注入層4に前記したフェルミ面近傍の占有準位を存在させ、ホール注入層4とバッファ層6Aとの間のホール注入障壁を低減して、有機EL素子1を低電圧駆動できるようにしている。
(ホール注入層の電子状態について)
本実施の形態1の有機EL素子1のホール注入層4を構成する酸化タングステンには、前記フェルミ面近傍の占有準位が存在している。このフェルミ面近傍の占有準位は、先の実験で示した成膜条件の調整により形成されるものである。詳細を以下に述べる。
バイアス :なし
出射角 :基板法線方向
測定点間隔:0.05eV
図8に、サンプルAの酸化タングステン層12のUPSスペクトルを示す。横軸の結合エネルギーの原点は導電性シリコン基板11のフェルミレベルとし、左方向を正の向きとした。
このようなサンプルAの特性は、言い換えると、価電子帯で最も低い結合エネルギーよりおおよそ1.8~3.6eV低い範囲内にフェルミ面近傍の占有準位が存在し、特に、価電子帯で最も低い結合エネルギーよりおおよそ2.0~3.2eV低い範囲内にて、この範囲に対応するフェルミ面近傍の隆起構造が、UPSスペクトルで明瞭に確認できるものである。
(ホール注入層から機能層へのホール注入効率に関する考察)
酸化タングステンからなるホール注入層において、UPSスペクトル等でフェルミ面近傍の隆起構造として確認できるフェルミ面近傍の占有準位が、ホール注入層から機能層へのホール注入効率に作用する原理は、以下のように考えることができる。
(酸化タングステン膜の膜減りとホール注入特性、駆動電圧等の関係について)
ホール注入層4では、上記所定の成膜条件で成膜した直後の酸化タングステン膜を焼成することによって焼き締め、高密度化する。これにより上記したホール注入特性を維持しつつ、バンク形成工程で用いるエッチング液や洗浄液に対する溶解耐性を確保している。
中レート:Power密度2.8W/cm2、成膜雰囲気Ar/O2比100:43
高レート:Power密度5.6W/cm2、成膜雰囲気Ar/O2比100:43
膜減り量の必要耐性の評価基準は、一例として、実際の成膜直後の膜厚(14nm)からの膜厚制御可能な範囲を考慮し、膜減り量が成膜直後の半分以下(7nm以下)となる範囲に設定した。また駆動電圧(規格化)の必要性能の評価基準は、一例として、1以下の範囲とした。
(有機ELパネルにおける面内膜厚ズレについて)
次に図21は、膜密度に対する膜減り量と、有機ELパネルにおける面内膜厚ズレの関係を示す図である。
<実施の形態2>
〈有機EL素子1Cの全体構成〉
図24(a)は、本実施の形態に係る有機EL素子1Cの構成を示す模式的な断面図である。図24(b)はホール注入層4A付近の部分拡大図である。
(ITO層3)
ITO(酸化インジウムスズ)層3は、陽極2とホール注入層4Aの間に介在し、各層間の接合性を良好にする機能を有する。有機EL素子1Cでは、ITO層3を陽極2と分けているが、ITO層3を陽極2の一部とみなすこともできる。
(ホール注入層4A)
ホール注入層4Aは、実施の形態1のホール注入層4と同様に、所定の低レートによる成膜条件で成膜された、少なくとも2nm以上の膜厚(ここでは一例として30nm)の酸化タングステン層で構成されている。これにより、ITO層3とホール注入層4Aはショットキーオーミック接続しており、ITO層3のフェルミレベルと、ITO層3の表面からホール注入層4A側への距離が2nmの位置におけるフェルミ面近傍の占有準位で最も低い結合エネルギーとの差が、±0.3eV以内に収まっている。これによって有機EL素子1Cでは、従来構成に比べてITO層3とホール注入層4A間のホール注入障壁が緩和され、良好な低電圧駆動が可能となっている。また、ホール注入層4Aの膜密度は5.8g/cm3~6.0g/cm3の範囲の高密度に設定され、バンク5の形成工程で用いるエッチング液や洗浄液に対する溶解耐性が高められている。これにより、膜減り量も最小限に抑制される。図24(a)では、ホール注入層4Aは発光層6B側の表面が若干膜減りし、陽極2側に向かって凹入構造をなしている様子を示している。
(電子注入層7・陰極8D・封止層9)
電子注入層7は、電子を陰極8Dから発光層6Bへ注入する機能を有し、例えば、膜厚5nm程度のバリウム、厚さ1nm程度のフッ化リチウム、フッ化ナトリウム、あるいはこれらを組み合わせた層で形成されることが好ましい。
〈有機EL素子1Cの製造方法〉
次に、図26~29を用いて、有機EL素子1Cの全体的な製造方法を例示する。
(陽極形成工程からバンク形成工程までの別の工程例)
次に図29、31を用いて、陽極形成工程からバンク形成工程までのプロセスの別例を説明する。なお、当該プロセスでは、基板10の表面に平坦化膜17を形成する構成を例示している。
[ドライエッチング条件]
処理対象;酸化タングステン膜
エッチングガス;フッ素系ガス(SF6、CF4CHF3)
混合ガス;O2、N2
混合ガス比;CF4:O2=160:40
供給パワー;Source 500W、Bias 400W
圧力;10~50mTorr
エッチング温度;室温
上記ドライエッチング処理を実施後、ホール注入層4Bが形成される。その後はO2ガスでアッシング処理を行うことで、次のウェットエッチング(W/E)処理におけるレジストパターンRの剥離を容易にしておく。
[ウェットエッチング条件]
処理対象;IZO薄膜及びAl合金薄膜
エッチャント;リン酸、硝酸、酢酸の混合水溶液
溶剤の混合比率;任意(一般的な条件で混合可能)
エッチング温度;室温よりも低くする。
〈ホール注入層4A、4Bの成膜条件に関する各種実験と考察〉
(ホール注入層4A、4Bの成膜条件について)
実施の形態2では、ホール注入層4A、4Bを構成する酸化タングステンを所定の成膜条件(低レート成膜条件)で成膜することで、ホール注入層4A、4Bにナノクリスタル構造を存在させることによりホール伝導効率を向上させ、有機EL素子1Cを低電圧駆動できるようにしている。この所定の成膜条件について詳細に説明する。
なお、上記パラメータの値が大きい程成膜レートが低く、上記パラメータの値が小さい程成膜レートが高くなることが、別の実験により確認された。
各有機EL素子1Cの印加電圧と電流密度の関係を図32に示す。図中縦軸は電流密度(mA/cm2)、横軸は印加電圧(V)である。
(ホール注入層4Aのタングステンの化学状態について)
実施の形態2の有機EL素子1Cのホール注入層4A、4Bを構成する酸化タングステン層には、5価のタングステン原子が存在している。この5価のタングステン原子は、先の実験で示した成膜条件の調整により形成されるものである。詳細を以下に述べる。
SPring-8のビームラインBL46XUを使用。
バイアス :なし
出射角 :基板法線方向とのなす角が40°
測定点間隔:0.05eV
表7に示すα~εの各成膜条件でHXPS測定用のサンプルを作製した。ガラス上に成膜されたITO基板の上に、厚さ30nmの酸化タングステン層(ホール注入層4Aと見なす)を、前記の反応性スパッタ法で成膜することにより、HXPS測定用のサンプルとした。以降、成膜条件α、β、γ、δ、εで作製したHXPS測定用サンプルを、それぞれサンプルα、サンプルβ、サンプルγ、サンプルδ、サンプルεと称する。
(ホール注入層4Aの電子状態について)
実施の形態2の酸化タングステンからなるホール注入層4Aは、実施の形態1のホール注入層4と同様に、フェルミ面近傍の占有準位を有する。この占有準位の作用により、ホール注入層4Aとバッファ層6Aとの間で界面準位接続がなされ、ホール注入層4Aとバッファ層6Aとの間のホール注入障壁が小さく抑えられている。これにより、実施の形態2の有機EL素子は、低電圧での駆動が可能となる。
バイアス :なし
出射角 :基板法線方向
測定点間隔:0.05eV
図35に、サンプルα、εの各ホール注入層4Aの、領域(y)におけるUPSスペクトルを示す。ここで、領域(y)や点(iii)等の記号は、実施の形態1で説明した通りであり、横軸は点(iii)を原点とした相対的な結合エネルギーである。
(W5+/W6+の値とホール伝導効率の関係に関する考察)
図36は酸化タングステン結晶の構造を説明するための図である。実施の形態2の酸化タングステンは、前述したようにタングステンと酸素の組成比がほぼ1:3であるから、ここでは三酸化タングステンを例に挙げて説明する。
この、6つの酸素と8面体配位で結合したタングステン原子が、6価のタングステン原子である。一方で、6価より価数が低いタングステン原子とは、この8面体配位が何らかの形で乱れたものに対応する。典型的には、配位している6つの酸素原子のうちのひとつが抜け酸素欠陥となっている場合で、このとき、残された5つの酸素原子と結合しているタングステン原子は5価となる。
(ホール注入層4Aにおける酸化タングステンの微細構造について)
実施の形態2のホール注入層4Aを構成する酸化タングステン層には、ナノクリスタル構造が存在している。このナノクリスタル構造は、成膜条件の調整により形成されるものである。詳細を以下に述べる。
以降、成膜条件α、β、γ、δ、εで作製したTEM観察用サンプルを、それぞれサンプルα、β、γ、δ、εと称する。
使用機器:Quanta200(FEI社製)
加速電圧:30kV(最終仕上げ5kV)
薄片膜厚:約50nm
(TEM観察条件)
使用機器:トプコンEM-002B(トプコンテクノハウス社製)
観察方法:高分解能電子顕微鏡法
加速電圧:200kV
図37に、サンプルα~εの各ホール注入層4Aの断面のTEM観察写真を示す。写真の倍率は、写真内に記載したスケールバーに従う。また、最暗部から最明部までを256階調に分割し表示している。
一般にTEM写真において、上記のような線状構造がある領域は、一つの微細な結晶を表している。図37のTEM写真では、この結晶の大きさは、おおよそ5nm~10nm程度のナノサイズと見て取れる。したがって、上記の線状構造の有無は、次のように言い換えられる。すなわち、サンプルα、β、γ、δでは酸化タングステンのナノクリスタル構造が確認できるが、一方でサンプルεでは確認できず、ほぼ全体がアモルファス構造と考えられる。
上記の同心円状の明部の「不明瞭さ」は、図37のTEM写真における秩序性の崩れを示している。つまり、同心円状の明部が明瞭に確認できるサンプルα、β、γ、δのホール注入層4Aは秩序性、規則性が比較的高く、サンプルεのホール注入層4Aは秩序性、規則性が低いことを示している。
図40、41から、サンプルεのピークP1に比べて、サンプルα、β、γ、δのピークP1は鋭い凸形状を持っていることがわかる。この各サンプルのピークP1の鋭さを、数値化して比較した。図42はその評価方法の概要を示す図であり、サンプルαおよびεを例として示している。
(ナノクリスタル構造とホール伝導効率との関係に関する考察)
実施の形態2の各実験によって、次のことがわかった。ホール伝導効率が良いホール注入層は、膜全体にわたってフェルミ面近傍の占有準位を持ち、5価のタングステン原子の割合が高く、ナノクリスタル構造を持ち、膜構造の規則性、秩序性が高い。逆に、ホール伝導効率が悪いホール注入層は、膜全体にわたってフェルミ面近傍の占有準位が確認されず、5価のタングステン原子の割合が非常に低く、ナノクリスタル構造も確認できず、膜構造の規則性、秩序性が低い。この各実験結果の相関関係を、以下に考察する。
<その他の事項>
本発明のホール注入層の成膜方法は、反応性スパッタ法に限定されず、例えば蒸着法、CVD法等を用いることもできる。
1A 光電子分光測定用サンプル
1B、1D ホールオンリー素子
2 陽極
3 ITO層
3A IZO層
4X 薄膜(酸化タングステン膜)
4、4A、4B ホール注入層
5X バンク材料膜
5 バンク
6A バッファ層
6B 発光層
8 陰極(2層)
8A バリウム層(陰極構成層)
8B アルミニウム層(陰極構成層)
8C、8E 陰極(Au単層)
8D 陰極(ITO単層)
9 封止層
10 基板
11 シリコン基板
12 酸化タングステン層
13、15 ナノクリスタル
14 ホール
16 アモルファス構造
17 平坦化膜
DC 直流電源
Claims (8)
- タングステン原子に酸素原子が部分結合してなる酸素欠陥構造を持つ酸化タングステンを含む酸化タングステン層を、陽極を含む下地層上に形成する第1工程と、
前記酸化タングステン層を焼成する第2工程と、
前記焼成した前記酸化タングステン層の上方に、隔壁材料を用いて隔壁材料膜を形成する第3工程と、
前記隔壁材料膜をエッチング液を用いてパターニングし、開口部を有するパターンの隔壁を形成する第4工程と、
前記開口部の内部に有機材料を含む有機層を形成する第5工程と、
前記有機層の上方に陰極を形成する第6工程と、を有し、
前記第2工程では、
前記酸化タングステン層を焼成することで、前記酸素欠陥構造を維持しつつ、前記第4工程で用いるエッチング液に対する溶解耐性を向上させる
有機発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記第2工程では、膜密度が5.8g/cm3以上6.0g/cm3以下となるように前記酸化タングステン層を焼成する
請求項1に記載の有機発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記第1工程では、電子状態において、価電子帯で最も低い結合エネルギーより1.8~3.6eV低い結合エネルギー領域に占有準位を有するように、前記酸素欠陥構造を持つ前記酸化タングステン層を形成し、
前記第2工程後も前記占有準位を維持する
請求項1に記載の有機発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記第1工程では、UPSスペクトルまたはXPSスペクトルにおいて、価電子帯で最も低い結合エネルギーより1.8~3.6eV低い結合エネルギー領域内に隆起した形状を有するように、前記酸素欠陥構造を持つ前記酸化タングステン層を形成し、
前記第2工程後も前記隆起形状を維持する
請求項1に記載の有機発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記第1工程では、UPSスペクトルの微分スペクトルにおいて、価電子帯で最も低い結合エネルギーより1.8~3.6eV低い結合エネルギー領域にわたり、指数関数とは異なる関数として表わされるスペクトル形状を有するように、前記酸素欠陥構造を持つ前記酸化タングステン層を形成し、
前記第2工程後も前記指数関数とは異なる関数として表わされる形状を維持する
請求項1に記載の有機発光素子の製造方法。 - 前記第1工程では、価数が6価であるタングステン原子および価数が5価であるタングステン原子を含み、
前記5価のタングステン原子の含有量を前記6価のタングステン原子の含有量で割った価であるW5+/W6+が3.2%以上7.4%以下となるように、前記酸素欠陥構造を持つ前記酸化タングステン層を形成し、
前記第2工程後も前記W5+/W6+の比率を維持する
請求項1に記載の有機発光素子の製造方法。 - 酸化タングステンを含む酸化タングステン層を、陽極を含む下地層上に形成する第1工程と、
前記酸化タングステン層を焼成する第2工程と、
前記焼成した前記酸化タングステン層の上方に、隔壁材料を用いて隔壁材料膜を形成する第3工程と、
前記隔壁材料膜をエッチング液を用いてパターニングし、開口部を有するパターンの隔壁を形成する第4工程と、
前記開口部の内部に有機材料を含む有機層を形成する第5工程と、
前記有機層の上方に陰極を形成する第6工程と、を有し、
前記第1工程では、UPSスペクトルまたはXPSスペクトルにおいて、価電子帯で最も低い結合エネルギーより1.8~3.6eV低い結合エネルギー領域内に隆起した形状を有するように前記酸化タングステン層を形成し、
前記第2工程では、
前記酸化タングステン層を焼成することで、前記UPSスペクトルまたは前記XPSスペクトルの前記隆起構造を維持しつつ、前記第4工程で用いるエッチング液に対する溶解耐性を向上させる
有機発光素子の製造方法。 - 酸化タングステンを含む酸化タングステン層を、陽極を含む下地層上に形成する第1工程と、
前記酸化タングステン層を焼成する第2工程と、
前記焼成した前記酸化タングステン層の上方に、隔壁材料を用いて隔壁材料膜を形成する第3工程と、
前記隔壁材料膜をエッチング液を用いてパターニングし、開口部を有するパターンの隔壁を形成する第4工程と、
前記開口部の内部に有機材料を含む有機層を形成する第5工程と、
前記有機層の上方に陰極を形成する第6工程と、を有し、
前記第1工程では、価数が6価であるタングステン原子および価数が5価であるタングステン原子を含み、
前記5価のタングステン原子の含有量を前記6価のタングステン原子の含有量で割った価であるW5+/W6+が3.2%以上7.4%以下となるように、前記酸化タングステン層を形成し、
前記第2工程では、
前記酸化タングステン層を焼成することで、前記W5+/W6+の比率を維持しつつ、前記第4工程で用いるエッチング液に対する溶解耐性を向上させる
有機発光素子の製造方法。
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