WO2011094219A1 - Vesicular formulations - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein are vesicular formulations that include one or more phospholipids and one or more surfactants. In certain embodiments the use of such formulations are for the delivery of fatty acids for the treatment of disorders such as, fatty acid metabolic disorders, including essential fatty acid deficiency; pain or inflammation or osteoarthritis. In certain embodiments the use of such formulations are for use in agriculture, for example for applying agents to plants and crops intended for human consumption.

Description

VESICULAR FORMULATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/298,532, entitled "Vesicular Formulations," filed January 26, 2010 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/321,966, entitled "Vesicular Formulations," filed April 8, 2010, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

1. FIELD OF INVENTION

[0002] Provided herein are compositions and methods relating to formulations of phospholipids and surfactants. Certain aspects and embodiments relate to methods of using such formulations, including agricultural methods.

2. BACKGROUND

[0003] U.S. Patent No. 6,165,500 to Cevc describes a "preparation for the application of agents . . . provided with membrane-like structures consisting of one or several layers of amphiphilic molecules, or an amphiphilic carrier substance, in particular for transporting the agent into and through natural barriers such as skin and similar materials." Abstract. These transfersomes "consist of one or several components[, m]ost commonly a mixture of basic substances, one or several edge-active substances, and agents []." Col. 5, lines 28-30.

According to U.S. Patent No. 6,165,500, "[l]ipids and other amphiphiles are best suited basic substances; surfactants or suitable solvents are the best choice from the point of view of edge- active substances[, and a]ll of these can be mixed with agents in certain proportions depending both on the choice of the starting substances and on their absolute concentration." Col. 5, lines 30-35.

[0004] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2004/0071767 to Cevc et al. describes "formulations of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) based on complex aggregates with at least three amphiphatic components suspended in a . . . pharmaceutically acceptable . . . medium." Abstract. "One of these components is capable of forming stable, large bilayer membranes on its own. The other at least two amphiphatic components, including an NSAID, tend to destabilise such membranes." Paragraph [0002].

[0005] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2004/0105881 to Cevc et al. describes extended surface aggregates, "suspendable in a suitable liquid medium and comprising at least three amphiphats (amphiphatic components) and being capable to improve the transport of actives through semi-permeable barriers, such as the skin, especially for the non-invasive drug application in vivo by means of barrier penetration by such aggregates." Paragraph [0002]. "The three amphiphats include at least one membrane forming compound (MFC), which can form the membrane of [the aggregates], and at least two membrane destabilising compounds (MDCi and MDC₂) differentiated by their capability of forming smaller aggregates (with no extended surfaces) by either themselves or else in combination with each other and/or characterized by their relatively high solubility in [the] suitable liquid medium. Paragraph [0002]. US 2004/0105881 specifically discloses that "incorporation of a surfactant into a bilayer membrane that is built from another less soluble amphiphat, such as a phospholipid, can increase the flexibility of the resulting complex membrane . . . promoting] the capability of complex aggregates . . . to cross pores in a semi-permeable membrane that otherwise would prevent comparably large aggregates from crossing." Paragraph [0015]. Citation of any reference in this section of the application is not an admission that the reference is prior art to the application. The above noted publications are hereby

incorporated by reference in their entirety.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] Provided herein are compositions and methods related to vesicular formulations that include one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants. In some embodiments, the formulations are effective for the delivery of fatty acids and/or

phospholipids in the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid metabolic disorders, including essential fatty acid deficiency. In a particular embodiment, the vesicular formulations include about 25% to about 30% surfactant by weight based on the total weight of the vesicular formulation. These vesicular formulations are suitable for any method of administration, e.g., subcutaneously, topically, or intravenously.

[0007] The term "formulation" as used herein refers to any composition as described herein, for example, a formulation that includes one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants. In some embodiments a formulation may include one or more active agents as described herein; in other embodiments a formulation may specifically not include any active agents, for example active agents as disclosed herein. In some embodiments (for example embodiments that may be useful for agricultural purposes), the formulation may include an active agent that is selected from the group consisting of an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, virucide, algicide, antibiotic, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, pesticide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, plant activator, synergist, and/or the like. In certain

embodiments, the formulation includes one or more active agents selected from the agents listed on Table 9. In some embodiments, the formulation does not include any of the active agents listed on Table 9. In some embodiments, a formulation includes ingredients or components as described herein, for example such as described in Table 8 A and Table 8B. In various embodiments, a formulation similar to or the same as the Example Formulations 1- 129; in some embodiments, the formulations are similar or the same as the Example

Formulations 1-129 except they further include at least one active agent such as described herein (for example the active agent may be present in the formulation in an amount as described herein). In certain embodiments, a formulation, such as described herein

(especially those for use in agricultural applications and methods), is not suitable for administration to a human, for example, it does not meet criteria required by a government regulatory agency such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In some embodiments, the formulation is suitable for use in agriculture, for example it is suitable to apply to plants and crops intended for human consumption. In certain embodiments, the formulation is suitable for administration to a human as a pharmaceutical compositon, for example it does meet criteria for administration to humans by one or more government agencies such as the United States FDA.

[0008] The term "active agents" as used herein includes any agent that can exert one or more actions, for example an action which affects some sort of biological process. In certain embodiments, an active agent may be a pharmaceutical agent or pharmaceutically active agent. In some embodiments (especially embodiments relating to agriculture) an active ingredient may be an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, virucide, algicide, antibiotic, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, pesticide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, plant activator, synergist or the like. In some embodiments, an active agent may be an agent listed on Table 9.

[0009] In accordance with the compositions and methods disclosed herein, the vesicular formulations may be formulated to deliver fatty acids and phosphatidyl derivatives of fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid or omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. In accordance with this embodiment the vesicular formulations may optionally be formulated to include other lipids described herein, such as phophatidyl choline, and surfactants. In accordance with the compositions and methods disclosed herein, the vesicular formulations may deliver essential fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids, to decrease the levels of triglycerides. Vesicular formulations disclosed herein which deliver essential fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids, may be useful in the treatment of fatty acid metabolic disorders, such as essential fatty acid deficiency and hypertriglyceridemia. In one embodiment, the vesicular formulations which deliver essential fatty acids include a phosphatidyl chlo line derivative of a fatty acid, e.g., a phosphatidylcholine derivative of an omega-3 fatty acid. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1-129.

[0010] "Fatty acid metabolic disorder" means a defect in one of the enzymes involved in fatty acid metabolism, and include fatty oxidation disorders, whereby the body is unable to oxidize and metabolize fatty acids due to a failure in the enzymatic pathway. "Essential fatty acid deficiency" means a deficiency in the essential fatty acids, e.g., omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which can lead to physical symptoms such as hemorrhagic dermatitis skin atrophy, scaly dermatitis, dry skin, weakness, impaired vision, tingling sensations, mood swings, edema, high blood pressure, high triglycerides, hemorrhagic folliculitis, hemotologic disturbances, immune and mental deficiencies, and impaired growth.

[0011] In accordance with the compositions and methods disclosed herein, the vesicular formulations maty deliver fats and fat soluble vitamins, such as vitamin E, for the treatment of disorders related to hypolididemia, including, abetalipoproteinemia,

hypobetalipoproteinemia, chlyomicron retention disease. In one embodiment, the vesicular formulations which deliver fats and fat soluble vitamins include a phosphatidylchloline derivative of a fatty acid, e.g., a phosphatidylcholine derivative of vitamin E. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1- 129.

[0012] Provided herein are compositions and methods encompassing vesicular formulations that include one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants that are effective in sequestering organic matter once delivered to the subject. These vesicular formulations are suitable for any method of administration, e.g. , subcutaneously, topically, or intravenously. Without in any way being limited by theory, it is believed that the surprisingly effective and capacious sequestration of native organic compounds by the vesicular formulations disclosed herein occurs because of liquid crystallinity of the vesicular formulations mediated by the presence of membrane adapters such as surfactants. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1- 129. In a preferred embodiment, the vesicular formulations include about 25% to about 30% surfactant by weight.

[0013] In one embodiment, the vesicular formulations of lipids and surfactants are capable of sequestering native organic compounds, including arachidonic acid, upon delivery to human skin for the treatment of pain or inflammation. In some embodiments, these formulations are designed such that the vesicles are able to penetrate deep tissue without diversion into the blood vessels. That is, the formulations are able to travel to the site of the pain in sufficient amount to alleviate that pain to some extent. In some embodiments, delivery to the deep tissue includes delivery of the formulation beneath the skin to the muscle tissue and to the joint itself, while limiting systemic delivery and exposure to the formulation. In a particular embodiment, the vesicular formulation is capable of sequestering arachidonic acid upon administration to human skin, and therefore is capable of altering the pathology of, e.g., pain or inflammation. In another embodiment, vesicular formulations designed to sequester arachidonic acid may also be used to prevent the formation of metabolites, including eicosanoids, for the prevention and/or treatment of asthma, seborrheic eczema, bronchospasm, atherothrombatic cardiovascular disorders, venous thrombatic disorders, pain, and dysmenorrhea. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation capable of

sequestering arachidonic acid is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1-129.

[0014] In some embodiments, vesicular formulations include one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants can sequester cholesterol upon administration to human skin, thus decreasing the accumulation of or uptake of cholesterol for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. In some embodiments, vesicular formulations include one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants that are effective in sequestering triglycerides, thus decreasing the accumulation or uptake of triglycerides for the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation capable of sequestering cholesterol or triglycerides is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1- 129.

[0015] The vesicular formulations disclosed herein may also be used to sequester factors involved in fatty acid metabolism, such as hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). Inhibition of HSL inhibits the conversion of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids, resulting in a decrease in plasma free fatty acids. Thus, the vesicular formualtions disclosed herein may have utility where the decrease in plasma fatty acids is desired, including insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome X, dyslipidemias and abnormal lipoprotein metabolism. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation capable of sequestering factors involved in fatty acid metabolism is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1-129.

[0016] Provided herein are methods and compositions that relate to vesicular

formulations that include one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants that are effective in sequestering metal (as a chelator) upon administration to human skin for the treatment of, e.g., metal toxicity. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation capable of sequestering metals is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1-129.

[0017] Provided herein are methods and compositions that relate to vesicular

formulations that include one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants that are effective in sequestering a toxin (e.g., DDT) upon administration to human skin. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation capable of sequestering toxins such as DDT is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1-129.

[0018] Provided herein are methods and compositions that relate to vesicular

formulations that include one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants that are effective in sequestering inflammatory mediators (e.g., cytokines, such as interleukins, or presenting antigens) upon administration to human skin for the treatment of inflammation and inflammatory related disorders, such as asthma. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation capable of sequestering inflammatory mediators is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1-129.

[0019] Provided herein are methods and compositions that relate to vesicular

formulations that include one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants that are effective in sequestering amyloid upon administration for the treatment of

Alzheimers disease. Such formulations may be administered intravenously in accordance with this embodiment. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation capable of sequestering amyloid is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1-129.

[0020] Provided herein are methods and compositions that relate to vesicular

formulations that inculde one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants that are effective in sequestering uric acid upon administration for the treatment of gout or macular degeneration, such as AMD. Such formulations may be administered topically or intravitreally in accordance with this embodiment. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation capable of sequestering uric acid is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1-129. [0021] Provided herein are methods and compositions that relate to vesicular formulations that include one or more phospholipids and one or more nonionic surfactants that are effective in sequestering squalene, thus leading to fungistatic activity against, e.g. , hyphal fungi. These vesicular formulations are suitable for any method of administration, e.g., subcutaneously, topically, or intravenously. In various embodiments, the vesicular formulation capable of sequestering squalene is one of the formulations set forth in Examples 1-129.

[0022] As used herein, the term "formulation" is not necessarily meant to imply that the ingredients or components are in combination with a pharmaceutically active agent, i.e., any non-lipid non-surfactant active agent that has received regulatory approval for the treatment of fatty acid related disorders, hypocholesterolemia, hypertriclyceridemia, pain, including osteoarthritic pain, inflammation, infection, or toxicity, including metal toxicity or any of the disorders listed above.

[0023] In certain embodiments, despite the lack of a recognized active agent, the vesicles elicit a therapeutic effect, namely the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, or any of the disorders listed above. Without being bound by any theory, Applicant believes that the vesicle components themselves are responsible for this effect.

[0024] In one embodiment, a pharmaceutical package or kit includes one or more containers filled with a formulation disclosed herein, and instructions for administration of the formulation to a patient or subject in need thereof for the treatment of any disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia and

hypercholesterolemia, or any of the disorders listed above. In certain embodiments, the formulation includes one or more phospholipids and one or more surfactants. In certain embodiments, the formulation does not include a pharmaceutically active agent, i.e., any nonlipid, non-surfactant pharmaceutically active agent that has received marketing or regulatory approval in any country for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, pain, including osteoarthritic pain, inflammation, infection, including fungal or bacterial infection, or toxicity, including metal toxicity, or any of the other disorders listed above. In various embodiments, the container includes a formulation formulated as a suspension, emulsion, gel, cream, lotion, spray, film forming solution or lacquer. Also provided are packages or kits that can be used in any of the above-described methods. [0025] In one embodiment, provided are methods for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, or any of the disorders listed above, wherein the vesicular formulations are administered over a period of one or more weeks, for example for at least five weeks, six weeks, seven weeks, eight weeks, nine weeks, ten weeks, eleven weeks, twelve weeks, sixteen weeks, twenty four weeks, four months, six months, eight months, ten months, one year, two or more years, or indefinitely.

[0026] In one embodiment, the formulations include one or more phospholipids, one or more nonionic surfactants, in the absence of any pharmaceutically active agent, i.e., any nonlipid non-surfactant pharmaceutically active agent that has received regulatory approval for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism,

hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia pain, including osteoarthritic pain, inflammation, infection, including fungal or bacterial infection, or toxicity, including metal toxicity, or any of the disorders listed above.

[0027] In one embodiment, a 0.1 to 10 gram dose of the formulation is administered to the patient for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, or any of the disorders listed above; a 1 to 10 gram dose of the formulation is administered to the patient for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, or any of the disorders listed above; a 1 to 5 gram dose of the formulation is administered to the patient for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, pain, including osteoarthritic pain, inflammation, infection, including fungal or bacterial infection, or toxicity, including metal toxicity, or any of the disorders listed above; or a 1 gram, 2 gram, 3 gram, 4 gram, 5 gram, 6 gram, 7 gram, 8 gram, 9 gram or 10 gram dose of the formulation is administered to the patient for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia pain, including

osteoarthritic pain, inflammation, infection, including fungal or bacterial infection, or toxicity, including metal toxicity, or any of the disorders listed above. In some embodiments, the dose is measured as the total weight of the deformasome. In some embodiments, the dose is measured as the total weight of the lipid(s) and surfactant(s) in the deformasome. The dose may be administered once or twice daily for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, or any of the disorders listed above. The dose may be administered once, twice, three, four, five, six, or seven times per week in accordance with the compositions and methods disclosed herein. The dose may be administered every day, every other day, or two to three times a week in accordance with the compositions and methods disclosed herein.

[0028] In some embodiments, the lipid in the pharmaceutical composition is a phospholipid. In some embodiments, the second lipid is a lysophospholipid. In some embodiments, the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant.

[0029] In some embodiments, the compositions form vesicles or other extended surface aggregates (ESAs), wherein the vesicular preparations have improved permeation capability through the semi-permeable barriers, such as skin. The adapatability and deformability of the vesicles allow the vesicles to penetrate beneath the skin to the muscle and the joint itself, however, the size of the vesicle prevents penetration into the vasculature and as a result prevents systemic delivery. While not to be limited to any mechanism of action, the formulations are able to form vesicles characterized by their deformability and/or

adaptability. The adaptability or deformability of the vesicles may be determined by the ability of the vesicles to penetrate a barrier with pores having an average pore diameter at least 50% smaller than the average vesicle diameter before the penetration.

[0030] In some embodiments, the vesicular compositions provide for targeted delivery of e.g., fatty acids to phospholipase-rich sites, e.g., tissues that are part of an inflammatory process or sites containing microorganisms such as bacteria (including narcadia) or fungi. While not to be limited to any mechanism of action or by any theory, the vesicular compositions disclosed herein are broken down by phospholipases. Thus, phospholipases that are released as part of the inflammatory process {e.g., cancer or asthma) or that are released upon contact with a microorganism such as bacteria or fungi can lead to a number of effects including but not limited to rapid entry of the vesicular compositions into the target tissue, changes in the intracellular or intramembraneous lipid homeostasis, which may lead to increased apoptosis or altered membrance function, including increased permeability, and rapid metabolism of the vesicular composition with release of its consituents.

[0031] In one aspect, provided is a method that includes administering a formulation as described herein to a plant, seed or soil. In certain embodiments, the formulation is effective as one or more selected from the group consisting of an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, virucide, algicide, antibiotic, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, pesticide, plant activator, and synergist. In some embodiments, the formulation includes an active agent that is selected from the group consisting of an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, virucide, algicide, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, plant activator, and synergist. In certain embodiments, the formulation includes one or more active agents selected from the agents listed on Table 9. In some embodiments, the formulation does not include any of the active agents listed on Table 9.

[0032] In certain related aspects, provided is a method for controlling weeds, pests, insects, diseases in or on a plant, a field of plants or a crop that includes administering a formulation as described herein to the plant, field of plants or crop.

[0033] In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method of administering a vesicular formulation directly to the surface of a leaf. In certain embodiments, the formulation includes one or more active agents selected from the agents listed on Table 9. In some embodiments, the formulation does not include any of the active agents listed on Table 9. In a particular embodiment, the formulation includes terbinafme or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In a particular embodiment, administration of the formulation directly to the surface of a leaf results in an antifungal effect.

[0034] In other embodiments, provided herein is a method of administering a vesicular formulation directly to the ground surrounding certain plants or weeds. In certain

embodiments, the formulation includes one or more active agents selected from the agents listed on Table 9. In some embodiments, the formulation does not include any of the active agents listed on Table 9. In a particular embodiment, the formulation includes terbinafme or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof. In a particular embodiment, administration of the formulation directly to the ground surrounding certain plants or weeds results in an antifungal effect at the plants or weeds.

[0035] In other embodiments, provided herein is a method of exposing an insect to a vesicular formulation by applying the vesicular formulation to a plant or plant leaf. In certain embodiments, the vesicular formulation is absorbed by the leaf and introduced into the insect upon ingestion of the leaf by the insect. In certain embodiments, the formulation includes one or more active agents selected from the agents listed on Table 9. In some embodiments, the formulation does not include any of the active agents listed on Table 9. In a particular embodiment, the formulation includes one or more insecticides.

[0036] As used herein, the term "plant" refers to a plant as well as any part of a plant or plant product, including but not limited to, plant tissue, a leaf, a leaf primordial, a stem, a flower, a fruit, a root, a root hair, a protoplast, a germ plasm, a stamen, an anther, a filament, a petal, a pistel, a bud, a node, an internode, a shoot, a shoot apex, an apical meristem, a seed, a trunk, and the like. In certain embodiments, the term "plant" also includes multiple plants, for example a field of plants or a crop.

[0037] In various embodiments, plants as disclosed herein can be of any species of dicotyledonous, monocotyledonous or gymnospermous plant, including any woody plant species that grows as a tree or shrub, any herbaceous species, or any species that produces edible fruits, seeds or vegetables, or any species that produces colorful or aromatic flowers. For example, the plant may be selected from a species of plant from the group consisting of Alfalfa; Almond; Anise (fennel); Anona; Apple; Apricot; Aquatic Weeds; Artichoke;

Asparagus; Aster; Aubergin; Avocado; Azalea; Banana; Barley; Beans; Beet; Begonia; Bell Pepper; Bermuda ; Grass; Berries; Blackberry; Blackcurrent; Blueberry; Brassica; Broccoli; Brussel; Cabbage; Cacao; Caneberries; Canola; Cantaloup; Carnation; Carrot; Cassava;

Cauliflower; Celery; Cereals; Cherry; Chickpea; Chicory; Chili; Christmas trees;

Chrysanthemum; Citrus; Clover; Cocoa; Coconut; Coffee; Cole crops; Collard; Conifers; Corn (maize); Cotton; Cotton desiccant; Cranberry; Crucifers; Cucumber; Cucurbits; Currant; Dahlia; Dates; Deciduous fruits; Dewberry; Durum; Eggplant; Elderbery; Eucalyptus; Fallow crops; Feijoya; Field crops; Figs; Flex; Flower bulbs; Flowers; Fodder ; Peas; Fodderbeet; Forage ; Crops; Forestry; French ; Beans; Fruits; Garlic; Gladiolus; Gooseberry; Grain;

Grapefruits; Grapes (vine); Grass seed crops; Grasses; Guava; Herbs; Hop; Horseradish; Iris; Kidney Beans; Kiwi; Lawn; Leek; Legumes; Lemons; Lentil; Lettuce; Lilium; Lingonbery; Linseed; Linseed; Loquat; Lucerne; Lupins; Lychee; Macadamia Nuts; Mangel; Mango; Marigold; Marrow; Melon; Millet; Mint; Mushrooms; Mustard; Narcissus; Nectarine; Non Agricultural Land; Non Crop; Nursery; Nut; Oats; Oil palm; Oilseed rape; Okra; Olive;

Onion; Oranges; Orchids; Ornamental; Papaya; Paprika; Parsley; Parsnip; Passion Fruit; Pasture; Peach; Peanut; Pear; Peas; Pecan; Pepper; Persimmon; Phlox; Pine seed; Pineapple; Pistachio; Plum; Poinsettia; Pome Fruit; Pomegranate; Poplar; Poppy seeds; Post Harvest; Potato; Potato desiccant; Prune; Public Health; Pumpkin; Quince; Radish; Rape Seed; Raspberry; Rice; Rose; Rubber; Rye; Safflower; Seed Treatment; Seed treatment maize; Seed treatment sugar beet; Sesame; Shallot; Sorghum; Soybean; Spices; Spinach; Sprouts; Squash; Stone Fruit; Strawberry; Subtropical & tropical fruits; Sugarbeet; Sugarcane; Sunflower; Sweet Potato; Tea; Timber preservation; Tobacco; Tomato; Triticale; TulipTurf; Vegetables; Vetch; Veterinary; Walnut; Watercress; Watermelon; Wheat; Zinnia; Zucchini; and nut producing plants insofar as they are not already specifically mentioned.

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0038] Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures in organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and pharmacology described herein are those well known and commonly employed in the art. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein generally have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0039] The term "subject" refers to an animal, including, but not limited to, a primate (e.g., human), cow, sheep, goat, pig, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, or mouse. The terms "subject" and "patient" are used interchangeably herein in reference, for example, to a mammalian subject, such as a human subject. In certain embodiments, the term subject can refer to a plant, seed or soil.

[0040] As used herein, a "sufficient amount," "amount effective to" or an "amount sufficient to" achieve a particular result refers to an amount of the formulation disclosed herein is effective to produce a desired effect, which is optionally a therapeutic effect (i.e., by administration of a therapeutically effective amount). Alternatively stated, a "therapeutically effective" amount is an amount that provides some alleviation, mitigation, and/or decrease in at least one clinical symptom. Clinical symptoms associated with the disorder that can be treated by the methods disclosed herein are well-known to those skilled in the art. Further, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the therapeutic effects need not be complete or curative, as long as some benefit is provided to the subject. For example, a "sufficient amount" or "an amount sufficient to" can be an amount that is effective to treat the symptoms of fatty acid deficiencies, hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia or other joint or muscle pain.

[0041] As used herein, the terms "treat", "treating" or "treatment of mean that the severity of a subject's condition is reduced or at least partially improved or ameliorated and/or that some alleviation, mitigation or decrease in at least one clinical symptom is achieved and/or there is an inhibition or delay in the progression of the condition and/or delay in the progression of the onset of disease or illness. The terms "treat", "treating" or

"treatment of also means managing the disease state.

[0042] As used herein, the term "pharmaceutically acceptable" when used in reference to the formulations disclosed herein denotes that a formulation does not result in an

unacceptable level of irritation in the subject to whom the formulation is administered.

Preferably such level will be sufficiently low to provide a formulation suitable for approval by regulatory authorities.

[0043] As used herein with respect to numerical values, the term "about" means a range surrounding a particular numeral value which includes that which would be expected to result from normal experimental error in making a measurement. For example, in certain embodiments, the term "about" when used in connection with a particular numerical value means ±20%, unless specifically stated to be ±1%, ±2%, ±3%, ±4%, ±5%, ±10%, ±15%, or ±20% of the numerical value. Moreover, where "about" is used herein in conjunction with a quantitative term it is understood that in addition to the value plus or minus percentage, the exact value of the quantitative term is also contemplated and described. For example, the term "about 3%" expressly contemplates, describes and includes exactly 3%.

[0044] The term "alkyl" refers to a linear or branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical, wherein the alkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein. The term "alkyl" also encompasses both linear and branched alkyl, unless otherwise specified. In certain embodiments, the alkyl is a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical that has 1 to 20 (C_1-20), 1 to 15 (C_1-15), 1 to 12 (C_1-12), 1 to 10 (C_1-10), or 1 to 6 (C_1-6) carbon atoms, or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 20 (C3-20), 3 to 15 (C3-15), 3 to 12 (C3-12), 3 to 10 (C_3-10), or 3 to 6 (C_3-6) carbon atoms. As used herein, linear Ci_₆ and branched C₃_6 alkyl groups are also referred as "lower alkyl."

Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl (including all isomeric forms), n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl (including all isomeric forms), n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl (including all isomeric forms), and hexyl (including all isomeric forms). For example, Ci_₆ alkyl refers to a linear saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. It is understood in the chemical arts, that the use of the longer chains described herein may be appropriate, or appropriate only in limited amounts, within a molecule so that the properties of the resulting molecule (such as solubility) are appropriate for the use. Thus, while those in the art may use the above longer length alkyl substituents they will be used only when appropriate to provide the desired function.

[0045] The term "aryl" refers to a monocyclic aromatic group and/or multicyclic monovalent aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In certain embodiments, the aryl has from 6 to 20 (C₆-₂o), from 6 to 15 (C_6-15), or from 6 to 10 (C₆-io) ring atoms. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, fluorenyl, azulenyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, pyrenyl, biphenyl, and terphenyl. Aryl also refers to bicyclic or tricyclic carbon rings, where one of the rings is aromatic and the others of which may be saturated, partially unsaturated, or aromatic, for example, dihydronaphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl (tetralinyl). In certain embodiments, aryl may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Q as described herein.

[0046] The term "heteroaryl" refers to a monocyclic aromatic group and/or multicyclic aromatic group that contain at least one aromatic ring, wherein at least one aromatic ring contains one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, and N. Each ring of a heteroaryl group can contain one or two O atoms, one or two S atoms, and/or one to four N atoms, provided that the total number of heteroatoms in each ring is four or less and each ring contains at least one carbon atom. The heteroaryl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound. In certain embodiments, the heteroaryl has from 5 to 20, from 5 to 15, or from 5 to 10 ring atoms.

Examples of monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and triazinyl. Examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, indolyl, benzothiazolyl,

benzoxazolyl, benzothienyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl,

benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, chromonyl, coumarinyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, purinyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, dihydroisoindolyl, and tetrahydroquinolinyl. Examples of tricyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, carbazolyl, benzindolyl, phenanthrollinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, and xanthenyl. In certain embodiments, heteroaryl may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Z as described herein.

[0047] The term "alkenoyl" as used herein refers to -C(0)-alkenyl. The term "alkenyl" refers to a linear or branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical, which contains one or more, in one embodiment, one to five, carbon-carbon double bonds. The alkenyl may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Z as described herein. The term "alkenyl" also embraces radicals having "cis" and "trans" configurations, or alternatively, "Z" and "E" configurations, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art. As used herein, the term "alkenyl" encompasses both linear and branched alkenyl, unless otherwise specified. For example, C₂_6 alkenyl refers to a linear unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a branched unsaturated monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 6 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl is a linear monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 2 to 30 (C₂_3o), 2 to 24 (C₂_₂₄), 2 to 20 (C₂_₂₀), 2 to 15 (C₂_i₅), 2 to 12 (C2-12), to 10 (C2-10), or 2 to 6 (C₂-6) carbon atoms, or a branched monovalent hydrocarbon radical of 3 to 30 (C3_3o), 3 to 24 (C₃_₂₄), 3 to 20 (C₃_2o), 3 to 15 (C₃_₁₅), 3 to 12 (C₃_₁₂), 3 to 10 (C₃_₁₀), or 3 to 6 (C₃_₆) carbon atoms. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, propen-1- yl, propen-2-yl, allyl, butenyl, and 4-methylbutenyl. In certain embodiments, the alkenoyl is mono-alkenoyl, which contains one carbon-carbon double bond. In certain embodiments, the alkenoyl is di-alkenoyl, which contains two carbon-carbon double bonds. In certain embodiments, the alkenoyl is poly-alkenoyl, which contains more than two carbon-carbon double bonds.

[0048] The term "heterocyclyl" or "heterocyclic" refers to a monocyclic non-aromatic ring system and/or multicyclic ring system that contains at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein one or more of the non-aromatic ring atoms are heteroatoms independently selected from O, S, or N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group has from 3 to 20, from 3 to 15, from 3 to 10, from 3 to 8, from 4 to 7, or from 5 to 6 ring atoms. In certain embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic ring system, which may include a fused or bridged ring system, and in which the nitrogen or sulfur atoms may be optionally oxidized, the nitrogen atoms may be optionally quaternized, and some rings may be partially or fully saturated, or aromatic. The heterocyclyl may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom which results in the creation of a stable compound. Examples of such heterocyclic radicals include, but are not limited to, acridinyl, azepinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzindolyl, benzoisoxazolyl, benzisoxazinyl, benzodioxanyl, benzodioxolyl,

benzofuranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzopyranyl, benzotetrahydrofuranyl, benzotetrahydrothienyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzotriazolyl, benzothiopyranyl, benzoxazinyl, benzoxazolyl,

benzothiazolyl, β-carbolinyl, carbazolyl, chromanyl, chromonyl, cinnolinyl, coumarinyl, decahydroisoquinolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dihydrobenzisothiazinyl, dihydrobenzisoxazinyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydropyranyl, dioxolanyl, dihydropyrazinyl, dihydropyridinyl, dihydropyrazolyl, dihydropyrimidinyl, dihydropyrrolyl, dioxolanyl, 1 ,4-dithianyl, furanonyl, furanyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, imidazothiazolyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isobenzotetrahydrofuranyl,

isobenzotetrahydrothienyl, isobenzothienyl, isochromanyl, isocoumarinyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolidinonyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolopyridinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, perimidinyl,

phenanthridinyl, phenathrolinyl, phenarsazinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyridopyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrazolyl, thiadiazolopyrimidinyl, thiadiazolyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, and 1,3,5-trithianyl. In certain embodiments, heterocyclic may also be optionally substituted with one or more substituents Z as described herein.

[0049] The term "halogen", "halide" or "halo" refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and/or iodine.

[0050] The term "optionally substituted" is intended to mean that a group, including alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl, may be substituted with one or more substituents Z, in one embodiment, one, two, three or four substituents Z, where each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of cyano, halo, oxo, nitro, Ci_₆ alkyl, halo-Ci_6 alkyl, C₂-6 alkenyl, C₂_₆ alkynyl, C3-7 cycloalkyl, C_6-14 aryl, C7-14 aralkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, -C(0)R^e, -C(0)OR^e, -C(0)NR^fR^g, - C(NR^e)NR^fR^g, -OR^e, -OC(0)R^e, -OC(0)OR^e, -OC(0)NR^fR^g, -OC(=NR^e)NR^fR^g, - OS(0)R^e, -OS(0)₂R^e, -OS(0)NR^fR^g, -OS(0)₂NR^fR^g, -NR^fR^g, -NR^eC(0)R^f, -NR^eC(0)OR^f, -NR^eC(0)NR^fR^g, -NR^eC(=NR^h)NR^fR^g, -NR^eS(0)R^f, -NR^eS(0)₂R^f, -NR^eS(0)NR^fR^g, - NR^eS(0)₂NR^fR^g, -SR^e, -S(0)R^e, -S(0)₂R^e, and -S(0)₂NR^fR^g, wherein each R^e, R^f, R^g, and R^h is independently hydrogen, Ci_₆ alkyl, C₂_₆ alkenyl, C₂_₆ alkynyl, C₃_₇ cycloalkyl, C_6-14 aryl, C₇_i4 aralkyl, heteroaryl, or heterocyclyl; or R^f and R^g together with the N atom to which they are attached form heterocyclyl.

[0051] The term "solvate" refers to a compound provided herein or a salt thereof, which further includes a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amount of solvent bound by non- covalent intermolecular forces. Where the solvent is water, the solvate is a hydrate. [0052] In accordance with this disclosure, the term "comprising" is inclusive or open- ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps; the term

"consiting of excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified; and the term

"consisting essentially of excludes any element, step, or ingredient that materially changes a basic characteristic of the invention.

[0053] In some embodiments, the formulation provided herein includes at least one lipid, preferably a phospholipid, at least one surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant, optionally suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable medium, preferably an aqueous solution, preferably having a pH ranging from 3.5 to 9.0, preferably from 4 to 7.5. The formulations disclosed herein may optionally contain buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, microbicides, antimicrobials, emollients, co-solvents, and/or thickeners. In some embodiments, the formulations disclosed herein include a mixture of more than one lipid, preferably more than one phospholipids. In some embodiments, the formulations disclosed herein consists essentially of at least one lipid, preferably a phospholipid, at least one surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally buffers,

antioxidants, preservatives, microbicides, antimicrobials, emollients, co-solvents, and/or thickeners. In some embodiments, the formulations disclosed herein include least one lipid, preferably a phospholipid, at least one surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and one or more of the following: buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, microbicides, antimicrobials, emollients, co-solvents, and thickeners.

4.1. LIPID

[0054] In the sense of this disclosure, a "lipid" is any substance, which has properties like or similar to those of a fat. As a rule, it has an extended apolar group (the "chain", X) and generally also a water-soluble, polar hydrophilic part, the "head" group (Y) and has the basic Formula II:

wherein n is equal to or larger than zero.

[0055] Lipids with n=0 are referred to as apolar lipids and lipids with n>l are referred to as polar lipids. In this sense, all amphiphilic substances, including, but not limited to glycerides, glycerophospholipids, glycerophosphinolipids, glycerophosphonolipids, sulfolipids, sphingolipids, isoprenoid lipids, steroids or sterols and carbohydrate-containing lipids can generally be referred to as lipids, and are included as such in this disclosure. A list of relevant lipids and lipid related definitions is provided in EP 0 475 160 Al (see, e.g. p. 4, 1. 8 to p. 6, 1. 3) and U.S. Patent No. 6,165,500 (see, e.g., col. 6, 1. 10 to col. 7, 1. 58), each incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0056] A phospholipid is, for example, a compound of Formula II:

R¹— CH₂— CHR²— CR³H— O— PH0₂— O— R⁴ (II) wherein R 1 and R 2 cannot both be hydrogen, OH or a C1-C3 alkyl group, and typically are independently, an aliphatic chain, most often derived from a fatty acid or a fatty alcohol; R generally is a hydrogen.

[0057] The OH-group of the phosphate is a hydroxyl radical or hydroxyl anion (i.e., hydroxide) form, dependent on degree of the group ionization. Furthermore, R⁴ may be a proton or a short-chain alkyl group, substituted by a tri-short-chain alkylammonium group, such as a trimethylammonium group, or an amino-substituted short-chain alkyl group, such as 2-trimethylammonium ethyl group (cholinyl) or 2-dimethylammonium short alkyl group.

[0058] A sphingophospho lipid is, for example, a compound of Formula IIB:

R¹— Sphingosine— O— PH0₂— O— R⁴ (IIB)

wherein R¹ is a fatty-acid attached via an amide bond to the nitrogen of the sphingosine and R⁴ has the meanings given under Formula II.

1 2

[0059] A lipid preferably is a substance of formulae II or IIB, wherein R and/or R are acyl or alkyl, n-hydroxyacyl or n-hydroxyalkyl, but may also be branched, with one or more methyl groups attached at almost any point of the chain; usually, the methyl group is near the

1 2

end of the chain (iso or anteiso). The radicals R and R may moreover either be saturated or unsaturated (mono-, di- or poly-unsaturated). R³ is hydrogen and R⁴ is 2-trimethylammonium ethyl (the latter corresponds to the phosphatidyl choline head group), 2-dimethylammonium ethyl, 2-methylammonium ethyl or 2-aminoethyl (corresponding to the phosphatidyl ethanolamine head group). R⁴ may also be a proton (giving phosphatidic acid), a serine (giving phosphatidylserine), a glycerol (giving phosphatidylglycerol), an inositol (giving phosphatidylinositol), or an alkylamine group (giving phosphatidylethanolamine in case of an ethylamine), if one chooses to use a naturally occurring glycerophospholipid. Otherwise, any other sufficiently polar phosphate ester, such that will form a lipid bilayer, may be considered as well for making the formulations of the disclosure.

Table 1 lists preferred phospholipids in accordance with the disclosure. Table 1

Preferred (phospho)lipids

Rel. concentration range L1/L2 (M/M) 1/0 1/0 10/1-1/1 10/1-3/1 10/1-5/1

"Total Lipid"* concentration range (w-%) 0.5-45 0.5-45 0.5-40 0.5-40 0.5-40

*Total Lipid includes phospholipid (s), surfactant (s)t and all lipophilic excipients

[0060] The preferred lipids in context of this disclosure are uncharged and form stable, well hydrated bilayers; phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelins are the most prominent representatives of such lipids. Any of those can have chains as listed in the Table 1, the ones forming fluid phase bilayers, in which lipid chains are in disordered state, being preferred.

[0061] Different negatively charged, i.e., anionic, lipids can also be incorporated into vesicular lipid bilayers. Attractive examples of such charged lipids are phosphatidylglycerols, phosphatidylinositols and, somewhat less preferred, phosphatidic acid (and its alkyl ester) or phosphatidylserine. It will be realized by anyone skilled in the art that it is less commendable to make vesicles just from the charged lipids than to use them in a combination with electro- neutral bilayer component(s). In case of using charged lipids, buffer composition and/or pH care must selected so as to ensure the desired degree of lipid head-group ionization and/or the desired degree of electrostatic interaction between the, oppositely, charged drug and lipid molecules. Moreover, as with neutral lipids, the charged bilayer lipid components can in principle have any of the chains listed in the Table 1. The chains forming fluid phase lipid bilayers are clearly preferred, however, both due to vesicle adaptability increasing role of increasing fatty chain fluidity and due to better ability of lipids in fluid phase to mix with each other.

[0062] The fatty acid- or fatty alcohol-derived chain of a lipid is typically selected amongst the basic aliphatic chain types given in the following tables:

Table 2: The (most) preferred basic, straight, saturated fatty chain residues

Shorthand designation Systematic name Trivial name

12:0 Dodecanoic Laurie

13:0 Tridecanoic

14:0 Tetradecanoic Myristic

15:0 Pentadecanoic

16:0 Hexadecanoic Palmitic

17:0 Heptadecanoic Margaric

18:0 Octadecanoic Stearic

19:0 Nonadecanoic

20:0 Eicosanoic Arachidic

21 :0 Heneicosanoic

22:0 Docosanoic Behenic

23:0 Tricosanoic

24:0 Tetracosanoic Ligno eerie Table 3: The (most) preferred monoenoic fatty chain residues

Shorthand designation Systematic name Trivial name

9-14:1 / 14:l(n-5) cis-9-Tetradecenoic Myristoleic

7-16:1 / 16:l(n-9) cis-7-Hexadecenoic

9-16:1 / 16:l(n-7) cis-9-Hexadecenoic Palmitoleic

9-18:1 / 18:l(n-9) cis-9-Octadecenoic Oleic

11-18:1 / 18:l(n-7) cis-11-Octadecenoic cis-Vaccenic

11-20:1 / 20:1 (n-9) cis-ll-Eicosenoic Gondoic

14-20:1 /20:l(n-6) cis- 14-Eico saenoic

13-22:1 /22:l(n-9) cis-13-Docosenoic Erucic

15-24:1 / 24:1 (n-9) cis-15-Tetracosenoic Nervoni

3t-18:l trans-3 -Hexadecenoi

9t-18:l trans-9-Octadecenoic Elaidic

llt-18:l trans- 11-Octadecenoic Vaccenic

Table 4: The (most) preferred dienoic and polyenoic fatty chain residues

Shorthand designation Systematic name Trivial name

10,13c-16:2/ 16:2(n-3) 10-cis,13-cis-Hexadecadienoic

7,10c-16:2/ 16:3(n-6) 7-cis,10-cis -Hexadecadienoic

7,10,13c-16:3/16:3(n-3) 7- cis,10-cis,13-cis-Hexadecatrienoic

12,15c-18:2/ 18:2(n-3) 12-cis, 15-cis-Octadecadienoic a-Linoleic

10,12t-18:2/ 18:2(n-6) trans- 10,trans- 12-Octadecadienoic

9,12c-18:2/ 18:2(n-6) 9-cis,12-cis-Octadecadienoic γ-Linoleic

9,12,15c-18:3/18:3(n-3) 9-cis, 12-cis, 15-cis-Octadecatrienoic a-Linolenic

6,9,12c-18:3/18:3(n-6) 6-cis,9-cis,12-cis-Octadecatrienoic γ-Linolenic

9c,llc,13t-18:3 9-cis, 11 -trans, 13 -trans-Octadecatrienoic a-Eleostearic

8t,10t,12c-18:3 8- trans, 10-trans, 12-cis-Octadecatrienoic Calendic

6,9,12,15c-18:4/ 18:4(n-3) 6,9, 12, 15-Octadecatetraenoic Stearidonic

3,6,9,12c-18:4/ 18:4(n-6) 3,6,9, 12-Octadecatetraenoic

3,6,9,12,15c-18:5/18:5(n-3) 3,6,9, 12, 15-Octadecapentaenoic

14,17c-20:2/20:2(n-3) 14-cis,17-cis-Eicosadienoic

ll,14c-20:2/20:2(n-6) 1 l-cis,14-cis-Eicosadienoic

ll,14,17c-20:3 /20:3(n-3) 8-cis, 11 -cis, 14-cis-Eicosatrienoic Dihomo-a-linolenic 8,ll,14c-20:3 /20:3(n-6) 8-cis, 11 -cis, 14-cis-Eicosatrienoic Dihomo-y-linolenic 5,8,llc-20:320:3(n-9) 5,8,11 all-cis-Eicosatrienoic 'Mead's'

5,8,1 l,14c-20:4/20:4(n-6) 5,8, 11 ; 14-all-cis-Eicosatetraenoic Arachidonic

8,ll,14,17c-20:4/20:4(n-3) 8,11,14,17-all-cis-Eicosatetraenoic

5,8,11, 14,17c-20:5 5,8, 11 , 14, 17-all-cis-Eicosapentaenoic

or 20:5(n-3)

13,16c-22:2 13,16-Docosadienoic

13,16,19c-22:3 /22:3(n-3) 13,16,19-Docosatrienoic

10,13, 16c-22:3 /22:3(n-6) 10,13,16-Docosatrienoic

7,10,13,16c-22:4/22:4(n-6) 7, 10, 13 , 16-Docosatetraenoic Adrenic

4,7,10,13,16c-22:5 4,7, 10,13,16-Docosapentaenoic

or 22:5(n-6)

4,7,10,13, 16,19c-22:5 4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic

or 22:6(n-3)

[0063] Other double bond combinations or positions are possible as well.

[0064] Suitable fatty residues can furthermore be branched, for example, can contain a methyl group in an iso or anteiso position of the fatty acid chain, or else closer to the chain middle, as in 10-i?-methyloctadecanoic acid or tuberculostearic chain. Relatively important amongst branched fatty acids are also isoprenoids, many of which are derived from 3,7,1 l,15-tetramethylhexadec-trans-2-en-l-ol, the aliphatic alcohol moiety of chlorophyll. Examples include 5,9,13,17-tetramethyloctadecanoic acid and especially 3,7,11,15- tetramethylhexadecanoic (phytanic) and 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic (pristanic) acids. A good source of 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoic acid are marine organisms. Combination of double bonds and side chains on a fatty residue are also possible.

[0065] Alternatively, suitable fatty residues may carry one or a few oxy- or cyclic groups, especially in the middle or towards the end of a chain. The most prominent amongst the later, alicyclic fatty acids, are those that include a cyclopropane (and sometimes

cyclopropene) ring, but cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl rings can also be found and might be useful for purposes of this disclosure. 2-(D)-Hydroxy fatty acids are more ubiquitous than alicyclic fatty acids, and are also important constituents of sphingolipids. Also interesting are 15-hydroxy-hexadecanoic and 17-hydroxy-octadecanoic acids, and maybe 9-hydroxy- octadeca-tra/?s-10,tra/?s-12-dienoic (dimorphecolic) and 13-hydroxy-octadeca-czs-9,zra/?s-l 1- dienoic (coriolic) acid. Arguably the most prominent hydroxyl-fatty acid in current pharmaceutical use is ricinoleic acid, (D-(-)12-hydroxy-octadec-cz^'s-9-enoic acid, which includes up to 90% of castor oil, which is also often used in hydrogenated form. Epoxy-, methoxy-, and furanoid-fatty acids are of only limited practical interest in the context of this disclosure.

[0066] Generally speaking, unsaturation, branching or any other kind of derivatization of a fatty acid is best compatible with the intention of present disclosure of the site of such modification is in the middle or terminal part of a fatty acid chain. The cz^'s -unsaturated fatty acids are also more preferable than trans -unsaturated fatty acids and the fatty radicals with fewer double bonds are preferred over those with multiple double bonds, due to oxidation sensitivity of the latter. Moreover, symmetric chain lipids are generally better suited than asymmetric chain lipids.

[0067] A preferred lipid of the Formula II is, for example, a natural phosphatidylcholine, which used to be called lecithin. It can be obtained from egg (rich in palmitic, Ci6:o, and oleic, Ci8:i, but also including stearic,Ci8_:o, palmitoleic, Ci6:i, linolenic, C_18:2, and

arachidonic, C₂o_:4, radicals), soybean (rich in unsaturated Cig chains, but also containing some palmitic radical, amongst a few others), coconut (rich in saturated chains), olives (rich in monounsaturated chains), saffron (safflower) and sunflowers (rich in n-6 linoleic acid), linseed (rich in n-3 linolenic acid), from whale fat (rich in monounsaturated n-3 chains), from primrose or primula (rich in n-3 chains). Preferred, natural phosphatidyl ethanolamines (used to be called cephalins) frequently originate from egg or soybeans. Preferred sphingomyelins of biological origin are typically prepared from eggs or brain tissue. Preferred

phosphatidylserines also typically originate from brain material whereas phosphatidylglycerol is preferentially extracted from bacteria, such as E. Coli, or else prepared by way of transphosphatidylation, using phospholipase D, starting with a natural phosphatidylcholine. The preferably used phosphatidylinositols are isolated from commercial soybean

phospholipids or bovine liver extracts. The preferred phosphatidic acid is either extracted from any of the mentioned sources or prepared using phospholipase D from a suitable phosphatidylcholine.

[0068] Furthermore, synthetic phosphatidyl cholines (R⁴ in Formula II corresponds to 2-

1 2

trimethylammonium ethyl), and R and R are aliphatic chains, as defined in the preceding paragraph with 12 to 30 carbon atoms, preferentially with 14 to 22 carbon atoms, and even more preferred with 16 to 20 carbon atoms, under the proviso that the chains must be chosen so as to ensure that the resulting ESAs include fluid lipid bilayers. This typically means use of relatively short saturated and of relatively longer unsaturated chains. Synthetic

sphingomyelins (R⁴ in Formula IIB corresponds to 2-trimethylammonium ethyl), and R¹ is an aliphatic chain, as defined in the preceding paragraph, with 10 to 20 carbon atoms, preferentially with 10 to 14 carbon atoms per fully saturated chain and with 16-20 carbon atoms per unsaturated chain.

[0069] Synthetic phosphatidyl ethanolamines (R⁴ is 2-aminoethyl), synthetic phosphatidic acids (R⁴ is a proton) or its ester (R⁴ corresponds, for example, to a short-chain alkyl, such as methyl or ethyl), synthetic phosphatidyl serines (R⁴ is L- or D-serine), or synthetic

phosphatidyl (poly)alcohols, such as phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl glycerol (R⁴ is L- or

1 2

D-glycerol) are preferred as lipids, wherein R and R are fatty residues of identical or moderately different type and length, especially such as given in the corresponding tables given before in the text. Moreover, R 1 can represent alkenyl and R 2 identical hydroxyalkyl groups, such as tetradecylhydroxy or hexadecylhydroxy, for example, in ditetradecyl or

1 2 dihexadecylphosphatidyl choline or ethanolamine, R can represent alkenyl and R

hydroxyacyl, such as a plasmalogen (R⁴ trimethylammonium ethyl), or R¹ can be acyl, such as lauryl, myristoyl or palmitoyl and R can represent hydroxy as, for example, in natural or synthetic lysophosphatidyl cholines or lysophosphatidyl glycerols or lysophosphatidyl ethanolamines, such as 1 -myristoyl or 1-palmitoyllysophosphatidyl choline or -phosphatidyl ethanolamine; frequently, R represents hydrogen. [0070] A lipid of Formula IIB is also a suitable lipid within the sense of this disclosure. In Formula IIB, n=l, R¹ is an alkenyl group, R² is an acylamido group, R³ is hydrogen and R⁴ represents 2-trimethylammonium ethyl (choline group). Such a lipid is known under the name of sphingomyelin.

[0071] Suitable lipids furthermore are a lysophosphatidyl choline analog, such as 1- lauroyl-l,3-dihydroxypropane-3-phosphoryl choline, a monoglyceride, such as monoolein or monomyristin, a cerebroside, ceramide polyhexoside, sulfatide, sphingoplasmalogen, a ganglioside or a glyceride, which does not contain a free or esterified phosphoryl or phosphono or phosphino group in the 3 position. An example of such a glyceride is diacylglyceride or 1 -alkenyl- l-hydroxy-2-acyl glyceride with any acyl or alkenyl groups, wherein the 3 -hydroxy group is etherified by one of the carbohydrate groups named, for example, by a galactosyl group such as a monogalactosyl glycerin.

[0072] Lipids with desirable head or chain group properties can also be formed by biochemical means, for example, by means of phospholipases (such as phospholilpase Al, A2, B, C and, in particular, D), desaturases, elongases, acyl transferases, etc., from natural or synthetic precursors.

[0073] Furthermore, a suitable lipid is any lipid, which is contained in biological membranes and can be extracted with the help of apolar organic solvents, such as chloroform. Aside from the lipids already mentioned, such lipids also include, for example, steroids, such as estradiol, or sterols, such as cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, desmosterol, 7-keto-cholesterol or beta-cholestanol, fat-soluble vitamins, such as retinoids, vitamins, such as vitamin Al or A2, vitamin E, vitamin K, such as vitamin Kl or K2 or vitamin Dl or D3, etc.

[0074] The less soluble amphiphilic components include or preferably include a synthetic lipid, such as myristoleoyl, palmitoleoyl, petroselinyl, petroselaidyl, oleoyl, elaidyl, cis- or trans-vaccenoyl, linolyl, linolenyl, linolaidyl, octadecatetraenoyl, gondoyl, eicosaenoyl, eicosadienoyl, eicosatrienoyl, arachidoyl, cis- or trans-docosaenoyl, docosadienoyl, docosatrienoyl, docosatetraenoyl, lauroyl, tridecanoyl, myristoyl, pentadecanoyl, palmitoyl, heptadecanoyl, stearoyl or nonadecanoyl, glycerophospholipid or corresponding derivatives with branched chains or a corresponding dialkyl or sphingosin derivative, glycolipid or other diacyl or dialkyl lipid.

[0075] The more soluble amphiphilic components(s) is/are frequently derived from the less soluble components listed above and, to increase the solubility, substituted and/or complexed and/or associated with a butanoyl, pentanoyl, hexanoyl, heptanoyl, octanoyl, nonanoyl, decanoyl or undecanoyl substituent or several, mutually independent, selected substituents or with a different material for improving the solubility.

[0076] A further suitable lipid is a diacyl- or dialkyl-glycerophosphoetha- nolamine azo polyethoxylene derivative, a didecanoylphosphatidyl choline or a

diacylphosphoolligomaltobionamide.

[0077] In certain embodiments, the amount of lipid in the formulation is from about 1% to about 12%, about 1% to about 10%>, about 1% to about 4%, about 4% to about 7% or about 7%) to about 10%) by weight. In a specific embodiment, the lipid is a phospholipid. In another specific embodiment, the phospholipid is a phosphatidylcholine.

[0078] In some embodiments, the lipid in the formulation does not include an alkyl- lysophospholipid. In some embodiments, the lipid in the formulation does not include a polyeneylphosphatidylcholine .

4.2. SURFACTANT

[0079] The term "surfactant" has its usual meaning. A list of relevant surfactants and surfactant related definitions is provided in EP 0 475 160 Al (see, e.g., p. 6, 1. 5 to p.14. 1.17)and U.S. Pat. No. 6,165,500 (see, e.g., col. 7, 1. 60 to col. 19, 1. 64), each herein incorporated by reference in their entirety, and in appropriate surfactant or pharmaceutical Handbooks, such as Handbook of Industrial Surfactants or US Pharmacopoeia, Pharm. Eu. In some embodiments, the surfactants are those described in Tables 1-18 of U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0012680 Al, published January 31, 2002, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. The following list therefore only offers a selection, which is by no means complete or exclusive, of several surfactant classes that are particularly common or useful in conjunction with present patent application.

Preferred surfactants to be used in accordance with the disclosure include those with an HLB greater than 12. The list includes ionized long-chain fatty acids or long chain fatty alcohols, long chain fatty ammonium salts, such as alkyl- or alkenoyl-trimethyl-, -dimethyl- and - methyl-ammonium salts, alkyl- or alkenoyl-sulphate salts, long fatty chain dimethyl- aminoxides, such as alkyl- or alkenoyl-dimethyl-aminoxides, long fatty chain, for example alkanoyl, dimethyl-aminoxides and especially dodecyl dimethyl-aminoxide, long fatty chain, for example alkyl-N-methylglucamide- s and alkanoyl-N-methylglucamides, such as MEGA- 8, MEGA-9 and MEGA- 10, N-long fatty chain-N,N-dimethylglycines, for example N-alkyl- Ν,Ν-dimethylglycines, 3-(long fatty chain-dimethylammonio)-alkane- sulphonates, for example 3-(acyidimethylammonio)-alkanesulphonates, long fatty chain derivatives of sulphosuccinate salts, such as bis(2-ethylalkyl) sulphosuccinate salts, long fatty chain- sulphobetaines, for example acyl-sulphobetaines, long fatty chain betaines, such as

EMPIGEN BB or ZWITTERGENT-3-16, -3-14, -3-12, -3-10, or -3-8, or polyethylen-glycol- acylphenyl ethers, especially nonaethylen-glycol-octyl- phenyl ether, polyethylene-long fatty chain-ethers, especially polyethylene-acyl ethers, such as nonaethylen-decyl ether, nonaethylen-dodecyl ether or octaethylene-dodecyl ether, polyethyleneglycol-isoacyl ethers, such as octaethyleneglycol-isotridecyl ether, polyethyleneglycol-sorbitane-long fatty chain esters, for example polyethyleneglycol-sorbitane-acyl esters and especially polyoxyethylene- monolaurate (e.g. polysorbate 20 or Tween 20), polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-monooleate (e.g. polysorbate 80 or Tween 80), polyoxyethylene-sorbitan-monolauroleylate, polyoxyethylene - sorbitan-monopetroselinate, polyoxyethylene -sorbitan— monoelaidate, polyoxyethylene - sorbitan-myristoleylate, polyoxyethylene -sorbitan-palmitoleinylate, polyoxyethylene- sorbitan-p- etroselinylate, polyhydroxyethylene-long fatty chain ethers, for example polyhydroxyethylene-acyl ethers, such as polyhydroxyethylene-lauryl ethers,

polyhydroxyethylene-myristoyl ethers, polyhydroxyethylene-cetylst- earyl, polyhyd roxyethylene-palmityl ethers, polyhyd roxyethylene-oleoyl ethers, polyhydroxyethylene- palmitoleoyl ethers, polyhydroxyethylene-lino- leyl, polyhydroxyethylen-4, or 6, or 8, or 10, or 12-lauryl, miristoyl, palmitoyl, palmitoleyl, oleoyl or linoeyl ethers (Brij series), or in the corresponding esters, polyhydroxyethylen-laurate, -myristate, -palmitate, -stearate or -oleate, especially polyhydroxyethylen-8 -stearate (Myrj 45) and polyhydroxyethylen-8-oleate, polyethoxylated castor oil 40 (Cremophor EL), sorbitane-mono long fatty chain, for example alkylate (Arlacel or Span series), especially as sorbitane-monolaurate (Arlacel 20, Span 20), long fatty chain, for example acyl-N-methylglucamides, alkanoyl-N-methylglucamides, especially decanoyl-N-methylglucamide, dodecanoyl-N-methylglucamide, long fatty chain sulphates, for example alkyl-sulphates, alkyl sulphate salts, such as lauryl-sulphate (SDS), oleoyl-sulphate; long fatty chain thioglucosides, such as alkylthioglucosides and especially heptyl-, octyl- and nonyl-beta-D-thioglucopyranoside; long fatty chain derivatives of various carbohydrates, such as pentoses, hexoses and disaccharides, especially alkyl-glucosides and maltosides, such as hexyl-, heptyl-, octyl-, nonyl- and decyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside or D- maltopyranoside; further a salt, especially a sodium salt, of cholate, deoxycholate, glycocholate, glycodeoxycholate, taurodeoxycholate, taurocholate, a fatty acid salt, especially oleate, elaidate, linoleate, laurate, or myristate, most often in sodium form,

lysophospholipids, n-octadecylene-glycerophosphatidic acid, octadecylene- phosphorylglycerol, octadecylene-phosphorylserine, n-long fatty chain-glycero-phosphatidic acids, such as n-acyl-glycero-phosphatidic acids, especially lauryl glycero-phosphatidic acids, oleoyl-glycero-phosphatidic acid, n-long fatty chain-phosphorylglycerol, such as n- acyl-phosphorylglycerol, especially lauryl-, myristoyl-, oleoyl- or palmitoeloyl- phosphorylglycerol, n-long fatty chain-phosphorylserine, such as n-acyl-phosphorylserine, especially lauryl-, myristoyl-, oleoyl- or palmitoeloyl-phosphorylserine, n-tetradecyl-glycero- phosphatidic acid, n-tetradecyl-phosphorylglycerol, n-tetradecyl-phosphorylserine, corresponding-, elaidoyl-, vaccenyl-lysophospholipids, corresponding short-chain

phospholipids, as well as all surface active and thus membrane destabilising polypeptides. Surfactant chains are typically chosen to be in a fluid state or at least to be compatible with the maintenance of fluid-chain state in carrier aggregates.

[0080] Table 5 lists preferred surfactants in accordance with the disclosure.

Table 5

Preferred surfactants

Nonionic surfactants (S)

chain

Name(s) Length: POE- nr. of double P( )l -soibit:in- POk- POI:- phenoxy- bonds o.Nior ci her orer ether

Brij, Myrj, Selected

Tween Macrogol Nonex Triton brandnames

C24

Behen(o)yl C22

Eruca(o)yl C22:l-13cis

Arachin(o)yl C20

Gadolen(o)yl C20:l-llcis

Arachidon(o)yl C20:4-5,8,ll,14cis

Siniiilsol-

01e(o)yl C18:l-9cis Tween SO Brij *JS 25W TritonXitH)**

Stear(o)yl C18 Tw et ii 60 M> r j-52

Linol(o)yl C18:2-9,12cis

Linole(n/o)yl C18:3-9,12,15cis

Palmitole(o)yl C18:l-9cis

Palmit(o)yl C16 1 «ei n 40

Myrist(o)yl C14

Laur(o)yl C12 Tween 20 Brij 35

Capr(o)yl CIO iiiiiititiiititiiitii

Rel. concentration range L/S (M/M) 5/1 - 1/1 5/1 - 1/1 4/1 - 3/2

N : not readily

available in the

market

but in principle

suitable

**Triton is not an oleate, but an octylphenoxy-POE derivative

Myrj-45: Stearoyl-E08; Myrj-49: Stearoyl-EO20 (not in the market); Myrj-59: Stearoyl- EO100; Myrj-52: Stearoyl-EO40;

Simulsol-2599 = Macrogol-10-oleate

Brij-98: Oleoyl-EO20

Brij-35: Lauryl-E023

[0081] In certain embodiments, the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant. The surfactant may be present in the formulation in about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 4%, about 4% to about 7% or about 7% to about 10% by weight. In some embodiments, the amount of surfactants in the formulation is from about 0.2% to about 0.5%. In certain embodiments, the nonionic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of: polyoxyethylene sorbitans (polysobate surfactants), polyhydroxyethylene stearates or polyhydroxyethylene laurylethers (Brij surfactants). In a specific embodiment, the surfactant is a polyoxyethylene-sorbitan- monooleate (e.g. polysorbate 80 or Tween 80). In certain embodiments, the polysorbate can have any chain with 12 to 20 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the polysorbate is fluid in the formulation, which may contain one or more double bonds, branching, or cyclo-groups.

4.3. FORMULATIONS

[0082] In some embodiments, the formulations include only one lipid and only one surfactant. In other embodiments, the formulations include more than one lipid and only one surfactant, e.g., two, three, four, or more lipids and one surfactant. In other embodiments, the formulations include only one lipid and more than one surfactant, e.g., two, three, four, or more surfactants and one lipid. In other embodiments, the formulations include more than one lipid and more than one surfactant, e.g., two, three, four, or more lipids and two, three, four, or more surfactants.

[0083] The formulations disclosed herein may have a range of lipid to surfactant ratios. The ratios may be expressed in terms of molar terms (mol lipid /mol surfactant). The molar ratio of lipid to surfactant in the formulations may be from about 1 :3 to about 30: 1, from about 1 :2 to about 30: 1, from about 1 : 1 to about 30:1, from about 5: 1 to about 30: 1, from about 10:1 to about 30: 1, from about 15: 1 to about 30:1, or from about 20: 1 to about 30: 1. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of lipid to surfactant in the formulations disclosed herein may be from about 1 :2 to about 10: 1. In certain embodiments, the ratio is from about 1 : 1 to about 2: 1, from about 2 : 1 to about 3: 1, from about 3 : 1 to about 4: 1, from about 4 : 1 to about 5:1 or from about 5: 1 to about 10: 1. In specific embodiments, the lipid to surfactant ratio is about 1.0: 1.0, about 1.25:1.0, about 1.5/1.0, about 1.75/1.0, about 2.0/1.0, about 2.5/1.0, about 3.0/1.0 or about 4.0/1.0.

[0084] The formulations disclosed herein may also have varying amounts of total amount of the following components: lipid and surfactant combined (TA). The TA amount may be stated in terms of weight percent of the total composition. In one embodiment, the TA is from about 1% to about 40%, about 5% to about 30%>, about 7.5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 10%), about 10% to about 20% or about 20% to about 30%. In specific embodiments, the TA is 8%, 9%, 10%, 15% or 20%.

[0085] In certain agricultural embodiments, for example in emodiments where the formulations are applied directly to the surface of the leaf, or where the formulations have an insecticide effect, the TA will be substantially smaller than the TA for pharmaceutical embodiments. For example, the TA may be from about 0.1% to about 10%, from about 0.1% to about 5%, from about 0.1% to about 3%, or from about 0.1% to about 1%. It will be understood that such a "dilution" would be useful in agricultural applications in order to avoid waste (because the delivery occurs over a large and sparse area, e.g., a forest), and because such a "dilution" would not be expected to reduce the efficacy on a leaf surface, as the leaf surfact would disperse the water carrier, leaving behind the as residue the vesicles. Such "dilution" may be particularly advantageous because of the reduced environmental impact: less active need to be used because of the direct and targeted treatment.

[0086] Selected ranges for total lipid amounts and lipid/surfactant ratios (mol/mol) for the formulations disclosed herein are described in Table 6 below:

Table 6: Total Amount and Lipid to Surfactant Ratios

[0087] In some embodiments, the formulations disclosed herein do not include a pharmaceutically active agent that has received marketing or regulatory approval in any country for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, or any other disorder listed above. In some embodiments, the formulations disclosed herein include one or more active agents selected from the agents listed on Table 9. In some embodiments, the formulation does not include any of the active agents listed on Table 9.

[0088] The formulations disclosed herein may optionally contain one or more of the following ingredients: co-solvents, chelators, buffers, antioxidants, preservatives,

microbicides, emollients, humectants, lubricants and thickeners. Preferred amounts of optional components are described in Table 7.

[0089] The formulations disclosed herein may include a buffer to adjust the pH of the aqueous solution to a range from pH 3.5 to pH 9, pH 4 to pH 7.5, or pH 4 to pH 6.5.

Examples of buffers include, but are not limited to, acetate buffers, lactate buffers, phosphate buffers, and propionate buffers.

[0090] The formulations disclosed herein are typically formulated in aqueous media. The formulations may be formulated with or without co-solvents, such as lower alcohols

[0091] A "microbicide" or "antimicrobial" agent is commonly added to reduce the bacterial count in pharmaceutical formulations. Some examples of microbicides are short chain alcohols, including ethyl and isopropyl alcohol, chlorbutanol, benzyl alcohol, chlorbenzyl alcohol, dichlorbenzylalcohol, hexachlorophene; phenolic compounds, such as cresol, 4-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-xylenol, dichlorophene, hexachlorophene, povidon- iodine; parabenes, especially alkyl-parabenes, such as methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, or butyl- paraben, benzyl paraben; acids, such as sorbic acid, benzoic acid and their salts; quaternary ammonium compounds, such as alkonium salts, e.g., a bromide, benzalkonium salts, such as a chloride or a bromide, cetrimonium salts, e.g., a bromide, phenoalkecinium salts, such as phenododecinium bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride and other salts; furthermore, mercurial compounds, such as phenylmercuric acetate, borate, or nitrate, thiomersal, chlorhexidine or its gluconate, or any antibiotically active compounds of biological origin, or any suitable mixture thereof.

[0092] Examples of "antioxidants" are butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and di-tert-butylphenol (LY178002, LY256548, HWA-131, BF-389, CI-986, PD-127443, E-51 19, BI-L-239XX, etc.), tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PG), l-0-hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone (HTHQ); aromatic amines

(diphenylamine, p-alkylthio-o-anisidine, ethylenediamine derivatives, carbazol,

tetrahydroindenoindol); phenols and phenolic acids (guaiacol, hydroquinone, vanillin, gallic acids and their esters, protocatechuic acid, quinic acid, syringic acid, ellagic acid, salicylic acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), eugenol); tocopherols (including tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and their derivatives, such as tocopheryl-acylate (e.g., -acetate, - laurate, myristate, -palmitate, -oleate, -linoleate, etc., or an y other suitable tocopheryl- lipoate), tocopheryl-POE-succinate; trolox and corresponding amide and thiocarboxamide analogues; ascorbic acid and its salts, isoascorbate, (2 or 3 or 6)-o-alkylascorbic acids, ascorbyl esters (e.g., 6-o-lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl-, oleoyl, or linoleoyl-L-ascorbic acid, etc.). Also useful are the preferentially oxidised compounds, such as sodium bisulphite, sodium metabisulphite, thiourea; chellating agents, such as EDTA, GDTA, desferral;

miscellaneous endogenous defence systems, such as transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, cearuloplasmin, haptoglobion, heamopexin, albumin, glucose, ubiquinol-10); enzymatic antioxidants, such as superoxide dismutase and metal complexes with a similar activity, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and less complex molecules, such as beta- carotene, bilirubin, uric acid; flavonoids (flavones, flavonols, flavonones, flavanonals, chacones, anthocyanins), N-acetylcystein, mesna, glutathione, thiohistidine derivatives, triazoles; tannines, cinnamic acid, hydroxycinnamatic acids and their esters (coumaric acids and esters, caffeic acid and their esters, ferulic acid, (iso-) chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid); spice extracts (e.g., from clove, cinnamon, sage, rosemary, mace, oregano, allspice, nutmeg); carnosic acid, carnosol, carsolic acid; rosmarinic acid, rosmaridiphenol, gentisic acid, ferulic acid; oat flour extracts, such as avenanthramide 1 and 2; thioethers, dithioethers, sulphoxides, tetralkylthiuram disulphides; phytic acid, steroid derivatives (e.g., U74006F); tryptophan metabolites (e.g., 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid), and

organochalcogenides.

[0093] "Thickeners" are used to increase the viscosity of pharmaceutical formulations to and may be selected from selected from pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophilic polymers, such as partially etherified cellulose derivatives, including carboxymethyl-, hydroxyethyl-, hydroxypropyl-, hydroxypropylmethyl- or methyl-cellulose; completely synthetic hydrophilic polymers including polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, poly(hydroxyethyl)-,

poly(hydroxypropyl)-, poly(hydroxypropylmethyl)methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, methallyl- sulphonate, polyethylenes, polyoxiethylenes, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene glycol- lactide, polyethylene glycol-diacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, poly(propylmethacrylamide), poly(propylene fumarate-co-ethylene glycol), poloxamers, polyaspartamide, (hydrazine cross-linked) hyaluronic acid, silicone; natural gums including alginates, carrageenan, guar-gum, gelatine, tragacanth, (amidated) pectin, xanthan, chitosan collagen, agarose; mixtures and further derivatives or co-polymers thereof and/or other pharmaceutically, or at least biologically, acceptable polymers.

[0094] The formulations disclosed herein may also include a polar liquid medium. The formulations disclosed herein may be administered in an aqueous medium. The formulations disclosed herein may be in the form of a solution, suspension, emulsion, cream, lotion, ointment, gel, spray, film forming solution or lacquer.

[0095] In some embodiments, the compositions and methods disclosed herein relate to the use of a vesicular formulation as described above for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. In some embodiments, a vesicular formulation or pharmaceutical composition includes at least one phospholipid and one nonionic surfactant for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia wherein the formulation or pharmaceutical composition is formulated for subcutaneous, topical or intravenous delivery.

[0096] Table 7 lists preferred excipients for the formulation.

Table 7

Preferred excipients for use in the formulations disclosed

Primary

*As percentage of Total Lipid quantity

EGTA= Ethylene glycol-bis-(2-aminoethyl)-N,N,N', N'-tetraacetic acid

EDTA = Ethylenedioxy-diethylene-dinitrilo-tetraacetic acid

4.4. VESICULAR FORMULATIONS

[0097] While not to be limited to any mechanism of action or any theory, the

formulations disclosed herein may form vesicles or ESAs characterized by their adaptability, deformability, or penetrability.

[0098] The term vesicle or aggregate "adaptability" which governs the "tolerable surface curvature" is defined as the ability of a given vesicle or aggregate to change easily its properties, such as shape, elongation ratio, and surface to volume ratio. The vesicles disclosed herein may be characterized by their ability to adjust the aggregates' shape and properties to the anisotropic stress caused by pore crossing. Sufficient adaptability implies that a vesicle or an aggregate can sustain different unidirectional forces or stress, such as one caused by pressure, without extensive fragmentation, which defines a "stable" aggregate. If an aggregate passes through a barrier fulfilling this condition the terms "adaptability" and (shape) "deformability" plus "permeability" are essentially equivalent. As used herein, a "barrier" is (as in, for example, EP 0 475 160 and WO 98/17255) a body with through- extending narrow pores, such narrow pores having a radius which is at least 25% smaller than the radius of the ESAs (considered as spherical) before the ESAs permeate through such pores.

[0099] The term "narrow" used in connection with a pore implies that the pore radius is significantly, typically at least 25%, smaller than the radius of the entity tested with regard to its ability to cross the pore. The necessary difference typically should be greater for the narrower pores. Using 25% limit is therefore quite suitable for >150 nm diameter whereas >100% difference requirement is more appropriate for the smaller systems, e.g., with <50 nm diameter. For diameters around 20 nm, aggregate diameter difference of at least 200% is often required.

[00100] The term "semipermeable" used in connection with a barrier implies that a solution can cross transbarrier openings whereas a suspension of non-adaptable aggregates (large enough for the above definition of "narrow" pores to apply) cannot. Conventional lipid vesicles (liposomes) made from any common phosphatidylcholine in the gel lamellar phase or else from any biological phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol 1/1 mol/mol mixture or else comparably large oil droplets, all having the specified relative diameter, are three examples for such non-adaptable aggregates. [0100] The term "stable" means that the tested aggregates do not change their diameter spontaneously or under the transport related mechanical stress (e.g. during passage through a semipermeable barrier) unacceptably, which most often means only to a pharmaceutically acceptable degree. A 20-40% change is normally considered acceptable; the halving or doubling of aggregate diameter is borderline and a greater change in diameter is typically unacceptable. Alternatively and very conveniently, the change in aggregate diameter resulting from pore crossing under pressure is used to assess system stability; the same criteria are then applied as for "narrow" pores, mutatis mutandis. To obtain the correct value for aggregate diameter change, a correction for flux/vortex effects may be necessary. These procedures are described in greater detail in the publications of the applicant in Cevc et. al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2002; 1564:21-30.

[0101] Non-destructing passage of ultradeformable, mixed lipid aggregates through narrow pores in a semi-permeable barrier is thus diagnostic of high aggregate adaptability. If pore radius is two times smaller than the average aggregate radius the aggregate must change its shape and surface-to-volume ratio at least 100% to pass without fragmentation through the barrier. An easy and reversible change in aggregate shape inevitably implies high aggregate deformability and requires large surface-to-volume ratio adaptation. A change in surface-to- volume ratio per se implies: a) high volume compressibility, e.g. in the case of compact droplets containing material other than, and immiscible with, the suspending fluid; b) high aggregate membrane permeability, e.g. in the case of vesicles that are free to exchange fluid between inner and outer vesicle volume.

[0102] The vesicles or ESAs disclosed herein have "adaptability" that can be assessed using the following method: 1) measure the flux j_a) of the aggregate or ESA suspension through a semi-permeable membrane (e.g. , gravimetrically) for different transport-driving trans barrier pressures (Δρ); 2) calculate the pressure dependence of barrier penetratability P for the suspension by dividing each measured flux value by the corresponding pressure value: Ρ(Δρ) = j_a(Ap)/Ap; 3) monitor the ratio of final and starting vesicle diameter 2 r_ves(Ap)/2 r_ves,o (e.g. by dynamic light scattering), wherein 2 r_ves(Ap) is the vesicle diameter after semipermeable barrier passage driven by Δρ and 2 r_veS;0 is the starting vesicle diameter, and if necessary make corrections for the flow-effects; and 4) aligh both data sets Ρ(Δρ) vs.

r_ves(Ap)/r_veS;0 to determine the co-existence range for high aggregate adaptability and stability. [0103] It is also useful, but not essential, to parameterize experimental penetratability data within the framework of Maxwell-approximation in terms of the necessary pressure value p* and in terms of maximum penetratability value P_max- It is plausible to sum-up all the contributions to a moving aggregate energy (deformation energy/ies, thermal energy, the shearing work, etc.) into a single, total energy. The equilibrium population density of aggregate's energetic levels then may be taken to correspond to Maxwell's distribution. All aggregates with a total energy greater than the activation energy, E/EA, are finally concluded to penetrate the barrier. The pore-crossing probability for such aggregates is then given by the following formula, where e is dimensionless aggregate energy units of the activation energy E_A:

[0104] It is therefore plausible to represent barrier penetratibility of a given suspension as a function of transport driving pressure by the following formula, where P_max is the maximum possible penetratability of a given barrier (for the aggregates with zero transport resistance this penetrability is identical to the penetrability of the suspending medium flux), and p* is an adjustable parameter that describes the pressure sensitivity, and thus the transport resistance, of the tested system (for barriers with a fixed pore radius this sensitivity is a function of aggregate properties solely; for non-interacting particles the sensitivity is dominated by aggregate adaptability, allowing to make the assumption: a_a proportional to 1/p*

[0105] Other methods of testing deformability and adaptability which may be used to characterize the compsitions disclosed herein are set forth, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2004/0071767 and 2004/0105881 , each herein incorporated by reference as if set forth herein in their entirety. 4.5. METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION / TREATMENT

[0106] Provided are methods of treating disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypolididemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia including administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including at least one phospholipid and one nonionic surfactant. In another embodiment, provided are methods of treating disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypolididemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia including administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of at least one phospholipid and one nonionic surfactant, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, microbicides, antimicrobials, emollients, co-solvents, and/or thickeners. In another embodiment, provided are methods of treating disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypolididemia, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia including administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition consisting of at least one phospholipid and one nonionic surfactant, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and one or more of the following: buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, microbicides, antimicrobials, emollients, co-solvents, and thickeners.

[0107] In another embodiment, provided are methods of treating disorders related to inflammation, asthma, bronchospasm, atherothrombatic cardiovascular disorders, venous thrombatic disorders, pain, dysmenorrheal, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty acid metabolism, metal or other toxicity, Alzheimers disease, gout or macular degeneration, such as AMD, or fungal infection, including administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including at least one phospholipid and one nonionic surfactant, wherein the pharmaceutical composition sequesters organic matter upon administration. In another embodiment, provided are methods of treating disorders related to inflammation, asthma, bronchospasm, atherothrombatic cardiovascular disorders, venous thrombatic disorders, pain, dysmenorrheal, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty acid metabolism, metal or other toxicity, Alzheimers disease, gout or macular degeneration, such as AMD, or fungal infection including administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of at least one phospholipid and one nonionic surfactant, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, microbicides, antimicrobials, emollients, co-solvents, and/or thickeners, wherein the pharmaceutical composition sequesters organic matter upon administration. In another embodiment, provided are methods of treating disorders related to inflammation, asthma, bronchospasm, atherothrombatic cardiovascular disorders, venous thrombatic disorders, pain, dysmenorrhea!, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, fatty acid metabolism, metal or other toxicity, Alzheimers disease, gout or macular degeneration, such as AMD, or fungal infection including administering to a subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition consisting of at least one phospholipid and one nonionic surfactant, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and one or more of the following: buffers, antioxidants, preservatives, microbicides, antimicrobials, emollients, co-solvents, and thickeners, wherein the pharmaceutical composition sequesters organic matter upon administration.

4.6. PACKAGES

[0108] In another embodiment provide is a pharmaceutical package or kit including one or more containers filled with the formulation disclosed herein, and instructions for administration of the formulation to a patient or subject in need thereof for treating disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia and

hypercholesterolemia. In certain embodiments, the formulation includes one or more phospholipids and one or more surfactants. In certain embodiments, the formulation does not include a non-lipid non-surfactant pharmaceutically active agent that has received marketing or regulatory approval in any country for the treatment of disorders related to fatty acid deficiencies, fatty acid metabolism, hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia, or other disorder listed above. In various embodiments, the container includes a formulation formulated as a suspension, emulsion, gel, cream, lotion, spray, film forming solution or lacquer. Also provided are packages or kits that can be used in any of the methods disclosed herein.

4.5. AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS

[0109] In various aspects and embodiments, the formulations as described herein are used for agricultrural puposeses and applications. For example, provided are methods that include administering a formulation as described herein to a plant, seed or soil.

[0110] In certain embodiments, the formulation may be effective as an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, virucide, algicide, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, pesticide, plant activator, and/or a synergist. [0111] In certain aspects and embodiments of the methods and compositions as disclosed herein, a formulation as described herein is applied in any desirable application such as in agricultural applications. For instance, the formulation may be applied to control weeds, insects, and/or fungi. In addition, the formulation may be applied to insects, crops, soils, and the like. The pesticide composition may be applied by any suitable method.

[0112] In certain embodiments, the formulations may facilitate the transport of different agents into plant tissues, for example, the formulations may facilitate the penetration of cuticular wax layers. In certain aspects and embodiments, improved penetration into or through the cuticle could reduce the concentration of active agent required for a given application and thus significantly diminish pollution problems (Price, C. E. (1981) In: The plant cuticle (D. F. Cutler, K. L. Alvin, C. E. Price, Edits.), Academic, New York, pp. 237- 252).

[0113] In certain embodiments of the methods, formulations as described herein are applied to plants, crops, fields and the like and are applied such that the active agent is applied at a rate of 1 g/hectar to 500 g/hectar; or at a rate of 1 g/hectar to 200 g/hectar; at a rate of 100 g/hectar to 350 g/hectar; or at a rate of 30 g/hectar to 100 g/hectar.

[0114] According to some embodiments, the formulations are used to prepare a tank mix which may then be applied via spraying to the area, plant matter or crop needing treatment. The active agent concentration in the tank mix is adjusted to the particular application, depending on agricultural or non-agricultural application, the crop and the pest. Although various methods of application may be employed as the skilled artisan may appreciate, spraying may be the preferred method of application. Various methods of application can also be employed when necessary. For example, in field crops systemic application via an irrigation system can be combined with foliar application.

[0115] In certain embodiments, provided are a package, bag or kit that includes a formulation such as described herein, and instructions for indicating that the formulation is suitable for application to a plant, seed or soil. In certain embodiments the instructions indicate that the formulation is suitable for use as one or more selected from the group consisting of consisting of an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, virucide, algicide, antibiotic, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, pesticide, plant activator, and synergist.

Formulations with Active Ingredients

[0116] In some embodiments, the formulation may include an active agent, for example, the active agent may be an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, virucide, algicide, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, plant activator, and/or a synergist. In certain embodiments, the formulation includes one or more active agents selected from the agents listed on Table 9. In some embodiments, the formulation does not include any of the active agents listed on Table 9.

Table 9: Active Agents

fenson

fentrifanil

fluorbenside

proclonol

tetradifon

tetrasul

Carbamate Acaricides

benomyl

carbanolate

carbaryl

carbofuran

methiocarb

metolcarb

promacyl

propoxur

Oxime Carbamate Acaricides aldicarb

butocarboxim

oxamyl

thiocarboxime

thiofanox

Carbazate Acaricides

bifenazate

Dinitrophenol Acaricides

binapacryl

dinex

dinobuton

dinocap

dinocap-4

dinocap-6

dinocton

dinopenton

dinosulfon

dinoterbon

DNOC

Formamidine Acaricides

amitraz

chlordimeform

chloromebuform

formetanate

formparanate

Mite Growth Regulators

clofentezine

cyromazine

diflovidazin

dofenapyn

fluazuron

flubenzimine

flucycloxuron

flufenoxuron hexythiazox

Organochlorine Acaricides

bromocyclen

camphechlor

DDT

dienochlor

endosulfan

lindane

Organophosphorus Acaricides

Organophosphate Acaricides chlorfenvinphos

crotoxyphos

dichlorvos

heptenophos

mevinphos

monocrotophos

naled

TEPP

tetrachlorvinphos

Organothiophosphate Acaricides amidithion

amiton

azinphos-ethyl

azinphos-methyl

azothoate

benoxafos

bromophos

bromophos-ethyl

carbophenothion

chlorpyrifos

chlorthiophos

coumaphos

cyanthoate

demeton

demeton-0

demeton-S

demeton-methyl

demeton-O-methyl

demeton-S-methyl

demeton-S-methylsulphon

dialifos

diazinon

dimethoate

dioxathion

disulfoton

endothion

ethion

ethoate-methyl

formothion

malathion mecarbam

methacrifos

omethoate

oxydeprofos

oxydisulfoton

parathion

phenkapton

phorate

phosalone

phosmet

phoxim

pirimiphos-methyl

prothidathion

prothoate

pyrimitate

quinalphos

quintiofos

sophamide

sulfotep

thiometon

triazophos

trifenofos

vamidothion

Phosphonate Acaricides

trichlorfon

Phosphoramidothioate Acaricides isocarbophos

methamidophos

propetamphos

Phosphorodiamide Acaricides dimefox

mipafox

schradan

Organotin Acaricides

azocyclotin

cyhexatin

fenbutatinoxide

Phenylsulfamide Acaricides

dichlofluanid

Phthalimideac Acaricides

dialifos

phosmet

Pyrazole Acaricides

cyenopyrafen

fenpyroximate

tebufenpyrad

Phenylpyrazole Acaricides acetoprole

fipronil

vaniliprole Pyrethroid Acaricides

Pyrethroid Ester Acaricides acrinathrin

bifenthrin

cyhalothrin

cypermethrin

alpha-cyp ermethrin

fenpropathrin

fenvalerate

flucythrinate

flumethrin

fluvalinate

tau-fluvalinate

permethrin

Pyrethroid Ether Acaricides halfenprox

Pyrimidinamine Acaricides pyrimidifen

Pyrrole Acaricides

chlorfenapyr

Ouinoxaline Acaricides

chinomethionat

thioquinox

Sulfite Ester Acaricides

propargite

Tetronic Acid Acaricides

spirodiclofen

Tetrazine Acaricides

clofentezine

diflovidazin

Thiazolidine Acaricides

flubenzimine

hexythiazox

Thiocarbamate Acaricides

fenothiocarb

Thiourea Acaricides

chloromethiuron

diafenthiuron

Other Acaricides

acequinocyl

amidoflumet

arsenousoxide

closantel

crotamiton

cymiazole

disulfiram

etoxazole

fenazaflor

fenazaquin

fluacrypyrim fluenetil

mesulfen

MNAF

nifluridide

pyridaben

sulfiram

sulfluramid sulfur

triarathene

Algicides benzalkonium chloride bethoxazin

copper sulfate cybutryne

dichlone

dichlorophen diuron

endothal

fentin

hydrated lime methabenzthiazuron nabam

oxyfluorfen quinoclamine quinonamid simazine

terbutryn

Antibiotics carbenicillin

cefotaxime chloramphenicol

G 418

gentamicin

hygromycin kanamycin

paromomycin penicillin G puromycin

rifampicin

spectinomycin streptomycin vancomycin

Antifeedants chlordimeform

fentin

guazatine

pymetrozine

Avicides 4-aminopyridine

chloralose

endrin

fenthion

strychnine

Bactericides bronopol copper hydroxide

cresol

dichlorophen

dipyrithione

dodicin

fenaminosulf

formaldehyde

hydrargaphen

8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate kasugamycin

nitrapyrin

octhilinone

oxolinic acid

oxytetracycline

probenazole

streptomycin

tecloftalam

thiomersal

Bird Repellants anthraquinone

chloralose

copper oxychloride

diazinon

guazatine

methiocarb

thiram

trimethacarb

ziram

Chemosterilants apholate

bisazir

busulfan

diflubenzuron

dimatif

hemel

hempa

metepa

methiotepa

methyl apholate

morzid

penfluron

tepa

thiohempa

thiotepa

tretamine

uredepa

Fungicides Aliphatic Nitrogen Fungicides

butylamine

cymoxanil

dodicin

dodine

guazatine iminoctadine

Amide Fungicides

carpropamid

chloraniformethan

cyflufenamid

diclocymet

ethaboxam

fenoxanil

flumetover

furametpyr

isopyrazam

mandipropamid

penthiopyrad

prochloraz

quinazamid

silthiofam

triforine

Acvlamino Acid Fungicides benalaxyl

benalaxyl-M

furalaxyl

metalaxyl

metalaxyl-M

pefurazoate

valifenalate

Anilide Fungicides

benalaxyl

benalaxyl-M

bixafen

boscalid

carboxin

fenhexamid

fluxapyroxad

isotianil

metalaxyl

metalaxyl-M

metsulfovax

ofurace

oxadixyl

oxycarboxin

penflufen

pyracarbolid

sedaxane

thifluzamide

tiadinil

Benzanilide Fungicides benodanil

flutolanil

mebenil

mepronil salicylanilide

tecloftalam

Furanilide Fungicides fenfuram

furalaxyl

furcarbanil

methfuroxam

Sulfonanilide Fungicides flusulfamide

Benzamide Fungicides

benzohydroxamic acid

fluopicolide

fluopyram

tioxymid

trichlamide

zarilamid

zoxamide

Furamide Fungicides

cyclafuramid

furmecyclox

Phenylsulfamide Fungicides dichlofluanid

tolylfluanid

Sulfonamide Fungicides amisulbrom

cyazofamid

Valinamide Fungicides

benthiavalicarb

iprovalicarb

Antibiotic Fungicides

aureofungin

blasticidin-S

cycloheximide

griseofulvin

kasugamycin

natamycin

polyoxins

polyoxorim

streptomycin

validamycin

Strobilurin Fungicides

azoxystrobin

dimoxystrobin

fluoxastrobin

kresoxim-methyl

metominostrobin

orysastrobin

picoxystrobin

pyraclostrobin

pyrametostrobin pyraoxystrobin

trifloxystrobin

Aromatic Fungicides

biphenyl

chlorodinitronaphthalenes

chloroneb

chlorothalonil

cresol

dicloran

hexachlorobenzene

pentachlorophenol

quintozene

sodium pentachlorophenoxide

tecnazene

Benzimidazole Fungicides

benomyl

carbendazim

chlorfenazole

cypendazole

debacarb

fuberidazole

mecarbinzid

rabenzazole

thiabendazole

Benzimidazole Precursor Fungicides furophanate

thiophanate

thiophanate-methyl

Benzothiazole Fungicides

bentaluron

benthiavalicarb

chlobenthiazone

probenazole

TCMTB

Bridged Diphenyl Fungicides

bithionol

dichlorophen

diphenylamine

Carbamate Fungicides

benthiavalicarb

furophanate

iprovalicarb

propamocarb

pyribencarb

thiophanate

thiophanate-methyl

Benzimidazolylcarbamate Fungicides benomyl

carbendazim

cypendazole debacarb

mecarbinzid

Carbanilate Fungicides

diethofencarb

pyraclostrobin

pyrametostrobin

Conazole Fungicides

Conazole Fungicides (Imidazoles) climbazole

clotrimazole

imazalil

oxpoconazole

prochloraz

triflumizole

Conazole Fungicides (Triazoles) azaconazole

bromuconazole

cyproconazole

diclobutrazol

difenoconazole

diniconazole

diniconazole-M

epoxiconazole

etaconazole

fenbuconazole

fluquinconazole

flusilazole

flutriafol

furconazole

furconazole-cis

hexaconazole

imibenconazole

ipconazole

metconazole

myclobutanil

penconazole

propiconazole

prothioconazole

quinconazole

simeconazole

tebuconazole

tetraconazole

triadimefon

triadimenol

triticonazole

uniconazole

uniconazole-P

Copper Fungicides

Bordeaux mixture

Burgundy mixture Cheshunt mixture

copper acetate

copper carbonate, basic

copper hydroxide

copper naphthenate

copper oleate

copper oxychloride

copper silicate

copper sulfate

copper sulfate, basic

copper zinc chromate

cufraneb

cuprobam

cuprous oxide

mancopper

oxine-copper

Dicarboximide Fungicides

famoxadone

fluoroimide

Dichlorophenyl Dicarboximide Fungicides chlozolinate

dichlozoline

iprodione

isovaledione

myclozolin

procymidone

vinclozolin

Phthalimide Fungicides

captafol

captan

ditalimfos

folpet

thio chlorfenphim

Dinitrophenol Fungicides

binapacryl

dinobuton

dinocap

dinocap-4

dinocap-6

meptyldinocap

dinocton

dinopenton

dinosulfon

dinoterbon

DNOC

Dithiocarbamate Fungicides

azithiram

carbamorph

cufraneb

cuprobam disulfiram

ferbam

metam

nabam

tecoram

thiram

ziram

Cyclic Dithiocarbamate Fungicides dazomet

etem

milneb

Polymeric Dithiocarbamate Fungicides mancopper

mancozeb

maneb

metiram

polycarbamate

propineb

zineb

Imidazole Fungicides

cyazofamid

fenamidone

fenapanil

glyodin

iprodione

isovaledione

pefurazoate

triazoxide

Inorganic Fungicides

potassium azide

potassium thiocyanate

sodium azide

sulfur

see also copper fungicides

see also inorganic mercury fungicides

Mercury Fungicides

Inorganic Mercury Fungicides

mercuric chloride

mercuric oxide

mercurous chloride

Organomercury Fungicides

(3-ethoxypropyl)mercury bromide

ethylmercury acetate

ethylmercury bromide

ethylmercury chloride

ethylmercury 2,3-dihydroxypropyl mercaptide ethylmercury phosphate

N-(ethylmercury)-p-toluenesulphonanilide hydrargaphen

2-methoxyethylmercury chloride methylmercury benzoate

methylmercury dicyandiamide methylmercury pentachlorophenoxide

8-phenylmercurioxyquinoline

phenylmercuriurea

phenylmercury acetate

phenylmercury chloride

phenylmercury derivative of pyrocatechol phenylmercury nitrate

phenylmercury salicylate

thiomersal

tolylmercury acetate

Morpholine Fungicides

aldimorph

benzamorf

carbamorph

dimethomorph

dodemorph

fenpropimorph

flumorph

tridemorph

Organophosphorus Fungicides

ampropylfos

ditalimfos

edifenphos

fosetyl

hexylthiofos

iprobenfos

phosdiphen

pyrazophos

tolclofos-methyl

triamiphos

Organotin Fungicides

decafentin

fentin

tributyltin oxide

Oxathiin Fungicides

carboxin

oxycarboxin

Oxazole Fungicides

chlozolinate

dichlozoline

drazoxolon

famoxadone

hymexazol

metazoxolon

myclozolin

oxadixyl

vinclozolin

Polvsulfide Fungicides barium polysulfide

calcium polysulfide

potassium polysulfide

sodium polysulfide

Pvrazole Fungicides

bixafen

fluxapyroxad

furametpyr

isopyrazam

penflufen

penthiopyrad

pyraclostrobin

pyrametostrobin

pyraoxystrobin

rabenzazole

sedaxane

Pyridine Fungicides

boscalid

buthiobate

dipyrithione

fluazinam

fluopicolide

fluopyram

pyribencarb

pyridinitril

pyrifenox

pyroxychlor

pyroxyfur

Pvrimidine Fungicides

bupirimate

diflumetorim

dimethirimol

ethirimol

fenarimol

ferimzone

nuarimol

triarimol

Anilinopvrimidine Fungicides cyprodinil

mepanipyrim

pyrimethanil

Pyrrole Fungicides

fenpiclonil

fludioxonil

fluoroimide

Ouinoline Fungicides

ethoxyquin

halacrinate

8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate

quinacetol quinoxyfen

tebufloquin

Ouinone Fungicides

benquinox

chloranil

dichlone

dithianon

Ouinoxaline Fungicides chinomethionat

chlorquinox

thioquinox

Thiazole Fungicides

ethaboxam

etridiazole

isotianil

metsulfovax

octhilinone

thiabendazole

thifluzamide

Thiazolidine Fungicides flutianil

thiadifluor

Thiocarbamate Fungicides methasulfocarb

prothiocarb

Thiophene Fungicides

ethaboxam

silthiofam

Triazine Fungicides

anilazine

Triazole Fungicides

amisulbrom

bitertanol

fluotrimazole

triazbutil

Triazolopvrimidine Fungicides ametoctradin

Urea Fungicides

bentaluron

pencycuron

quinazamid

Other Fungicides

acibenzolar

acypetacs

allyl alcohol

benzalkonium chloride benzamacril

bethoxazin

carvone

chloropicrin DBCP

dehydroacetic acid diclomezine

diethyl pyrocarbonate fenaminosulf

fenitropan

fenpropidin

formaldehyde

furfural

hexachlorobutadiene iodomethane

isoprothiolane

methyl bromide

methyl isothiocyanate metrafenone

nitrostyrene

nitrothal-isopropyl nystatin

OCH

pentachloronitrobenzene

2-phenylphenol

phthalide

piperalin

proquinazid

pyroquilon

sodium orthophenylphenoxide spiroxamine

sultropen

terbinafme

terbinafme hydrochloride thiabendazole

thicyofen

tricyclazole

zinc naphthenate

Herbicide safeners benoxacor

cloquintocet

cyometrinil

cyprosulfamide

dichlormid

dicyclonon

dietholate

fenchlorazole

fenclorim

flurazole

fluxofenim

furilazole

isoxadifen

mefenpyr

mephenate

naphthalic anhydride oxabetrinil

Herbicides Amide Herbicides

allidochlor

amicarbazone

beflubutamid

benzadox

benzipram

bromobutide

cafenstrole

CDEA

cyprazol

dimethenamid

dimethenamid-P diphenamid

epronaz

etnipromid

fentrazamide

flucarbazone

flupoxam

fomesafen

halosafen

isocarbamid

isoxaben

napropamide

naptalam

pethoxamid

propyzamide

quinonamid

saflufenacil

tebutam

Anilide Herbicides chloranocryl

cisanilide

clomeprop

cypromid

diflufenican

etobenzanid

fenasulam

flufenacet

flufenican

ipfencarbazone

mefenacet

mefluidide

metamifop

monalide

naproanilide

pentanochlor

picolinafen

propanil

sulfentrazone Arvlalanine Herbicides benzoylprop

flamprop

flamprop-M

Chloroacetanilide Herbicides acetochlor

alachlor

butachlor

butenachlor

delachlor

diethatyl

dimethachlor

metazachlor

metolachlor

S-metolachlor

pretilachlor

propachlor

propisochlor

prynachlor

terbuchlor

thenylchlor

xylachlor

Sulfonanilide Herbicides benzofluor

cloransulam

diclosulam

florasulam

flumetsulam

metosulam

perfluidone

pyrimisulfan

profluazol

Sulfonamide Herbicides

asulam

carbasulam

fenasulam

oryzalin

penoxsulam

pyroxsulam

Thioamide Herbicides

bencarbazone

chlorthiamid

Antibiotic Herbicides

bilanafos

Aromatic Acid Herbicides

Benzoic Acid Herbicides

chloramben

dicamba

2,3,6-TBA

tricamba Pvrimidinvloxvbenzoic AcidHerbicides bispyribac

pyriminobac

Pvrimidinvlthiobenzoic AcidHerbicides pyrithiobac

Phthalic Acid Herbicides

chlorthal

Picolinic Acid Herbicides

aminopyralid

clopyralid

picloram

Ouinolinecarboxvlic Acid Herbicides

quinclorac

quinmerac

Arsenical Herbicides

cacodylic acid

CMA

DSMA

hexaflurate

MAA

MAMA

MSMA

potassium arsenite

sodium arsenite

Benzovlcvclohexanedione Herbicides

ketospiradox

mesotrione

sulcotrione

tefuryltrione

tembotrione

Benzofuranyl Alkylsulfonate Herbicides

benfuresate

ethofumesate

Benzothiazole Herbicides

benazolin

benzthiazuron

fenthiaprop

mefenacet

methabenzthiazuron

Carbamate Herbicides

asulam

carboxazole

chlorprocarb

dichlormate

fenasulam

karbutilate

terbucarb

Carbanilate Herbicides

barban

BCPC carbasulam

carbetamide

CEPC

chlorbufam

chlorpropham

CPPC

desmedipham

phenisopham

phenmedipham

phenmedipham-ethyl

propham

swep

Cyclohexene Oxime Herbicides alloxydim

butroxydim

clethodim

cloproxydim

cycloxydim

profoxydim

sethoxydim

tepraloxydim

tralkoxydim

Cvclopropvlisoxazole Herbicides isoxachlortole

isoxaflutole

Dicarboximide Herbicides cinidon-ethyl

flumezin

flumiclorac

flumioxazin

flumipropyn

Dinitroaniline Herbicides benfluralin

butralin

dinitramine

ethalfluralin

fluchloralin

isopropalin

methalpropalin

nitralin

oryzalin

pendimethalin

prodiamine

profluralin

trifluralin

Dinitrophenol Herbicides dinofenate

dinoprop

dinosam

dinoseb dinoterb

DNOC

etinofen

medinoterb

Diphenvl Ether Herbicides

ethoxyfen

Nitrophenyl Ether Herbicides acifluorfen

aclonifen

bifenox

chlomethoxyfen

chlornitrofen

etnipromid

fluorodifen

fluoroglycofen

fluoronitrofen

fomesafen

furyloxyfen

halosafen

lactofen

nitrofen

nitrofluorfen

oxyfluorfen

Dithiocarbamate Herbicides

dazomet

metam

Halosenated Aliphatic Herbicides alorac

chloropon

dalapon

flupropanate

hexachloroacetone

iodomethane

methyl bromide

monochloroacetic acid

SMA

TCA

Imidazolinone Herbicides

imazamethabenz

imazamox

imazapic;imazapyr;imazaquin;imazethapyr

Inorganic Herbicides

ammonium sulfamate

borax

calcium chlorate

copper sulfate

ferrous sulfate

potassium azide

potassium cyanate

sodium azide sodium chlorate

sulfuric acid

Nitrile Herbicides

bromobonil

bromoxynil

chloroxynil

dichlobenil

iodobonil

ioxynil

pyraclonil

Organophosphorus Herbicides amiprofos-methyl

anilofos

bensulide

bilanafos

butamifos

2,4-DEP

DMPA

EBEP

fosamine

glufosinate

glufosinate-P

glyphosate

piperophos

Oxadiazolone Herbicides dimefuron

methazole

oxadiargyl

oxadiazon

Oxazole Herbicides

carboxazole

fenoxasulfone

isouron

isoxaben

isoxachlortole

isoxaflutole

methiozolin

monisouron

pyroxasulfone

topramezone

Phenoxv Herbicides

bromofenoxim

clomeprop

2,4-DEB

2,4-DEP

difenopenten

disul

erbon

etnipromid

fenteracol trifopsime

Phenoxvacetic Herbicides

4-CPA

2,4-D

3,4-DA

MCPA ((4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid)

MCPA-thioethyl

2,4,5-T

Phenoxvbutvric Herbicides

4-CPB

2,4-DB

3,4-DB

MCPB

2,4,5-TB

Phenoxvpropionic Herbicides

cloprop

4-CPP

dichlorprop

dichlorprop-P

3,4-DP

fenoprop

mecoprop

mecoprop-P

Arvloxvphenoxvpropionic Herbicides chlorazifop

clodinafop

clofop

cyhalofop

diclofop

fenoxaprop

fenoxaprop-P

fenthiaprop

fluazifop

fluazifop-P

haloxyfop

haloxyfop-P

isoxapyrifop

metamifop

propaquizafop

quizalofop

quizalofop-P

quizalofop-P-ethyl

trifop

Phenylenediamine Herbicides

dinitramine

prodiamine

Pvrazole Herbicides

azimsulfuron

difenzoquat

halosulfuron metazachlor

metazosulfuron

pyrazosulfuron

pyroxasulfone

Benzovlpvrazole Herbicides benzofenap

pyrasulfotole

pyrazolynate

pyrazoxyfen

topramezone

Phenylpyrazole Herbicides fluazolate

nipyraclofen

pinoxaden

pyraflufen

Pvridazine Herbicides

credazine

pyridafol

pyridate

Pvridazinone Herbicides

brompyrazon

chloridazon

dimidazon

flufenpyr

metflurazon

norflurazon

oxapyrazon

pydanon

Pyridine Herbicides

aminopyralid

cliodinate

clopyralid

diflufenican

dithiopyr

flufenican

fluroxypyr

haloxydine

picloram

picolinafen

pyriclor

pyroxsulam

thiazopyr

triclopyr

Pyrimidinediamine Herbicides iprymidam

tioclorim

Quaternary Ammonium Herbicides cyperquat

diethamquat

difenzoquat diquat

morfamquat

paraquat

Thiocarbamate Herbicides

butylate

cycloate

di-allate

EPTC

esprocarb

ethiolate

isopolinate

methiobencarb

molinate

orbencarb

pebulate

prosulfocarb

pyributicarb

sulfallate

thiobencarb

tiocarbazil

tri-allate

vernolate

Thiocarbonate Herbicides

dimexano

EXD

proxan

Thiourea Herbicides

methiuron

Triazine Herbicides

dipropetryn

trihydroxytriazine

Chlorotriazine Herbicides atrazine

chlorazine

cyanazine

cyprazine

eglinazine

ipazine

mesoprazine

procyazine

proglinazine

propazine

sebuthylazine

simazine

terbuthylazine

trietazine

Gluoroalkvltriazine Herbicides indaziflam

triaziflam

Methoxvtriazine Herbicides atraton

methometon

prometon

secbumeton

simeton

terbumeton

Methvlthiotriazine Herbicides ametryn

aziprotryne

cyanatryn

desmetryn

dimethametryn

methoprotryne

prometryn

simetryn

terbutryn

Triazinone Herbicides

ametridione

amibuzin

hexazinone

isomethiozin

metamitron

metribuzin

Triazole Herbicides

amitrole

cafenstrole

epronaz

flupoxam

Triazolone Herbicides

amicarbazone

bencarbazone

carfentrazone

flucarbazone

ipfencarbazone

propoxycarbazone

sulfentrazone

thiencarbazone

Triazolopvrimidine Herbicides cloransulam

diclosulam

florasulam

flumetsulam

metosulam

penoxsulam

pyroxsulam

Uracil Herbicides

benzfendizone

bromacil

butafenacil

flupropacil isocil

lenacil

saflufenacil

terbacil

Urea Herbicides

benzthiazuron

cumyluron

cycluron

dichloralurea

diflufenzopyr

isonoruron

isouron

methabenzthiazuron

monisouron

noruron

Phenylurea Herbicides

anisuron

buturon

chlorbromuron

chloreturon

chlorotoluron

chloroxuron

daimuron

difenoxuron

dimefuron

diuron

fenuron

fluometuron

fluothiuron

isoproturon

linuron

methiuron

methyldymron

metobenzuron

metobromuron

metoxuron

monolinuron

monuron

neburon

parafluron

phenobenzuron

siduron

tetrafluron

thidiazuron

Sulfonylurea Herbicides

Pynmidinylsulfonylurea Herbicides amidosulfuron

azimsulfuron

bensulfuron

chlorimuron cyclosulfamuron

ethoxysulfuron

flazasulfuron

flucetosulfuron

flupyrsulfuron

foramsulfuron

halosulfuron

imazosulfuron

mesosulfuron

metazosulfuron

nicosulfuron

orthosulfamuron

oxasulfuron

primisulfuron

propyrisulfuron

pyrazosulfuron

rimsulfuron

sulfometuron

sulfosulfuron

trifloxysulfuron

Triazinvlsulfonvlurea Herbicides chlorsulfuron

cinosulfuron

ethametsulfuron

iodosulfuron

metsulfuron

prosulfuron

thifensulfuron

triasulfuron

tribenuron

triflusulfuron

tritosulfuron

Thiadiazolylurea Herbicides

buthiuron

ethidimuron

tebuthiuron

thiazafluron

thidiazuron

Other Herbicides

acrolein

allyl alcohol

altrazine

aminocyclopyrachlor

aminotriazole

azafenidin

benefm

bentazone

benzobicyclon

bicyclopyrone

buthidazole calcium cyanamide

cambendichlor carbetamide

chlorfenac

chlorfenprop

chlorflurazole

chlorflurenol

chlortoluron

cinmethylin

clomazone

CPMF

cresol

cyanamide

ortho-dichlorobenzene propaquizafop

dimepiperate

endothal

fluoromidine

fluridone

flurochloridone flurtamone

fluthiacet

indanofan

loxynil

MCPP

MCPP-P

methyl isothiocyanate metsulfuron-methyl

OCH

oxaziclomefone pelargonic acid pendimethalin

pentachlorophenol pentoxazone

phenylmercury acetate prosulfalin

pyribenzoxim

pyriftalid

quinoclamine

rhodethanil

sulglycapin

thidiazimin

tridiphane

trimeturon

tripropindan

tritac

Insect Attractants Coleopteran Attractants

brevicomin

dominicalure

frontalin grandlure

ipsdienol

ipsenol

japonilure

lineatin

megatomoic acid

a-multistriatin

oryctalure

sulcatol

trunc-call

Dipteran Attractants

ceralure

cue-lure

latilure

medlure

muscalure

trimedlure

Lepidopteran Attractants

disparlure

Straight Chain Lepidopteran Pheromones codlelure

gossyplure

hexalure

litlure

looplure

orfralure

ostramone

Other Insect Attractants

eugenol

methyl eugenol

siglure

Insect Repellents acrep

butopyronoxyl

carboxide

dibutyl phthalate

diethyltoluamide

dimethyl carbate

dimethyl phthalate

ethohexadiol

hexamide

icaridin

methoquin-butyl

methylneodecanamide

oxamate

rebemide

Insecticides Antibiotic Insecticides

allosamidin

thuringiensin

Macrocyclic Lactone Insecticides

Avermectin Insecticides abamectin

doramectin

emamectin

eprinomectin

ivermectin

selamectin

Milbemycin Insecticides lepimectin

milbemectin

milbemycin oxime

moxidectin

Spinosvn Insecticides

spinetoram

spinosad

Arsenical Insecticides

calcium arsenate

copper acetoarsenite

copper arsenate

lead arsenate

potassium arsenite

sodium arsenite

Botanical Insecticides

anabasine

azadirachtin

d-limonene

nicotine

pyrethrins

cinerins

cinerinl

cinerinll

jasmolinl

jasmolinll

pyrethrinl

pyrethrinll

quassia

rotenone

ryania

sabadilla

Carbamate Insecticides

bendiocarb

carbaryl

Benzofuranyl Methylcarbamate Insecticides benfuracarb

carbofuran

carbosulfan

decarbofuran

furathiocarb

Dimethylcarbamate Insecticides dimetan

dimetilan hyquincarb

pirimicarb

Oxime Carbamate Insecticides alanycarb

aldicarb

aldoxycarb

butocarboxim

butoxycarboxim

methomyl

nitrilacarb

oxamyl

tazimcarb

thiocarboxime

thiodicarb

thiofanox

Phenyl Methylcarbamate Insecticides allyxycarb

aminocarb

bufencarb

butacarb

carbanolate

cloethocarb

dicresyl

dioxacarb

EMPC

ethiofencarb

fenethacarb

fenobucarb

isoprocarb

methiocarb

metolcarb

mexacarbate

promacyl

promecarb

propoxur

trimethacarb

XMC

xylylcarb

Desiccant Insecticides

boric acid

diatomaceous earth

silica gel

Diamide Insecticides

chlorantraniliprole

cyantraniliprole

flubendiamide

Dinitrophenol Insecticides

dinex

dinoprop

dinosam DNOC

Fluorine Insecticides

barium hexafluorosilicate cryolite

sodium fluoride

sodium hexafluorosilicate sulfluramid

Formamidine Insecticides amitraz

chlordimeform

formetanate

formparanate

Fumigant Insecticides

acrylonitrile

carbon disulfide

carbon tetrachloride

chloroform

chloropicrin

para-dichlorobenzene

1 ,2-dichloropropane

ethyl formate

ethylene dibromide

ethylene dichloride

ethylene oxide

hydrogen cyanide

iodomethane

methyl bromide

methylchloroform

methylene chloride

naphthalene

phosphine

sulfuryl fluoride

tetr achloro ethane

Inorganic Insecticides

borax

boric acid

calcium polysulfide

copper oleate

diatomaceous earth

mercurous chloride

potassium thiocyanate

silica gel

sodium thiocyanate

see also arsenical insecticides see also fluorine insecticides

Insect Growth Regulators

Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors bistrifluron

buprofezin

chlorfluazuron cyromazine

diflubenzuron

flucycloxuron

flufenoxuron

hexaflumuron

lufenuron

novaluron

noviflumuron

penfluron

teflubenzuron

triflumuron

Juvenile Hormone Mimics epofenonane

fenoxycarb

hydroprene

kinoprene

methoprene

pyriproxyfen

triprene

Juvenile Hormones

juvenile hormone I

juvenile hormone II

juvenile hormone III

Moulting Hormone Agonists chromafenozide

halofenozide

methoxyfenozide

tebufenozide

Moulting Hormones

a-ecdysone

ecdysterone

Moulting Inhibitors

diofenolan

Precocenes

precocene I

precocene II

precocene III

Other Insect Growth Regulators dicyclanil

Nereistoxin Analogue Insecticides bensultap

cartap

thiocyclam

thiosultap

Nicotinoid Insecticides

flonicamid

Nitroguanidine Insecticides

clothianidin

dinotefuran

imidacloprid thiamethoxam

Nitromethvlene Insecticides

nitenpyram

nithiazine

Pvridvlmethvlamine Insecticides acetamiprid

imidacloprid

nitenpyram

thiacloprid

Organochlorine Insecticides

bromo-DDT

camphechlor

DDT

pp'-DDT

ethyl-DDD

HCH

gamma-HCH

lindane

methoxychlor

pentachlorophenol

TDE

Cvclodiene Insecticides

aldrin

bromocyclen

chlorbicyclen

chlordane

chlordecone

dieldrin

dilor

endosulfan

alpha-endosulfan

endrin

HEOD

heptachlor

HHDN

isobenzan

isodrin

kelevan

mirex

Organophosphorus Insecticides

Organophosphate Insecticides bromfenvinfos

chlorfenvinphos

crotoxyphos

dichlorvos

dicrotophos

dimethylvinphos

fospirate

heptenophos

methocrotophos mevinphos

monocrotophos

naled

naftalofos

phosphamidon

propaphos

TEPP

tetrachlorvinphos

Organothiophosphate Insecticides

dioxabenzofos

fosmethilan

phenthoate

Aliphatic Organothiophosphate Insecticides acethion

amiton

cadusafos

chlorethoxyfos

chlormephos

demephion

demephion-0

demephion-S

demeton

demeton-0

demeton-S

demeton-methyl

demeton-O-methyl

demeton-S-methyl

demeton-S-methylsulphon

disulfoton

ethion

ethoprophos

IPSP

isothioate

malathion

methacrifos

oxydemeton-methyl

oxydeprofos

oxydisulfoton

phorate

sulfotep

terbufos

thiometon

Aliphatic Amide Organothiophosphate Insecticides amidithion

cyanthoate

dimethoate

ethoate-methyl

formothion

mecarbam

omethoate prothoate

sophamide

vamidothion

Oxime Organothiophosphate Insecticides chlorphoxim

phoxim

phoxim-methyl

Heterocyclic Organothiophosphate Insecticides azamethiphos

coumaphos

coumithoate

dioxathion

endothion

menazon

morphothion

phosalone

pyraclofos

pyridaphenthion

quinothion

Benzothiopyran Organothiophosphate Insecticides dithicrofos

thicrofos

Benzotriazine Organothiophosphate Insecticides azinphos-ethyl

azinphos-methyl

Isoindole Organothiophosphate Insecticides

dialifos

phosmet

Isoxazole Organothiophosphate Insecticides

isoxathion

zolaprofos

Pyrazolopvrimidine Organothiophosphate Insecticides chlorprazophos

pyrazophos

Pyridine Organothiophosphate Insecticides

chlorpyrifos

chlorpyrifos-methyl

Pyrimidine Organothiophosphate Insecticides

butathiofos

diazinon

etrimfos

lirimfos

pirimiphos-ethyl

pirimiphos-methyl

primidophos

pyrimitate

tebupirimfos

Ouinoxaline Organothiophosphate Insecticides quinalphos

quinalphos-methyl Thiadiazole Organothiophosphate Insecticides athidathion

lythidathion

methidathion

prothidathion

Triazole Organothiophosphate Insecticides isazofos

triazophos

Phenyl Organothiophosphate Insecticides azothoate

bromophos

bromophos-ethyl

carbophenothion

chlorthiophos

cyanophos

cythioate

dicapthon

dichlofenthion

etaphos

famphur

fenchlorphos

fenitrothion

fensulfothion

fenthion

fenthion-ethyl

heterophos

jodfenphos

mesulfenfos

parathion

parathion-methyl

phenkapton

phosnichlor

profenofos

prothiofos

sulprofos

temephos

trichlormetaphos-3

trifenofos

Phosphonate Insecticides

butonate

trichlorfon

Phosphonothioate Insecticides

mecarphon

Phenyl Ethylphosphonothioate Insecticides fonofos

trichloronat

Phenyl Phenylphosphonothioate Insecticides cyanofenphos

EPN

leptophos Phosphoramidate Insecticides crufomate

fenamiphos

fosthietan

mephosfolan

phosfolan

pirimetaphos

Phosphoramidothioate Insecticides acephate

isocarbophos

isofenphos

isofenphos-methyl

methamidophos

propetamphos

Phosphorodiamide Insecticides dimefox

mazidox

mipafox

schradan

Oxadiazine Insecticides

indoxacarb

Oxadiazolone Insecticides

metoxadiazone

Phthalimide Insecticides

dialifos

phosmet

tetramethrin

Pvrazole Insecticides

chlorantraniliprole

cyantraniliprole

dimetilan

tebufenpyrad

tolfenpyrad

Phenvlpvrazole Insecticides acetoprole

ethiprole

fipronil

pyraclofos

pyrafluprole

pyriprole

vaniliprole

Pvrethroid Insecticides

Pvrethroid Insecticides

acrinathrin

allethrin

bioallethrin

esdepallethrine

barthrin

bifenthrin

bioethanomethrin cyclethrin

cycloprothrin

cyfluthrin

beta-cyfluthrin

cyhalothrin

gamma-cyhalothrin

lambda-cyhalothrin

cypermethrin

alpha-cyp ermethrin

beta-cypermethrin

theta-cypermethrin

zeta-cypermethrin

cyphenothrin

deltamethrin

dimefluthrin

dimethrin

empenthrin

fenfluthrin

fenpirithrin

fenpropathrin

fenvalerate

esfenvalerate

flucythrinate

fluvalinate

tau-fluvalinate

furethrin

imiprothrin

meperfluthrin

methothrin

metofluthrin

permethrin

biopermethrin

tr ansp ermethrin

phenothrin

prallethrin

profluthrin

pyresmethrin

resmethrin

bioresmethrin

cismethrin

tefluthrin

terallethrin

tetramethrin

tetramethylfluthrin

tralomethrin

transfluthrin

Pyrethroidether Insecticides etofenprox

flufenprox

halfenprox protrifenbute

silafluofen

Pvrimidinamine Insecticides flufenerim

pyrimidifen

Pyrrole Insecticides

chlorfenapyr

Tetramic Acid Insecticides spirotetramat

Tetronic Acid Insecticides spiromesifen

Thiazole Insecticides clothianidin

thiamethoxam

Thiazolidine Insecticides tazimcarb

thiacloprid

Thiourea Insecticides diafenthiuron

Urea Insecticides

flucofuron

sulcofuron

Other Insecticides

closantel

copper naphthenate crotamiton

EXD

fenazaflor

fenoxacrim

hydramethylnon

isoprothiolane

malonoben

metaflumizone

nifluridide

plifenate

pyridaben

pyridalyl

pyrifluquinazon

rafoxanide

sulfoxaflor

triarathene

triazamate

Mammal Repellents copper naphthenate

trimethacarb

zinc naphthenate

ziram

Mating Disrupters disparlure

gossyplure

grandlure

Molluscicides bromoacetamide calcium arsenate

cloethocarb

copper acetoarsenite

copper sulfate

fentin

metaldehyde

methiocarb

niclosamide

pentachlorophenol

sodium pentachlorophenoxide

tazimcarb

thiacloprid

thiodicarb

tralopyril

tributyltin oxide

trifenmorph

trimethacarb

Nematicides Antibiotic Nematicides

abamectin

Carbamate Nematicides

benomyl

carbofuran

carbosulfan

cloethocarb

Oxime Carbamate Nematicides alanycarb

aldicarb

aldoxycarb

oxamyl

Organophosphorus Nematicides

Organophosphate Nematicides diamidafos

fenamiphos

fosthietan

phosphamidon

Organothiophosphate Nematicides cadusafos

chlorpyrifos

dichlofenthion

dimethoate

ethoprophos

fensulfothion

fosthiazate

heterophos

isamidofos

isazofos

phorate

phosphocarb

terbufos

thionazin triazophos

Phosphonothioate Nematicides imicyafos

mecarphon

Other Nematicides

acetoprole

benclothiaz

chloropicrin

dazomet

DBCP

DCIP

1 ,2-dichloropropane

1 ,3-dichloropropene

fluensulfone

furfural

iodomethane

metam

methyl bromide

methyl isothiocyanate

xylenols

Plant Activators acibenzolar

probenazole

Plant Growth Antiauxins

Regulators clofibric acid

2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid

Auxins

4-CPA

2,4-D

2,4-DB

2,4-DEP

dichlorprop

fenoprop

IAA

IBA

naphthaleneacetamide

a-naphthaleneacetic acid

1-naphthol

naphthoxyacetic acids

potassium naphthenate

sodium naphthenate

2,4,5-T

Cvtokinins

2iP

benzyladenine

kinetin

zeatin

Defoliants

calcium cyanamide

dimethipin

endothal ethephon

merphos

metoxuron

pentachlorophenol thidiazuron

tribufos

Ethylene Inhibitors aviglycine

1 -methylcyclopropene

Ethylene Releasers

ACC

etacelasil

ethephon

glyoxime

Gibberellins

gibberellins

gibberellic acid

Growth Inhibitors abscisic acid

ancymidol

butralin

carbaryl

chlorphonium

chlorpropham

dikegulac

flumetralin

fluoridamid

fosamine

glyphosine

isopyrimol

jasmonic acid

maleic hydrazide mepiquat

piproctanyl

prohydroj asmon propham

2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid

Morphactins chlorfluren

chlorflurenol

dichlorflurenol flurenol

Growth Retardants chlormequat

daminozide

flurprimidol

mefluidide

paclobutrazol tetcyclacis

uniconazole Growth Stimulators

brassinolide

forchlorfenuron

hymexazol

Other plant growth regulators benzofluor

buminafos

carvone

ciobutide

clofencet

cloxyfonac

cyanamide

cyclanilide

cycloheximide

cyprosulfamide

epocholeone

ethychlozate

ethylene

fenridazon

heptopargil

holosulf

inabenfide

karetazan

lead arsenate

methasulfocarb

prohexadione

pydanon

sintofen

triapenthenol

trinexapac

Rodenticides Botanical Rodenticides

scilliroside

strychnine

Coumarin Rodenticides brodifacoum

bromadiolone

coumachlor

coumafuryl

coumatetralyl

difenacoum

difethialone

flocoumafen

warfarin

Indandione Rodenticides chlorophacinone

diphacinone

pindone

Inorganic Rodenticides arsenous oxide

phosphorus potassium arsenite

sodium arsenite

thallium sulfate

zinc phosphide

Organochlorine Rodenticides

gamma-HCH

HCH

lindane

Orsanophosphorus Rodenticides

phosacetim

Pvrimidinamine Rodenticides

crimidine

Thiourea Rodenticides

antu

Urea Rodenticides

pyrinuron

Other Rodenticides

bromethalin

chloralose

a-chlorohydrin

ergocalciferol

fluoroacetamide

flupropadine

hydrogen cyanide

norbormide

sodium fluoroacetate

Seed Treatments carbodan

carbofuran (2,3 dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7- yl methylcarbamate) diazol

diazinon (0,0-diethyl 0 -2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl

phosphorothioate)

magnate

imazalil ((±)-l-(b -allyloxy-2,4-dichlorophenylethyl) imidazole) merpan

captan (N-(trichloromethylthio)cyclohex-4-ene- 1 ,2-dicarboximide) mirage

prochloraz (N-propyl-N-[2-(2,4,6 trichlorophenoxy)ethyl]imidazole) orius

tebuconazole ((RS)-l-p-chlorophenyl-4,4-dimethyl-3-(l H -1,2,4-triazol- ylmethyl) pentan-3-ol)

panoctine

guazatine (mixture of the reaction products from polyamines, including mainly octamethylenediamine, iminodi-(octamethylene)diamine and octamethylenebis (imino-octamethylene)diamine, and carbamonitrile) pyristar

chlorpyrifos (0,0-diethyl 0-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) seedoprid

imidacloprid

shavit

triadimenol ((IRS, 2RS ;1RS , 2SR )-l-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3, 3 -dimethyl- ( 1 H- 1 ,2,4-triazol- 1 -yl) butan-2-ol)

Synergists piperonyl butoxide

piprotal

propyl isome

sesamex

sesamolin

sulfoxide

tribufos

Virucides ribavirin

Other Active Agents calcium cyanide

dinitrophenols

naphthylindane- 1 ,3-diones

nicotine sulfate

nonanol

piperazine

polybutenes

potassium ethylxanthate

sodium cyanide

thiocyanatodinitrobenzenes

trichlorotrinitrobenzenes

zinc trichlorophenoxide

[0117] In certain embodiments, the formulations as described herein include an active agent that is a herbicide and the herbicide may be one or more of

AFALON/LINUREX(Linuron); AGIL/SHOGUN/FALCON(Propaquizafop);

ALANEX(Alachlor); ALANEX PRO(Alachlor + Prometryn); ALANEX TBA(Alachlor + Terbuthylazine); ALAZINE(Alachlor + Atrazine); AMETREX(Ametryn); AMETREX EXTRA(Ametryn + Simazine); AMETRON(Ametryn + Diuron); AMIGAN(Ametryn + Terbutryn); ARIMO(Glyphosate + MCPA); ARROW(Clethodim); ATERBUTEX/

ATERBUTOX(Atrazine + Terbutryn); ATHLET(Bifenox + Chlortoluron); ATRAMET COMBI(Ametryn + Atrazine); ATRANEX( Atrazine) ; ATRASIM / FOGART /

ATRASIMEX(Atrazine + Simazine); AZOLAN(Aminotriazole); BENEFEX(Benfiuralin, benefm); BIFENAL / VERIGAL D(Bifenox + MCPP); BIFENIX N(Bifenox + Isoproturon); BLOIS / LINNET / ARIZONA / URANUS (Linuron + Trifluralin); BRIOTRIL(Bromoxynil + Ioxynil); BRIOTRIL MS(Bromoxynil + Ioxynil + MCPP); BROMOTRIL(Bromoxynil); BROMOTRIL T / TEMPLAR(Bromoxynil + Terbuthylazine); CARBETAMEX /

CRAWLER / LEGURAM(Carbetamide); COTTONEX / COTORAN(Fluometuron);

COTTONEX COM(Fluometuron + Trifluralin); COTTONEX D(Diuron + Fluometuron); COTTONEX P / DOUBLE TEAM(Fluometuron + Prometryn); COTTONEX

PG(Fluometuron + Glyphosate + Prometryn); DIUREX(Diuron); ETHOSAT (Ethofumesate); FOX / MODOWN 4F(Bifenox); FOXPRO D(Bifenox + loxynil + MCPP-P); FOXTAR D+(Bifenox + Isoproturon + MCPP-P); FOXTRIL SUPER / CHARADE(Bifenox + loxynil + MCPP-P); GALIGAN(Oxyfluorfen); GALINEX(Oxyfiuorfen + Simazine);

GALIROM(Alachlor + Oxyfluorfen); GLIDUS / SAMBA(Diuron + Glyphosate);

GLIFAZIN / BUTAZIN(Glyphosate + Terbuthylazine); GLYPHOGAN(Glyphosate);

GOLTIX / TORONADO / MARQUISE / DANAGAN / GOLDBEET(Metamitron);

HEXARON(Diuron + Hexazinone); IOTRIL(Ioxynil); KALIF(Clomazone); KONTAKT (Phenmedipham); LEGATO PLUS(Diflufenican + Isoproturon); LEOPARD(Quizalofop-P- ethyl); LINPRO(Linuron + Prometryn); NAJA(Lactofen); NICANOR /

VALURON(Metsulfuron-methyl); OLAGAN / BATALLION(Terbuthylazine + Terbutryn); PENDIGAN / ACTIVUS / BEMA (Pendimethalin); PRAMITOL / SONORA(Prometon); PROLEX(Propachlor); PROMETREX(Prometryn); PROP ANIL PROFICOL /

PROPATOX(Propanil); PROTUGAN(Isoproturon); PROTUGAN PLUS /

HARLEQUIN(Isoproturon + Simazine); PROZINEX(Propazine); PYTHON / MISTRAL / FEINZIN(Metribuzin); RACER(Flurochloridone); SIMANEX(Simazine); SIMAZOL PLUS(Aminotriazole + Diuron + Simazine); SULTAN(Metazachlor); SUPRAZINE(Atrazine + Terbuthylazine); TERBALIN (Terbutryn + Trifluralin); TERBUTREX(Terbutryn);

TERBUTREX COMBI(Simazine + Terbutryn); TOLUGAN EXTRA(Chlortoluron + Isoproturon); TOLUREX(Chlortoluron); TOMAHAWK / TOMIGAN(Fluroxypyr);

TOPGAN(Imazaquin); TORERO / GOLTIX MIX(Ethofumesate + Metamitron);

TRIFLUREX(Trifluralin); TRILIN(Bromoxynil + Fluroxypyr + loxynil); TWIN /

POWERTWIN(Ethofumesate + Phenmedipham); TYLLANEX(Terbuthylazine);

VEZIR(Imazethapyr); or ZOOMER(Glyphosate + Oxyfluorfen).

[0118] In certain embodiments, the formulations as described herein include an active agent that is a fungicide and the fungicide may be one or more of ARDENT(Kresoxim- methyl); BUMPER(Propiconazole); BUMPER F(Folpet + Propiconazole); BUMPER P(Prochloraz + Propiconazole); FOLPAN(Folpet); M AGN ATE(Imazalil) ;

MERPAN(Captan); MIRAGE(Prochloraz); NIMROD(Bupirimate); ODEON(Chlorthalonil); ORIUS(Tebuconazole); ORIUS 5 FS(Tebuconazole Imazalil); ORIUS 6 FS(Tebuconazole Imazalil); PANOCTINE/RAVINE(Guazatine); SHAVIT(Triadimenol); SHAVIT F(Folpet + Triadimenol); SOPRANO(Epoxiconazole); SOPRANO-C(Carbendazim + Epoxiconazole); or ZAMIR(Prochloraz + Tebuconazole). [0119] In certain embodiments, the formulations as described herein include an active agent that is a insecticide and the insecticide may be one or more of

BAYTHROID(Cyfluthrin); BULLDOCK(Beta Cyfhithrin); CARBODAN(Carbofuran); COTNION-METHYL(Azinphos-methyl); DIAZOL(Diazinon); ENDURO(Beta Cyfiuthrin + Oxydemeton-Methyl); FLURAMIM(Sulfuramid); KESHET(Deltamethrin);

KOHINOR(Imidacloprid); KOHINOR PLUS(Cyfluthrin + Imidacloprid);

LAMDEX(Lambda Cyhalothrin); MAVRIK/KLARTAN(Tau-Fluvalinate);

METASYSTOX(Oxydemeton-Methyl); METHOFAN(Endosulfan + Methomyl);

METHOMEX(Methomyl); NEMACUR(Fenamiphos); PILIER(Beta Cyfiuthrin +

Fenitrothion); PYRINEX(Chlorpyrifos); PYRINEX QUICK(Clorpyrifos + Delthamethrin); RIMON(Novaluron); SEIZER(Bifenthrin); SUPRATHION(Methidathion); or

THIONEX(Endosulfan).

[0120] In certain embodiments, the formulations as described herein include an active agent that is an acaricide and the acaricide may be one or more of APOLLO(Clofentezine); APOLLO /ACARISTOP(Clofentezine); MITIGAN COMBI / ACARINT(Dicofol +

Tetradifon); MITIGAN/ AC ARIN(Dicofol) ; or PARSEC/TAC PLUS(Amitraz).

[0121] In certain embodiments, the formulations as described herein include an active agent that is a growth regulator and the growth regulator may be CYCOGAN(Chlormequart).

[0122] In certain embodiments, the formulations as described herein include an active agent that may be one or more of DIAZOL 60(Control of a Wide Range of Insect Pests under Extreme Environmental Conditions); PYRINEX 25(Control of Insects in Sensitive Areas); PYRINEX 40(Control of a Wide Range of Insect Pests); PYRINEX 40 maybe(Control of Fleas&Ticks on Dogs and in their Environment); or PYRINEX 48(Control of a Wide Range of Insect Pests within and around the House).

[0123] In certain embodiments, the formulations as described herein include an active agent that is a seed treatment and the seed treatment may be one or more of CARBODAN ST(Carbofuran.); DIAZOL ST(Diazinon.); MAGNATE ST(ImazaliL); MERPAN

ST(Captan.); MIRAGE ST(Prochloraz.); ORIUS ST(Tebuconazole.); PANOCTINE

ST(Guazatine.); PYRISTAR ST(Chlorpyrifos.); SEEDOPRID(Imidacloprid.); or SHAVIT ST(TriadimenoL).

[0124] Lists of active agents such as pesticides that may also be used in the formulations and methods disclosed herein can be found in the Crop Protection Dictionary (contained in the Meisterpro Crop Protection Handbook) and the British Crop Protection Council: The Pesticide Manual.

[0125] In certain embodiments an active agent such as disclosed herein is present in a formulation as described herein, for example the active ingredient may be present in the formulation in an amount that is at least 0.001% by weight; at least 0.01% by weight; at least 0.1%) by weight; at least 1% by weight; at least 2% by weight; at least 3% by weight; at least 5%) by weight; at least 10%> by weight; at least 15% by weight; at least 20% by weight; at least 25%o by weight; at least 30% by weight; at least 40% by weight; at least 50% by weight; at least 75% by weight or more. In some embodiments the active ingredient may be present in the formulation in an amount that is between about 0.001% to 0.01%; 0.01%to 0.1% by weight; 0.1 %to 1% by weight; l%to 2% by weight; 2-5% by weight; 5-10% by weight; 10- 15% by weight; 15-20% by weight; 20-25% by weight; 25-30% by weight; 35-40% by weight; or 40-50%) by weight.

[0126] Without intending to be limited by mechanism in any way, in certain embodiment, when the formulation is applied directly to a leaf, the vesicles may penetrate the leaf stomata, resulting in the desired activity, e.g., antifungal activity. In certain embodiments, the method is particularly advantageous for treating fungal infection of leaf where the fungi resides on the underside of the leaf (e.g., tobacco).

Insecticidal Methods and Compositions.

[0127] The compositions, formulations and methods herein may in certain embodiments be used for the purpose of providing insecticidal compositions, for example insecticidal compositions that can be applied to plants. For example, a formulation as described herein may include an active ingredient that is an insecticide such as described herein. In certain embodiments the formulations and methods as described herein provide effective immediate and long term action against insects. A further purpose of the present methods and disclosures is to provide a method for pest control, particularly insect control, which provides effective immediate action and effective long term activity.

[0128] In certain embodiments, the formulations may facilitate the transport of different agents (such as insecticides) into insects, thus increasing the effectiveness of the agent.

[0129] In certain embodiments, provided are formulations that include an insecticide (active agent) having immediate action on the pests (known in the art as "knock-down action") and/or an insecticide having long term action (known also as "residual action") (see for example US Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0009542). Effective knock-down insecticides include pyrethroids, organic phosphoric acid esters, neonicotinoids, imidacloprid, acetamiprid and phenyl pyrazoles (fipronil). Effective long term insecticides include insect growth regulators (IGR) of various types, e.g. chitin synthesis inhibitors.

[0130] In particular, provided are compositions and methods that formulations that include at least one insecticidal compound with effective knock-down action selected from among group (A) consisting of imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran, clothianidin, abamectin, emamectin, emamectin benzoate and fipronil, and at least one insecticidal compound with effective long-term action selected from among group (B) of insect growth regulators including benzoylphenyl urea (BPU)

compounds selected from among novaluron, lufenuron, hexaflumuron, triflumuron, diflubenzuron, chlorfluazuron, flufenoxuron, noviflumuron and teflubenzuron. Further provided is a method for insect control, including applying a formulation having at least one insecticidal compound with effective knock-down action selected from among group (A) including imidacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, nitenpyram, dinotefuran, clothianidin, abamectin, emamectin, emamectin benzoate and fipronil, and at least one insecticidal compound with effective long-term action selected from among group (B) of insect growth regulators (IGR) including benzoylphenyl urea (BPU) compounds; to a crop, agricultural product, plant matter, animal or locale.

[0131] According to a preferred embodiment of the method, the application of the insecticides is simultaneous, separate or sequential application.

[0132] According to some specific embodiments of the methods insecticides are administered at a dosage of 0.1 to 50 mg/Kg body weight; or at a dosage of 0.1 to 100 mg/Kg body weight; or at 1 to 10 mg/Kg body weight; or at 10 to 40 mg/Kg body weight.

[0133] In certain embodiments, the methods and formualtions disclosed herein are effective for controlling insects of, inter alia, the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera, Anoplura, Siphonaptera, Mallophaga, Thysanura, Isoptera, Psocoptera and Hymenoptera, as well as representatives of the order Acarina of the families Ixodidae, Argasidae, Tetranychidae and Dermanyssidae.

[0134] In addition, the method and formulations may be effective in controlling flies, e.g. Musca domestica, termites, cockroaches and mosquito larvae. The presently claimed method and composition is also suitable for controlling plant-destructive feeding insects in ornamentals and crops of useful plants, especially in cotton (e.g. against Spodoptera littoralis and Heliothis virescens) and in fruit and vegetables (e.g. against Laspeyresia pomonella, Cydia pomonella, Lithocolletis blancardella, Stigmella malella, Adoxophyes orana, Psylla piri, Cryptophlebia leucotreta, phyllocnistis citrella, Cydia molesta, Anarsia lineatella, Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Epilachna varivestis), as well as for controlling several species of mites, e.g., oleivora.

[0135] The method and formulations may be effective for controlling ectoparasites such as Lucilia sericata, in domestic animals and productive livestock, e.g. by treating animals, cowsheds, barns, stables, pastures and the like.

[0136] Without intending to be limited in any way by mechanism, insecticide activity may result because of absorption of the vesicles through the insect's spiracles.

Herbicide and/or Weed Control Methods and Formulations.

[0137] The compositions, formulations and methods herein may in certain embodiments be used for the purpose of providing herbicidal compositions, for example herbicidal compositions that can be applied to plants. For example, a formulation as described herein may include an active ingredient that is an herbicide such as described herein. A further purpose of certain embodiments is to provide a method for weed control control. Also provided are methods of selectively controlling weeds in a field, wherein the field may includes plants tolerant to the herbicide applied to the field.

[0138] Incertain embodiments the methods and formulations include one or more herbicides, for example as disclosed herein.

[0139] In certain embodiments the herbicide is a contact herbicides that destroy only the plant tissue in contact with the chemical. Often contact herbicides are the fastest acting herbicides. Contact herbicides may be less effective on perennial plants, which are able to regrow from rhizhomes, roots or tubers.

[0140] In some embodiments the herbicide is a systemic herbicides that are translocated through the plant, either from foliar application down to the roots, or from soil application up to the leaves. Systemic herbicides are capable of controlling perennial plants and may be slower acting but ultimately may be more effective than contact herbicides.

[0141] The methods and formulations may also include soil-applied herbicides that are applied to the soil and are taken up by the roots and/or hypocotyl of the target plant. There are three main types of soil-applied herbicides: (1) pre-plant incorporated herbicides applied prior to planting and mechanically incorporated into the soil; (2) preemergent herbicides applied to the soil before the crop emerges to prevent germination or early growth of weed seeds and (3) post-emergent herbicides are applied after the crop has emerged.

[0142] In certain embodiments the herbicide is an ACCase inhibitor, i.e., compounds that kill grasses. Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) is part of the first step of lipid synthesis. Thus, ACCase inhibitors affect cell membrane production in the meristems of the grass plant. The ACCases of grasses are sensitive to these herbicides, whereas the ACCases of dicot plants are not.

[0143] Incertain embodiments an herbicide of the formulations and methods may be an ALS inhibitor: the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme (also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, or AHAS) is the first step in the synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, and isoleucine). These herbicides slowly starve affected plants of these amino acids which eventually leads to inhibition of DNA synthesis. They affect grasses and dicots alike. The ALS inhibitor family includes sulfonylureas (SUs), imidazolinones (IMIs), triazolopyrimidines (TPs), pyrimidinyl oxybenzoates (POBs), and sulfonylamino carbonyl triazolinones (SCTs). ALS is a biological pathway that exists only in plants and not in animals thus making the ALS-inhibitors among the safest herbicides.

[0144] A herbicide may also be an EPSPS inhibitors. The enolpyruvylshikimate 3- phosphate synthase enzyme EPSPS is used in the synthesis of the amino acids tryptophan, phenylalanine and tyrosine. They affect grasses and dicots alike. Glyphosate (Roundup) is a systemic EPSPS inhibitor but inactivated by soil contact. Glyphosate, a systemic nonselective (it kills any type of plant) herbicide used in no-till burndown and for weed control in crops that are genetically modified to resist its effects is an example of an EPSPs inhibitor.

[0145] Without intending to be limited in any way by mechanism, herbicide activity may result from application of the vesicular formulations to the ground surrounding plants or weeds because of because of absorption of the vesicles by the near-surface roots of small weeds directly through the root tips (analogous to absorption by fungi).

[0146] The methods and compositions provided herein will now be described in greater detail by reference to the following non-limiting examples.

5. EXAMPLES

5.1 Example 1: Example Formulations [0147] The following exemplary formulations for topical application may be prepared by the following procedure:

1. Organic phase production, which contains all lipophilic excipients

The organic phase is produced by weighing the lipid, the surfactant, any additional lipophilic excipients into suitable containers followed by mixing these components into anoptically isotropic phase which appears as a clear solution. During mixing, the organic phase will be heated up, but temperature must not rise above 45 °C.

2. Aqueous phase production

The aqueous phase is prepared by weighing the non-lipophilic components and water, which serves as solvent, into suitable containers and then mixing these components into a clear solution. During mixing, the temperature will be elevated to 40 °C.

3. Production of a concentrated intermediate by combination of both phases

The isotropic organic phase and the clear aqueous phase are combined under stirring in a suitable vessel. Before and during the combination the temperature of both phases must be kept between 35 °C and 45 °C. The resulting intermediate is homogenised mechanically at 40 °C. Before starting homogenisation, the pressure in the production vessel is lowered to - 0.08 MPa. The desired average carrier size is typically reached after 10 minutes of homogenisation.

Three process parameters must be controlled carefully during the production of the concentrated intermediate: temperature, homogeniser circulation velocity, and

overall processing time.

4. Production of the final bulk product by mixing the concentrated intermediate

with dilution buffer.

The concentrated intermediate is diluted with the dilution buffer to the intended final concentration. The mixture is carefully stirred in the mixing vessel at 20 °C to homogeneity.

[0148] Table 8 describes the amounts of surfactant and lipids, and other excipients in the tranfersome formulations, described in terms of the percent of the total amount of formulation. TABLE 8: Preferred Formulations

Table 8A: This table lists the relative amounts of each of the components of Preferred Formulations

Surfactant

mg/g

Lipid mg/g (1 to 10% by Buffer Antimicrobials Antioxidants (0- Emollient Chelator (0- wt.) (pH 4-7.5) (0-10 mg/g) lOmg/g) (0-50 mg/g) Other (0-50mg/g) 25mg/g)

1 47.944 42.056 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

2 53.750 31.250 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 15.000 3.000

3 90.561 79.439 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

4 47.944 42.056 5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

5 50.607 44.393 5 5.000 0.700 0.000 10.000 3.000

6 90.561 79.439 5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

7 49.276 43.224 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

8 53.750 31.250 6.5 5.000 0.200 30.000 0.000 3.000

9 90.561 79.439 6.5 5.000 0.200 30.000 20.000 3.000

10 41.351 48.649 4 5.000 0.200 30.000 30.000 3.000

11 47.882 37.118 4 5.000 0.200 0.000 30.000 3.000

12 95.764 74.236 4 5.000 0.200 30.000 30.000 3.000

13 65.676 24.324 5 5.000 0.200 0.000 25.000 3.000

14 62.027 22.973 5 5.000 0.200 0.000 30.000 3.000

15 124.054 45.946 5 5.000 0.200 15.000 36.510 3.000

16 62.687 32.313 6.5 5.000 0.200 15.000 0.000 3.000

17 41.853 43.147 6.5 5.000 0.200 30.000 30.000 3.000

18 95.764 74.236 6.5 5.000 0.200 0.000 30.000 3.000

19 47.882 37.118 6.5 5.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 3.000

20 45.000 45.000 6.5 5.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 1.000

21 31.935 58.065 5 5.000 0.200 30.000 15.000 3.000

22 42.500 42.500 6.5 5.000 0.200 30.000 0.000 3.000

23 38.276 51.724 4 5.000 0.200 0.000 36.510 3.000

24 42.500 42.500 4 5.000 0.200 0.000 15.000 3.000

25 85.000 85.000 4 5.000 0.200 30.000 30.000 3.000

26 38.276 51.724 5 5.000 0.200 30.000 0.000 1.000

27 36.429 48.571 5 5.000 0.200 30.000 30.000 3.000

28 72.299 97.701 5 5.000 0.200 30.000 15.000 3.000

29 46.250 46.250 6.5 5.000 0.700 0.000 20.000 3.000

30 38.804 46.196 6.5 5.000 0.700 15.000 30.000 3.000

31 36.667 33.333 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 10.000 3.000

32 66.667 23.333 4 5.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 3.000

33 45.833 41.667 4 5.000 0.200 30.000 0.000 3.000

34 31.957 38.043 4 5.000 0.200 0.000 30.000 3.000

35 47.143 42.857 5 5.000 0.200 30.000 25.000 1.000

36 96.905 88.095 5 5.000 0.200 30.000 20.000 3.000

37 31.957 38.043 5 5.000 0.200 0.000 30.000 3.000

38 35.455 54.545 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 0.000 3.000

39 84.457 100.543 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

40 89.048 80.952 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

41 41.087 48.913 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 36.510 3.000

42 45.280 39.720 4 5.000 0.700 0.000 0.000 3.000

43 107.500 62.500 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

44 77.243 67.757 4 5.000 0.700 0.000 15.000 3.000

45 45.280 39.720 5 5.000 0.700 0.000 20.000 3.000

46 90.561 79.439 5 5.000 0.700 0.000 30.000 3.000

47 47.944 42.056 5 5.000 0.700 0.000 10.000 3.000

48 50.607 44.393 5.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 0.000 1.000

49 107.500 62.500 5.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 0.000 3.000

50 47.944 42.056 5.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

51 46.364 38.636 4 5.000 0.200 30.000 25.000 3.000

52 46.364 38.636 4 5.000 0.200 0.000 20.000 3.000

53 46.098 43.902 5 5.000 0.200 15.000 30.000 3.000

54 43.537 41.463 5 5.000 0.200 30.000 0.000 3.000

55 45.000 45.000 5 5.000 0.200 0.000 30.000 3.000

56 59.492 30.508 6.5 5.000 0.200 30.000 30.000 3.000

57 39.054 45.946 6.5 5.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 3.000

58 35.854 34.146 6.5 5.000 0.200 30.000 0.000 3.000

59 50.000 40.000 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

60 38.571 51.429 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

61 41.954 50.546 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

62 42.632 47.368 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

63 46.098 43.902 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

64 39.721 50.279 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

65 44.198 50.802 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

66 46.453 51.047 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

67 51.221 43.779 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

68 54.167 43.333 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

69 66.440 23.560 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

70 66.440 23.560 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

71 66.440 23.560 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

72 40.000 50.000 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

73 40.000 50.000 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

74 40.000 50.000 5.5 0.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

75 40.000 50.000 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

76 40.000 50.000 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

77 40.000 50.000 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

78 66.440 23.560 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

79 66.440 23.560 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

80 40.000 50.000 5.5 0.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

81 40.000 50.000 5.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

82 44.444 55.556 5.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

83 66.440 23.560 5.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

84 54.000 36.000 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

85 50.000 40.000 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

86 48.611 38.889 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

87 46.575 38.425 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

88 46.575 38.425 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

89 46.575 38.425 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

90 50.000 40.000 4.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

91 94.444 75.556 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

92 46.712 38.288 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

93 48.889 39.111 4 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

94 39.721 50.279 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

95 90.000 0.000 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

96 68.700 8.500 7.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 36.510 1.000

97 71.460 4.720 7.8 5.000 0.700 50.000 35.000 3.000

99 71.460 4.720 7.8 5.000 0.700 50.000 15.000 3.000

98 71.460 4.720 7.8 0.000 0.700 50.000 15.000 3.000

100 71.460 4.720 7.8 0.000 0.700 50.000 35.000 3.000

101 46.575 38.425 4 0.000 0.700 0.000 0.000 3.000

102 46.575 38.425 4 0.000 0.700 0.000 0.000 3.000

103 54.643 30.357 4 5.000 0.700 0.000 0.000 3.000

104 39.72 50.279 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

105 90.00 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

106 46.57 38.425 4 0.700 3.000

107 46.75 38.425 4 0.700 3.000

108 54.64 30.357 4 0.700 3.000

109 46.364 38.636 4 5.000 0.200 30.000 25.000 3.000

110 46.364 38.636 4 5.000 0.200 0.000 20.000 3.000

111 46.098 43.902 5 5.000 0.200 15.000 30.000 3.000

112 43.537 41.463 5 5.000 0.200 30.000 0.000 3.000

113 45.000 45.000 5 5.000 0.200 0.000 30.000 3.000

114 59.492 30.508 6.5 5.000 0.200 30.000 30.000 3.000

115 39.054 45.946 6.5 5.000 0.200 0.000 0.000 3.000

116 35.854 34.146 6.5 5.000 0.200 30.000 0.000 3.000

117 50.000 40.000 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

118 38.571 51.429 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

119 41.954 50.546 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

120 42.632 47.368 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

121 46.098 43.902 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

122 39.721 50.279 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

©

O 123 44.198 50.802 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

124 46.453 51.047 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

125 51.221 43.779 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

126 54.167 43.333 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

127 66.440 23.560 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

128 66.440 23.560 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

129 66.440 23.560 6.5 5.000 0.700 30.000 30.000 3.000

Table 8B: The table lists the specific components of the formulas listed above.

Formula Lipid Surfactant Buffer Antimicrobial Antioxidants Emollient Chelator Other

1-4 Sphingomyelin, e.g., Tween 80 Lactate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol

brain or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

5-7 Sphingomyelin, Brij 98 Acetate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol

sodium

lauroyl or paraben metabisulfite

(0.500)

8-12 Phosphatidyl choline Brij 98 Phosphate Benzyl alcohol HTHQ Glycerol EDTA Ethanol

+ or paraben

Phosphatidylglycerol

13-16 Phosphatidyl Span 20 Acetate Benzyl alcohol HTHQ Glycerol EDTA Ethanol choline + or paraben

phosphatidylinositol

17-18 Phosphatidyl Tween 80 Phosphate Benzyl alcohol BHT Glycerol EDTA Ethanol choline + or paraben

phosphatidic acid

19 Phosphatidyl Brij 98 + Phosphate Benzyl alcohol BHT Glycerol EDTA Ethanol choline + Tween 80 or paraben

phosphatidic acid

20 Phosphatidyl Span 20 + Phosphate Benzyl alcohol BHT Glycerol EDTA Ethanol choline + Tween 80 or paraben

phosphatidic acid

21 Phosphatidyl Cremophor Lactate Thimerosal BHA Glycerol EDTA Ethanol choline + Span 20

22 Phosphatidyl Cremophor Lactate Thimerosal BHA Glycerol EDTA Ethanol choline + Tween 80

23-28 Phosphatidyl Cremophor Lactate Thimerosal BHA Glycerol EDTA Ethanol choline

29-30 Phosphatidyl Tween 80 Phosphate Thimerosal BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol ethanolamine sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

31 Phosphatidyl Brij 98 + Phosphate Thimerosal BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol ethanolamine Tween 80 sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

74 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Acetate BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

75 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Phosphate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

76 Phosphatidyl choline Brij 98 Phosphate Benzalkonium BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol chloride sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

77 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Phosphate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

78 Phosphatidyl choline Brij 98 Phosphate Benzalkonium BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol chloride sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

79 Phosphatidyl choline Brij 98 Phosphate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

80 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Acetate BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

81 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Acetate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

82-83 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Acetate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

84-88 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Acetate Benzyl alcohol BHA (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

89 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Acetate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

90-93 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Acetate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

94-96 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Phosphate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

97-98 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Phosphate Benzyl alcohol BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol or paraben sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

99-100 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Phosphate BHT (0.200) Glycerol EDTA Ethanol sodium

metabisulfite

(0.500)

101-103 Phosphatidyl choline Tween 80 Acetate BHT (0.200) EDTA

sodium

metabisulfite

Example Formulation 1

[0149] Formulation 1 includes sphingomyelin (brain) (47.944 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (42.056mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate buffer (pH 4), benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (.0500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 2

[0150] Formulation 2 includes sphingomyelin (brain) (53.750 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (31.250 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (15.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 3

[0151] Formulation 3 includes sphingomyelin (brain) (90.561 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (79.439 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 4

[0152] Formulation 4 includes sphingomyelin (brain) (47.944 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween

80 (42.056 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 5

[0153] Formulation 5 includes sphingomyelin lauroyl (50.607 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (44.393 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (10.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 6

[0154] Formulation 6 includes sphingomyelin lauroyl (90.561 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (79.439 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as as antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 7

[0155] Formulation 7 includes sphingomyelin lauroyl (49.276 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (79.439 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 8

[0156] Formulation 8 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (53.750 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (31.250 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 9

[0157] Formulation 9 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (90.561 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (79.439 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as as antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 10

[0158] Formulation 10 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol

(41.351mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (48.649 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 11

[0159] Formulation 11 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (47.882 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (37.118 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example Formulation 12

[0160] Formulation 12 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (95.764 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (74.236 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 13

[0161] Formulation 13 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylmositol (66.676 mg/g) as a lipid, Span 20 (24.324 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (25.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 14

[0162] Formulation 14 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylmositol (62.027 mg/g) as a lipid, Span 20 (22.973 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 15

[0163] Formulation 15 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylmositol (124.054 mg/g) as a lipid, Span 20 (45.946 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (36.510 mg/g).

Example Formulation 16

[0164] Formulation 16 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylmositol (62.687 mg/g) as a lipid, Span 20 (32.313 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, HTHQ (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 17

[0165] Formulation 17 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (41.853 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.147 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 18

[0166] Formulation 18 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (95.764 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (74.236 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 19

[0167] Formulation 19 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (47.882 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 and Tween 80 (37.118 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 20

[0168] Formulation 20 includes phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (45.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Span 20 and Tween 80 (45.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as as antioxidant, and EDTA (1.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 21

[0169] Formulation 21 includes phosphatidyl choline (31.935 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor and Span 20 (58.065 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (15.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 22

[0170] Formulation 22 includes phosphatidyl choline (42.500 mg/g ) as a lipid, cremophor and Tween 80 (42.500 mg/g ) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 23

[0171] Formulation 23 includes phosphatidyl choline (38.276 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (51.724 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (36.510 mg/g).

Example Formulation 24

[0172] Formulation 24 includes phosphatidyl choline (42.500 mg/g ) as a lipid, cremophor (42.500 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (15.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 25

[0173] Formulation 25 includes phosphatidyl choline (85.000 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (85.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 4) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an

antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 26

[0174] Formulation 26 includes phosphatidyl choline (38.276 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (51.276 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an

antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (1.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 27

[0175] Formulation 27 includes phosphatidyl choline (36.429 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (48.571 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an

antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 28

[0176] Formulation 28 includes phosphatidyl choline (72.299 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (97.701 mg/g) as a surfactant, lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an

antimicrobial agent, BHA (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (15.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 29

[0177] Formulation 29 includes phosphatidyl ethanolamine (46.250 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (46.250 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (20.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 30

[0178] Formulation 30 includes phosphatidyl ethanolamine (38.804 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (46.196 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (15.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 31

[0179] Formulation 31 includes phosphatidyl ethanolamine (36.667 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 and Tween 80 (33.333 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 32

[0180] Formulation 32 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (23.333 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor and Brij 98 (66.667 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 33

[0181] Formulation 33 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (45.833 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (41.667 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 34

[0182] Formulation 34 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (31.957 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.043 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as as antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 35 [0183] Formulation 35 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (47.143 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (42.857 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (1.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (25.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 36

[0184] Formulation 36 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (96.905 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (88.095 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (20.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 37

[0185] Formulation 37 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (31.957 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.043) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 38

[0186] Formulation 38 includes phosphatidyl ethanolamine (35.455 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (54.545 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 39

[0187] Formulation 39 includes phosphatidyl ethanolamine (84.457 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (100.543 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 40

[0188] Formulation 40 includes phosphatidyl ethanolamine (89.048 mg/g) as a lipid, cremophor (80.952 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 41

[0189] Formulation 41 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (41.087 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (48.913 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (36.510 mg/g).

Example Formulation 42

[0190] Formulation 42 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (45.280 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (39.720 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 43

[0191] Formulation 43 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (107.500 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (62.500 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 44

[0192] Formulation 44 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (77.243 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (67.757 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 45

[0193] Formulation 45 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (45.280 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (39.720 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example Formulation 46

[0194] Formulation 46 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (90.561 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (79.439 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 47

[0195] Formulation 47 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (47.944 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (42.056 mg/g) as a surfactant, propionate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (10.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 48

[0196] Formulation 48 includes phosphatidyl serine (50.607 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (44.393 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, thimerasol (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (1.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 49

[0197] Formulation 49 includes phosphatidyl serine (107.500 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (62.500 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, thimerasol (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as

antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 50

[0198] Formulation 50 includes phosphatidyl serine (47.944 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (42.056 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, thimerasol (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial agent, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as

antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 51

[0199] Formulation 51 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (46.364 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.636 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (25.000 mg/g). Example Formulation 52

[0200] Formulation 52 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (46.364 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.636 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (20.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 53

[0201] Formulation 53 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (46.098 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (43.902 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (15.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 54

[0202] Formulation 54 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (43.537 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (41.463 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 55

[0203] Formulation 55 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (45.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (45.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 56

[0204] Formulation 56 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (59.492 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (30.508 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 57

[0205] Formulation 57 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (39.054 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (45.946 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent. Example Formulation 58

[0206] Formulation 58 includes phosphatidyl glycerol (35.854 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (34.146 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 59

[0207] Formulation 59 includes phosphatidyl choline (50.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 60

[0208] Formulation 60 includes phosphatidyl choline (38.571 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (51.429 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 61

[0209] Formulation 61 includes phosphatidyl choline (41.954 mg/g) as phospholipid, Tween 80 (50.546 mg/g) as surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 62

[0210] Formulation 62 includes phosphatidyl choline (42.632 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (47.368 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 63

[0211] Formulation 63 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.098 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.902 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 64

[0212] Formulation 64 includes phosphatidyl choline (39.721 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 65

[0213] Formulation 65 includes phosphatidyl choline (44.198 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.802 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 66

[0214] Formulation 66 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.453 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (51.047 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 67

[0215] Formulation 67 includes phosphatidyl choline (51.221 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.779 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 68

[0216] Formulation 68 includes phosphatidyl choline (54.167 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.333 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example Formulation 69

[0217] Formulation 69 includes phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example formulation 69 is an emulsion.

Example Formulation 70

[0218] Formulation 70 includes phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example formulation 70 is a suspension.

Example Formulation 71

[0219] Formulation 71 includes phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 72

[0220] Formulation 72 includes phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example formulation 72 is an emulsion.

Example Formulation 73

[0221] Formulation 73 includes phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example formulation 73 is a suspension. Example Formulation 74

[0222] Formulation 74 includes phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 75

[0223] Formulation 75 includes phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 76

[0224] Formulation 76 includes phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzalkonium chloride (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 77

[0225] Formulation 77 includes phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 78

[0226] Formulation 78 includes phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzalkonium chloride (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 79

[0227] Formulation 79 includes phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 80

[0228] Formulation 80 includes phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 81

[0229] Formulation 81 includes phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 82

[0230] Formulation 82 includes phosphatidyl choline (44.444 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (55.556 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 83

[0231] Formulation 83 includes phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 84

[0232] Formulation 84 includes phosphatidyl choline (54.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (36.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example Formulation 85

[0233] Formulation 85 includes phosphatidyl choline (50.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 86

[0234] Formulation 86 includes phosphatidyl choline (48.611 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.889 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 87

[0235] Formulation 87 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example formulation 87 is an emulsion.

Example Formulation 88

[0236] Formulation 88 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example formulation 88 is suspension.

Example Formulation 89

[0237] Formulation 89 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example Formulation 90

[0238] Formulation 90 includes phosphatidyl choline (50.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 91

[0239] Formulation 91 includes phosphatidyl choline (94.444 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (75.556 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 92

[0240] Formulation 92 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.712 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.288 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 93

[0241] Formulation 93 includes phosphatidyl choline (48.889 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (39.111 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 94

[0242] Formulation 94 includes phosphatidyl choline (39.721 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.25 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example Formulation 95

[0243] Formulation 95 includes phosphatidyl choline (90.000 mg/g) as a lipid, phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), benzyl alcohol or paraben as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 96

[0244] Formulation 96 includes phosphatidyl choline (68.700 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (8.500 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 7.5) buffer, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (1.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (36.51 mg/g).

Example Formulation 97

[0245] Formulation 97 includes phosphatidyl choline (71.460 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (4.720 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 7.8) buffer, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, glycerol (50.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (35.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 98

[0246] Formulation 98 includes phosphatidyl choline (71.460 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (4.720 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 7.8) buffer, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, glycerol (15.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (35.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 99

[0247] Formulation 99 includes phosphatidyl choline (71.460 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (4.720 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 7.8) buffer, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (50.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (15.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 100

[0248] Formulation 100 includes phosphatidyl choline (71.460 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (4.720 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 7.8) buffer, BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (50.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (35.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 101

[0249] Formulation 101 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200mg/g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent. Example formulation 101 is an emulsion.

Example Formulation 102

[0250] Formulation 102 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200mg/g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g). Example formulation 102 is a suspension.

Example Formulation 103

[0251] Formulation 103 includes phosphatidyl choline (54.643 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (30.357 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHA (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200mg/g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 104

[0252] Formulation 104 includes phosphatidyl choline (39.72 mg/g)as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g) as surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.00 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g) as emollient, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 105

[0253] Formulation 105 includes phosphatidyl choline (90.00 mg/g) as a lipid, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben as antimicrobial (5.000 mg/s), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g) as emollient, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 106

[0254] Formulation 106 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.57 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200mg/g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent. Formulation 106 is formulated as an emulsion.

Example Formulation 107

[0255] Formulation 107 includes phosphatidyl choline (46.57 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200mg/g) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent. Formulation 107 as a suspension.

Example Formulation 108

[0256] Formulation 108 includes phosphatidyl choline (54.64 mg/g)as a lipid, Tween 80 (30.357 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHA (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200mg/g) as antioxidants, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent.

Example Formulation 109

[0257] Formulation 109 includes phosphatidyl glycerol and lysophospholipid (46.364 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.636 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (25.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 110

[0258] Formulation 110 includes phosphatidyl glycerol and lysophospholipid (46.364 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (38.636 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (20.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 111

[0259] Formulation 111 includes phosphatidyl glycerol and lysophospholipid (46.098 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (43.902 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (15.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 112

[0260] Formulation 112 includes phosphatidyl glycerol and lysophospholipid (43.537 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (41.463 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent. Example Formulation 113

[0261] Formulation 113 includes phosphatidyl glycerol and lysophospholipid (45.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (45.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 114

[0262] Formulation 114 includes phosphatidyl glycerol and lysophospholipid (59.492 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (30.508 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 115

[0263] Formulation 115 includes phosphatidyl glycerol and lysophospholipid (39.054 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (45.946 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 116

[0264] Formulation 116 includes phosphatidyl glycerol and lysophospholipid (35.854 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (34.146 mg/g) as a surfactant, acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) as an antioxidant, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent.

Example Formulation 117

[0265] Formulation 117 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (50.000 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 118

[0266] Formulation 118 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (38.571 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (51.429 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 119

[0267] Formulation 119 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (41.954 mg/g) as phospholipid, Tween 80 (50.546 mg/g) as surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 120

[0268] Formulation 120 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (42.632 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (47.368 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 121

[0269] Formulation 121 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (46.098 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.902 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 122

[0270] Formulation 122 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (39.721 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 123

[0271] Formulation 123 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (44.198 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (50.802 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 124

[0272] Formulation 124 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (46.453 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (51.047 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 125

[0273] Formulation 125 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (51.221 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.779 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 126

[0274] Formulation 126 includes phosphatidyl choline (54.167 mg/g) as a lipid, Tween 80 (43.333 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

Example Formulation 127

[0275] Formulation 127 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example formulation 69 is an emulsion.

Example Formulation 128

[0276] Formulation 128 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospholipid (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g). Example formulation 70 is a suspension.

Example Formulation 129

[0277] Formulation 129 includes phosphatidyl choline and lysophospho lipid (66.440 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) as antioxidants, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as a chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

[0278] It will be understood that the exact amounts of the components of the formula may be adjusted slightly without departing from the scope of the methods and compositions disclosed herein. For example, in each of the above formulations, the amount antimicrobial be 5.25 mg/g.

[0279] Example Formulations 1 through 129 may also optionally include thickeners such as pectin, xanthan gum, HPMC gel, methylcellulose or carbopol.

[0280] Example Formulations 1 through 129 may optionally be diluted into water by a factor of about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, or about 10.

[0281] The contents of the articles, patents, and patent applications, and all other documents and electronically available information mentioned or cited herein, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

[0282] Applicants reserve the right to physically incorporate into this application any and all materials and information from any such articles, patents, patent applications, or other physical and electronic documents.

[0283] The inventions illustratively described herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations, not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, for example, the terms "a" and "an" and "the" and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms "comprising", "having," "including," containing", etc. shall be read expansively and without limitation (e.g., meaning "including, but not limited to,"). Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. Additionally, the terms and expressions employed herein have been used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the inventions embodied therein herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention.

[0284] The invention has been described broadly and generically herein. Each of the narrower species and subgeneric groupings falling within the generic disclosure also form part of the invention. This includes the generic description of the invention with a proviso or negative limitation removing any subject matter from the genus, regardless of whether or not the excised material is specifically recited herein. Other embodiments are within the following claims. In addition, where features or aspects of the invention are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A method comprising administering to a plant, seed or soil a formulation comprising one or more phospholipids and one or more surfactants.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said formulation is effective as one or more selected from the group consisting of an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide,

molluscicide, virucide, algicide, antibiotic, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, pesticide, plant activator, synergist.

3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the formulation is a cream, lotion, ointment, gel, solution, spray, lacquer or film forming solution.

4. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the formulation is administered for at least 12 weeks.

5. The method of claim 4, wherein the ratio of phospholipid to surfactant is 1/1 to 5/1 w/w.

6. The method of claim 4, wherein the formulation contains 2.0-10.0% by weight phospholipid.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the formulation comprises two or more phospholipids.

8. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the formulation contains 1.0-5.0% by weight surfactant.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the formulation comprises two or more surfactants.

10. The method of claim 4, wherein the phospholipid is phosphatidylcholine.

11. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the surfactant is a nonionic surfactant selected from the group consisting of: polyoxyethylene sorbitans, polyhydroxyethylene stearates or polyhydroxyethylene laurylethers.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the surfactant is polysorbate 80 (Tween

13. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises sphingomyelin (brain) (47.944 mg/g), Tween 80 (42.056 mg/g), lactate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

14. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises sphingomyelin (brain) (53.750 mg/g), Tween 80 (31.250 mg/g), lactate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (15.000 mg/g).

15. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises sphingomyelin (brain) (90.561 mg/g), Tween 80 (79.439 mg/g), lactate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

16. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises sphingomyelin (brain) (47.944 mg/g), Tween 80 (42.056 mg/g), lactate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

17. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises sphingomyelin lauroyl (50.607 mg/g), Brij 98 (44.393 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g). EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (10.000 mg/g).

18. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises sphingomyelin lauroyl (90.561 mg/g), Brij 98 (79.439 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

19. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises sphingomyelin lauroyl (49.276 mg/g), Brij 98 (79.439 mg/g), acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g)and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

20. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (53.750 mg/g), Brij 98 (31.250 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

21. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (90.561 mg/g), Brij 98 (79.439 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (.0200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

22. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (41.351 mg/g), Brij 98 (48.649 mg/g), phosphate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g), pectin thickener, glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

23. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (47.882 mg/g), Brij 98 (37.1 18 mg/g), phosphate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g), glycerol, EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

24. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol (95.764 mg/g), Brij 98 (74.236 mg/g), phosphate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

25. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylinositol (66.676 mg/g), Span 20 (24.324 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (25.000 mg/g).

26. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylinositol (62.027 mg/g), Span 20 (22.973 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g). EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

27. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylinositol (124.054 mg/g), Span 20 (45.946 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (36.510 mg/g).

28. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidylinositol (62.687 mg/g), Span 20 (32.313 mg/g), acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), HTHQ (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

29. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (41.853 mg/g), Tween 80 (43.147 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

30. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid 95.764 mg/g), Tween 80 (74.236 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

31. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (47.882 mg/g), Tween 80 (37.118 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

32. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidic acid (45.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (45.000 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

33. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (31.935 mg/g), cremophor (58.065 mg/g), lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (15.000 mg/g).

34. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (42.500 mg/g ), cremophor (42.500 mg/g ), lactate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

35. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (38.276 mg/g), cremophor (51.724 mg/g), lactate (pH 4) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (36.510 mg/g).

36. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (42.500 mg/g), cremophor (42.500 mg/g ), lactate (pH 4) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (15.000 mg/g).

37. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (85.000 mg/g), cremophor (85.000 mg/g), lactate (pH 4) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

38. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (38.276 mg/g), cremophor (51.276 mg/g), lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

39. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (36.429 mg/g), cremophor (48.571 mg/g), lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

40. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (72.299 mg/g), cremophor (97.701 mg/g), lactate (pH 5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (15.000 mg/g).

41. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl ethanolamine (46.250 mg/g), Tween 80 (46.250 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (20.000 mg/g).

42. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl ethanolamine (38.804 mg/g), Tween 80 (46.196 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (15.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

43. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl ethanolamine (36.667 mg/g), Tween 80 (33.333 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, thimerosal (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

44. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (23.333 mg/g), Brij 98 (66.667 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

45. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (45.833 mg/g), Brij 98 (41.667 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

46. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (31.957 mg/g), Brij 98 (38.043 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

47. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (47.143 mg/g), Brij 98 (42.857 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (25.000 mg/g).

48. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (96.905 mg/g), Brij 98 (88.095 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (20.000 mg/g).

49. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (31.957 mg/g), Brij 98 (38.043), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

50. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl ethanolamine (35.455 mg/g), cremophor (54.545 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

51. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl ethanolamine (84.457 mg/g), cremophor (100.543 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

52. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl ethanolamine (89.048 mg/g), cremophor (80.952 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

53. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (41.087 mg/g), Tween 80 (48.913 mg/g), propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (36.510 mg/g).

54. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (45.280 mg/g), Tween 80 (39.720 mg/g), propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

55. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (107.500 mg/g), Tween 80 (62.500 mg/g), propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

56. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (77.243 mg/g), Tween 80 (67.757 mg/g), propionate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

57. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (45.280 mg/g), Tween 80 (39.720 mg/g), propionate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

58. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (90.561 mg/g), Tween 80 (79.439 mg/g), propionate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

59. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (47.944 mg/g), Tween 80 (42.056 mg/g), propionate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (10.000 mg/g).

60. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl serine (50.607 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (44.393 mg/g), phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, thimerasol (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g) , glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

61. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl serine (107.500 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (62.500 mg/g) as a surfactant, phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, thimerasol (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

62. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl serine (47.944 mg/g) as a lipid, Brij 98 (42.056 mg/g), phosphate (pH 5.5) buffer, thimerasol (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

63. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (46.364 mg/g), Brij 98 (38.636 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (25.000 mg/g).

64. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (46.364 mg/g), Brij 98 (38.636 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (20.000 mg/g).

65. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (46.098 mg/g), Brij 98 (43.902 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (15.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

66. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (43.537 mg/g), Brij 98 (41.463 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

67. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (45.000 mg/g), Brij 98 (45.000 mg/g), acetate (pH 5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

68. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (59.492 mg/g), Brij 98 (30.508 mg/g), acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

69. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (39.054 mg/g), Brij 98 (45.946 mg/g), acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

70. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl glycerol (35.854 mg/g), Brij 98 (34.146 mg/g), acetate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

71. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (50.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5), benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

72. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (38.571 mg/g), Tween 80 (51.429 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

73. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (41.954 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.546 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

74. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (42.632 mg/g), Tween 80 (47.368 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

75. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.098 mg/g), Tween 80 (43.902 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

76. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (39.721 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

77. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (44.198 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.802 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

78. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.453 mg/g), Tween 80 (51.047 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

79. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (51.221 mg/g) as phospholipid, Tween 80 (43.779 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

80. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (54.167 mg/g) as phospholipid, Tween 80 (43.333 mg/g) as surfactant, phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

81. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g), Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g) and formulated as an emulsion.

82. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g), Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g) and formulated as a suspension.

83. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g), Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

84. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g) and formulated as an emulsion.

85. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g) and formulated as a suspension.

86. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g), acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

87. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

88. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g), Brij 98 (50.000 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzalkonium chloride (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

89. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

90. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g), Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzalkonium chloride (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

91. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g), Brij 98 (23.560 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

92. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g), acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

93. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (40.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.000 mg/g), acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g) as an antimicrobial, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

94. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (44.444 mg/g) as phospholipid, Tween 80 (55.556 mg/g), acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

95. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (66.440 mg/g), Tween 80 (23.560 mg/g), acetate (pH 5.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

96. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (54.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (36.000 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

97. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (50.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

98. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (48.611 mg/g), Tween 80 (38.889 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

99. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g), Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g) and formulated as an emulsion.

100. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g), Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHA (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g) and formulated as a suspension.

101. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g), Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

102. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (50.000 mg/g), Tween 80 (40.000 mg/g), acetate (pH 4.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

103. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (94.444 mg/g), Tween 80 (75.556 mg/g), acetate (pH 4) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

104. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.712 mg/g), Tween 80 (38.288 mg/g), acetate (pH 4), benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

105. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (48.889 mg/g), Tween 80 (39.111 mg/g), acetate (pH 4), benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

106. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (39.721 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.25 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

107. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (90.000 mg/g), phosphate buffer (pH 6.5), benzyl alcohol or paraben, BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

108. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g), Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g), phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) and formulated as an emulsion.

109. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.575 mg/g), Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g), phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g) and formulated as a suspension.

110. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (54.643 mg/g), Tween 80 (30.357 mg/g), phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHA (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

111. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (39.72 mg/g), Tween 80 (50.279 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g), and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

112. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (90.00 mg/g), phosphate (pH 6.5) buffer, benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), BHT (0.200 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), EDTA (3.000 mg/g) as the chelating agent, and ethanol (30.000 mg/g).

113. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (68.700 mg/g), Tween 80 (8.500 mg/g), phosphate (pH 7.5) buffer, BHT (0.200 mg/g), sodium metabisulfite (0.500 mg/g), benzyl alcohol or paraben (5.000 mg/g), EDTA (1.000 mg/g), glycerol (30.000 mg/g), and ethanol (36.510 mg/g).

114. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.57 mg/g), Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g), phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g); formulated as an emulsion.

115. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (46.57 mg/g), Tween 80 (38.425 mg/g), phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHT (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200mg/g), and EDTA (3.000 mg/g); formulated as a suspension.

116. The method of claim 1 or 2 wherein the formulation comprises phosphatidyl choline (54.64 mg/g), Tween 80 (30.357 mg/g), phosphate (pH 4) buffer, BHA (0.500 mg/g) and sodium metabisulfite (0.200) as antioxidants, and EDTA (3.000 mg/g).

117. The method of any of the preceeding claims, wherein the formulation further comprises an active agent selected from the group consisting of an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, virucide, algicide, antibiotic, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, pesticide, plant activator, and synergist.

118. The method of any of the preceeding claims, wherein the forumulation comprises one or more active agents selected from the agents listed on Table 9.

119. The method of any of the preceeding claims, wherein the forumulation does not include any of the active agents listed on Table 9.

120. A method for controlling weeds, pests, insects, diseases in or on a plant, a field of plants or a crop, said method comprising administering to said plant, field of plants or crop a formulation as in any of the preceeding claims.

121. A formulation having the compositions of any of Example Formulations 1-125 and further comprising one or more active agent selected from the agents on Table 9.

122. The method of any of the preceeding claims wherein said plant is selected from the group consisting of canola, sunflower, tobacco, sugar beet, cotton, maize, wheat, barley, rice, sorghum, tomato, mango, peach, apple, pear, strawberry, banana, melon, potato, carrot, lettuce, onion, soya spp, sugar cane, pea, field beans, poplar, grape, citrus, alfalfa, rye, oats, turf and forage grasses, flax, oilseed rape, cucumber, morning glory, balsam, pepper, eggplant, marigold, lotus, cabbage, daisy, carnation, tulip, iris, lily, and nut producing plants. A package, bag or kit, comprising a formulation such as in any of the preceeding claims, and instructions for indicating that the formulation is suitable for application to a plant, seed or soil.

123. The package, bag or kit, wherein said instructions further indicate that the formulation is suitable for use as one or more selected from the group consisting of consisting of an acaricide, avicide, herbicide, insecticide, molluscicide, virucide, algicide, antibiotic, bactericide, fungicide, nematicide, rodenticide, plant growth regulator, seed treatment, chemosterilant, insect attractant, mammal repellent, antifeedant, bird repellant, herbicide safener, insect repellant, mating disrupter, pesticide, plant activator, and synergist.