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WO2006094034A1 - Cinnoline compounds and their use as liver x receptor modilators - Google Patents

Cinnoline compounds and their use as liver x receptor modilators Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006094034A1
WO2006094034A1 PCT/US2006/007224 US2006007224W WO2006094034A1 WO 2006094034 A1 WO2006094034 A1 WO 2006094034A1 US 2006007224 W US2006007224 W US 2006007224W WO 2006094034 A1 WO2006094034 A1 WO 2006094034A1
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Prior art keywords
optionally substituted
atoms
phenyl
benzyl
chloro
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PCT/US2006/007224
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Baihua Hu
Jay E. Wrobel
Michael David Collini
Rayomand J. Unwalla
Original Assignee
Wyeth
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Publication date
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Priority to CA002599688A priority Critical patent/CA2599688A1/en
Priority to BRPI0607404-9A priority patent/BRPI0607404A2/en
Priority to EP06736530A priority patent/EP1853566A1/en
Priority to MX2007010572A priority patent/MX2007010572A/en
Priority to JP2007558170A priority patent/JP2008531709A/en
Priority to AU2006218661A priority patent/AU2006218661A1/en
Publication of WO2006094034A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006094034A1/en
Priority to IL185269A priority patent/IL185269A0/en
Priority to NO20074277A priority patent/NO20074277L/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/50—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines
    • A61K31/502—Pyridazines; Hydrogenated pyridazines ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems, e.g. cinnoline, phthalazine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D237/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings
    • C07D237/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazine or hydrogenated 1,2-diazine rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D237/28—Cinnolines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to cinnoline-based modulators of Liver X receptors (LXRs) and related methods, to processes for preparing them and pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
  • LXRs Liver X receptors
  • Atherosclerosis is among the leading causes of death in developed countries. Some of the independent risk factors associated with atherosclerosis include the presence of relatively high levels of serum LDL cholesterol and relatively low levels of serum HDL cholesterol in affected patients. As such, some anti-atherosclerotic therapy regimens include the administration of agents (e.g., statins) to reduce elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels.
  • agents e.g., statins
  • HDL cholesterol is believed to play a major role in the transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for metabolism and excretion (this process is sometimes referred to as "reverse cholesterol transport").
  • ABCAl is a transporter gene involved in HDL production and reverse cholesterol transport. Upregulation of ABCAl can therefore result in increased reverse cholesterol transport as well as inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the gut.
  • HDL is also believed to inhibit the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, reduce the inflammatory response of endothelial cells, inhibit the coagulation pathway, and promote the availability of nitric oxide.
  • LXRs Liver X receptors
  • LXRs are members of the nuclear hormone receptor super family and are believed to be involved in the regulation of cholesterol and lipid metabolism.
  • LXRs are ligand- activated transcription factors and bind to DNA as obligate heterodimers with retinoid X receptors. While LXR ⁇ is generally found in tissues such as liver, kidney, adipose tissue, intestine and macrophages, LXR ⁇ displays a ubiquitous tissue distribution pattern. Activation of LXRs by oxysterols (endogenous ligands) in macrophages results in the expression of several genes involved in lipid metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport including the aforementioned ABCAl ; ABCGl ; and ApoE.
  • LXR ⁇ knock-out mice Studies have been conducted in LXR ⁇ knock-out (k/o), LXR ⁇ k/o and double k/o mice to determine the physiological role of LXRs in lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis.
  • the increased cholesterol accumulation was believed to be associated with the presence of reduced serum HDL cholesterol and increased LDL cholesterol, even though the total cholesterol levels in the mice were about normal.
  • LXR ⁇ k/o mice did not appear to show significant changes in hepatic gene expression, LXR ⁇ k/o mice showed 58% decrease in hepatic ABCAl expression and 208% increase in SREBPIc expression suggesting that LXR ⁇ may be involved in the regulation of liver SREBPIc expression.
  • LXRs activation of LXRs results in the inhibition of inflammation and proinflammatory gene expression. This hypothesis is based on data obtained from studies employing three different models of inflammation (LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear and chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall). These data suggest that LXR modulators can mediate both the removal of cholesterol from the macrophages and the inhibition of vascular inflammation.
  • This invention relates generally to cinnoline-based modulators of LXRs and related methods and compositions.
  • this invention relates to compounds having formula (I):
  • R 1 can be: (i) hydrogen; or
  • each of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 can be, independently: (i) hydrogen, halo; NR g R h ; nitro; azido, hydroxy; C 1 -C 2O alkoxy or Cj-C 2O haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R a ; C 6 -C 18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b ; C 7 -C 20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c ; C 3 -C 20 cycloalkoxy or C 3 -C 2O halo
  • R b at each occurrence can be, independently: (i) halo; NR s R h ; nitro; azido; hydroxy; C 1 -C 20 alkoxy or C 1 -C 20 haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R a ; C 6 -C 18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b or R b ; C 7 -C 2 O aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c ; C 3 -C 16 cycloalkoxy or C 3 -C 16 halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R e ; C 3 -C 20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which
  • R b> at each occurrence can be, independently, halo; NR g R h ; nitro; azido; hydroxy; C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 1 -C 20 haloalkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl; C 2 -C 20 alkynyl; C 3 -C 20 cycloalkyl; C 3 -C 20 halocycloalkyl; C 3 -C 20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms; C 7 -C 20 aralkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C 1 -C 20 alkoxy; C 1 -C 20 haloalkoxy; C 6 -C 18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C 7 -C 20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C 3 -C 16 cycloalkoxy
  • R c at each occurrence can be, independently:
  • R f at each occurrence can be, independently:
  • R k can be R ⁇ OR 1 , or NR g R h ;
  • R m can be hydrogen; C 1 -Cj 2 alkyl or C 1 -C 12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; C 2 -C 20 alkenyl; C 2 -C 20 alkynyl; C 7 -C 20 aralkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C 3 -C 20 cycloalkyl; C 3 -C 20 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms; C 6 -C 18 aryl; heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms; NR ⁇ R h , or OR 1 ; and n can be 0, 1 or 2; a compound of formula (I) can be a salt or a prodrug thereof (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof).
  • this invention relates to compounds having formula (V):
  • R 1 can be:
  • R 1 can be:
  • R 1 can be:
  • R 1 can be:
  • R 1 can be C r C 2 o alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R a (e.g., Ci-C] 0 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; C 1 -C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-3 R a ; or CpC 3 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a ).
  • R 1 can be CH 3 .
  • R 1 can be C 6 -Ci 8 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b (e.g., C 6 -C 1O aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 R b ; phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R b ).
  • R b at each occurrence can be, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, NO 2 , NR g R h , or cyano.
  • R b at each occurrence can be, independently, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl, C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, C 1 -C 3 haloalkoxy, halo, NO 2 , NH 2 , or cyano).
  • the Ci-C 3 haloalkyl can include 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens or can be C 1 -C 3 perhaloalkyl, in which the halogen can be, for example, fiuoro.
  • R 1 can be phenyl.
  • R 1 can be C 7 -C 20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c (e.g., C 7 -C 12 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 R c ).
  • R 1 can be benzyl.
  • R 1 can be hydrogen
  • R 1 can be -C(O)R 1 .
  • R 1 can be C 6 -Ci 8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b .
  • R 1 can be phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R b .
  • R b at each occurrence can be, independently, Ci-C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, Cj-C 6 alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy, halo, NO 2 , NR g R h , or cyano.
  • R 2 can be:
  • R 2 can be C 6 -C 18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b .
  • R 2 can be C 6 -Cj 8 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b (e.g., C 6 -Cj O aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 R b ; phenyl optionally substituted with from 1- 5 R b ; phenyl optionally substituted with from 1-3 R b ).
  • R 2 can be phenyl.
  • R 2 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R b .
  • R 2 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R b .
  • R 2 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R b .
  • R 2 can be phenyl substituted with from 1 or 2 R b .
  • R 2 can be phenyl substituted with 1 R b .
  • R 2 when R 2 is C 6 -C 18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b ; or C 6 -C 18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b ; or C 6 -Ci 0 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 R b ; or R 2 is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R b ; or R 2 is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R b ; or R 2 is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R b ; or R 2 is phenyl substituted with 1 or 2 R b ; or R 2 is phenyl substituted with 1 R b , then R b at each occurrence can be, independently:
  • R b at each occurrence can be, independently:
  • Ci-C 20 alkyl or Ci-C 20 haloalkyl each of which is optionally substituted
  • C 7 -C 2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c ;
  • R b at each occurrence can be, independently: (i) halo; NO 2 ; NR g R h ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 alkoxy optionally substituted with from
  • R b at each occurrence can be, independently:
  • R b at each occurrence can be, independently: (i) halo; NO 2 ; NR g R h ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 3 alkoxy optionally substituted with from
  • Ci-C 3 alkyl or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a ; or
  • R 2 can be:
  • B can also be other than hydrogen, i.e., (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv).
  • B can be hydrogen
  • B can be hydroxy.
  • B can be NH 2 .
  • B can be halo (e.g., fluoro or chloro).
  • B can be C 1 -C 6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ).
  • B can be C r C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ).
  • B can be -C(O)R 1 (e.g., formyl).
  • B can be Cj-C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1 R a (e.g., B can be a substituted CH 3 group).
  • R a can be NR g R h .
  • one ofR s and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 -Ci S aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b .
  • one of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be a phenyl or napthyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-3) R b (e.g., CrC 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ) optionally substituted with 1 R a (e.g., COOH)).
  • R b e.g., CrC 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ) optionally substituted with 1 R a (e.g., COOH
  • one of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be a phenyl ring in which an ortho position, a meta position, and the para position are each substituted with a combination of CH 3 and CH 2 C(O)OH.
  • B can be -NR j C(O)NR ⁇ R h .
  • R j can be hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl (e.g., Ci-C 3 alkyl).
  • R j can be hydrogen.
  • One of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 7 -C 2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c ; or C 6 -Ci S aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b .
  • B can be:
  • R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 7 -C 20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c ; or C 6 -C 18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b .
  • One of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 -C 18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b .
  • One of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 -C] 0 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-5 R b .
  • One of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl optionally substituted with from 1, 2, 3, 4,or 5 R b .
  • R ⁇ and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl.
  • One of R g and R h is hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl substituted with from 1, 2, 3, or 4 R b .
  • R b at each occurrence can be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 alkoxy; cyano; - C(O)R'; C 1 -Ci 0 alkyl; or C 1 -C 10 haloalkyl (e.g., halo, NO 2 , hydroxyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, cyano, -C(O)R 1 , C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl; e.g., halo, NO 2 , hydroxy; C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, cyano, -C(O)R 5 , CpC 3 alkyl, or C 1 -C 3
  • (i-B) NR g R h wherein one of R g and R h is hydrogen, and the other is C 7 -C 2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c ; or C 6 -C 1S aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b ; or
  • (i-B') NR g R h wherein one of R g and R h is hydrogen, and the other is C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -Ci 6 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -Ci 0 ) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, I) R 0 ; (ii-B') C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C1 0 ) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c ;
  • (iii-B') C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -Ci 6 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 1O ) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c ; or
  • (iv-B') C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -Cj 6 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, I) R 0 .
  • B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B'), (iii-B'), (iii-B'), (iii-
  • R b , R b and R 0 at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 alkoxy; C 1 -Ci O haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-C 10 alkyl or C 1 - C 10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • R b , R b and R° at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 1O alkyl or C 1 -C 1 O haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • R b , R b and R c at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 6 alkyl or CpC 6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • R b , R b and R° at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • R b , R b' and R c at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 3 alkoxy; C 1 -C 3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B 5 ), (iii-
  • R b , R b and R c at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 3 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 4 alkyl or Cj-C 4 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B ! ), (U-B'), ( ⁇ i- B'), or (iv-B !
  • R b , R b and R c at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 3 alkoxy; Cj-C 3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 4 alkyl; Ci-C 4 haloalkyl; C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with from 1-2 R a ; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH 3 .
  • B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B') 5 (U-B'), (iii-
  • R b , R b and R c at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 3 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 4 alkyl; C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl; Ci-C 4 alkyl substituted with from 1-2 R a ; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH 3 .
  • R a can be -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3 ; and/or Ci-C 4 haloalkyl can be d- C 4 perfluoroalkyl.
  • W can be NR", O, S, or is absent; j can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 is, independently, hydrogen, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 alkoxy; C 1 -Ci 0 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 10 alkyl or Ci-Ci 0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can be, independently, hydrogen, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-Ci 0 alkyl or Ci-C 10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • W can be NR j , O, or S.
  • R j can be hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 alkyl).
  • R J can be hydrogen, j can be O or 1 (e.g., 1).
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C]-C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 3 alkoxy; Ci-C 3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 4 alkyl or Cj-C 4 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 3 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • R" 1 , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH 3 ; OCF 3 ; -C(O)(morpholino); CH 3 ; CH 3 substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., - C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3 ); CF 3 ; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH 3 .
  • R bI , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH 3 ; -C(O)(morpholino); CH 3 ; CH 3 substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., -C(O)OH or - C(O)OCH 3 ); CF 3 ; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH 3 .
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , or R b5 can be halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -Ci 0 alkoxy; C 1 -C 10 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Cj-Cio alkyl or C 1 -C 1O haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and the other four can be hydrogen.
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 can be halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -Ci 0 alkyl or C 1 -C 10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and the other four can be hydrogen.
  • R bI , R b2 , R b3 , R M , or R b5 can be Ci-C 10 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF 3 ), and the other four can be hydrogen.
  • R b3 can be C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with from 1 R a .
  • R a can be C(O)OR 1 .
  • R 1 can be hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ).
  • R b3 can be -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OCH 3 , - C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OH, or -C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 3 .
  • R b3 can be -C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH).
  • R bl can be Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF 3 ).
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., chloro).
  • R b2 can be Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ); or -C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH); or -C(O)R 1
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 10 alkoxy; C 1 -C 10 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-Ci 0 alkyl or Ci-C 1O haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and the other three are hydrogen.
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 10 alkyl or C 1 -Ci 0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and the other three are hydrogen.
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 can be C 1 -Ci 0 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF 3 ), and the others can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b4 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-Ci 0 alkoxy; C 1 - Cio haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 1O alkyl or C 1 -C 1 Q haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR*; and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 is hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b4 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 10 alkyl or C 1 -Ci 0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 is hydrogen.
  • R bI and R M can each be, independently, halo; Ci-C 6 alkyl; Ci-C 4 haloalkyl; or C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 is hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b4 can both be C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R M can both be Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and
  • R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), R b4 can be halo (e.g., fluoro or chloro), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b4 can be halo (e.g., bromo), and the other can be Cj-C 6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ); and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • halo e.g., bromo
  • Cj-C 6 alkoxy e.g., OCH 3
  • each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be halo (e.g, fluoro or chloro);
  • R b4 can be Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ) or halo (e.g., fluoro, chloro, or bromo); and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b2 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-Ci 0 alkoxy; C]- Cio haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -Ci 0 alkyl or C 1 -Ci 0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and each of R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 is hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b2 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-Cio alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 10 alkyl or Ci-C 10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and each of R b3 , R M , and R b5 is hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b2 can both be C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), and each of R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., fluoro or chloro)
  • R b2 can be Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 )
  • each of R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R b2 and R b3 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-Ci 0 alkoxy; Ci- Ci 0 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -Ci 0 alkyl or C 1 -C 10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and each of R bl , R b2 , and R b5 is hydrogen.
  • R b2 and R b3 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -Ci 0 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 10 alkyl or C 1 -Ci 0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and each of R bl 5 R b4 , and R b5 is hydrogen.
  • R b2 and R b3 can each be, independently, halo; Ci-C 6 alkoxy; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and each of R bl , R b4 , and R b5 is hydrogen.
  • R b2 and R b3 can both be halo (e.g., chloro), and each of R bl , R b2 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R b2 and R b3 can each be, independently, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ); or - C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH); and each of R bl , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b5 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Cj -Ci 0 alkoxy; Ci-
  • R bl and R b5 can both be halo (e.g., chloro), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b4 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b3 can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; CpC 10 alkoxy; C 1 -
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., chloro)
  • R b3 can be -C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH)
  • each of R b2 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • Each of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can be other than hydrogen.
  • B can also be W-(CH 2 ) j -(bicyclic or tricyclic aryl) or W-(CH 2 ) j -(heteroaryl), in which W and j can be as described elsewhere.
  • B can be -NH-CH 2 -naphthyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 1 or 2 position of the naphthyl ring, and the naphthyl ring can optionally be substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R c ).
  • B can be -NH-CH 2 -indolyl or -0-CH 2 -indolyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 7 position of the indole ring, and the indole ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R c , e.g., at the 1 -position with CH 3 and/or at the 5-position with halo (e.g., fluoro) and/or at the 3- ⁇ osition with COOR 1 (e.g., COOH).
  • COOR 1 e.g., COOH
  • B can be -NH-CH 2 -benzothienyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 3 position of the benzothienyl ring, and the benzothienyl ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R c , e.g., at the 3-position with C 1 -C 6 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ) or at the 4- position with C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 )).
  • C 1 -C 6 alkyl e.g., CH 3
  • C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl e.g., CF 3
  • R B can be -C(O)NR g R h ; -C(O)R 1 ; -NR- 1 C(O)R 1 ; -NR j C(O)NR g R h ; or -S(O) n R k .
  • R j can be hydrogen or Cj-C 6 alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 alkyl). R j can be hydrogen.
  • R 1 and R k can be, independently, C 6 -C 18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R ; or C 7 -C 20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c .
  • R 1 and R k can be, independently, C 6 -C 18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b> ; or C 7 -C 20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c (R b> and R° at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 alkoxy; cyano; - C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 10 alkyl or Ci-Ci 0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ).
  • R g or R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 - C 18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b ; or C 7 -C 20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c .
  • R ⁇ or R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 -C 18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b ; or C 7 -C 20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R c (R b> and R c at each occurrence are each, independently, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 10 alkyl or C 1 - C 10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ).
  • R 2 can be ortho or para monosubstituted phenyl (e.g., 2-fluoro, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl).
  • R 2 can be disubstituted phenyl (e.g., 3,4-dihalophenyl, e.g., 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl).
  • Each of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 can be, independently, hydrogen or halo. Each of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 can be hydrogen.
  • R 6 can be halo or C 1 -C 10 alkyl, or Ci-Ci 0 haloalkyl; R 6 can be halo or C]-C 6 alkyl, or Ci-C 6 haloalkyl; R 6 can be halo or Ci-C 3 alkyl, or Ci-C 3 haloalkyl.
  • R 6 can be Ci-C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 or C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl.
  • R 6 can be CH 3 .
  • R 6 can be C 1 -C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 or C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl.
  • R 6 can be CF 3 .
  • R 6 can be halo (e.g., bromo or chloro, preferably chloro).
  • R 6 can be hydrogen.
  • this invention relates to compounds having formula VI:
  • Rr can be H, C 1 to C 6 alkyl, C 2 to C 6 alkenyl, C 2 to C 6 alkynyl, C 3 to C 6 cycloalkyl, -CH 2 OH, C 7 to C 11 arylalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, CN, C(O)NH 2 , CO 2 R 12 or phenyl substituted independently by one or more of the groups independently selected from C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 2 to C 4 alkenyl, C 2 to C 4 alkynyl, Cj to C 3 alkoxy, C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO 2 , -NR 8 R 9 , -CN, -OH, and Ci to C 3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, or
  • Rr can be a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyridine, thiophene, benzisoxazole, benzothiophene, oxadiazole, pyrrole, pyrazole, and furan, each of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 1 to C 3 alkoxy, C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO 2 , - NR 8 R 9 , -CN, and C 1 to C 3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines;
  • X 2 can be a bond or -CH 2 -;
  • W can be a bond, -O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, -NR n -, Or -N(CORi 2 )-;
  • Y can be -CO-, -S(O) 2 -, -CONRi 3 , -CONR 13 CO-, -CONR 13 SO 2 -, -C(NCN)-, - CSNR 13 , -C(NH)NR 13 , or -C(O)O-; j can be O to 3; k can be O to 3; t can be O to 2;
  • p can be O to 3;
  • A can be phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indan or biphenyl, each of which may be optionally substituted by one to four groups independently selected from halogen, C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 2 to C 4 alkenyl, C 2 to C 4 alkynyl, acyl, hydroxy, halogen, - CN, -NO 2 , -CO 2 R 11 , -CH 2 CO 2 R 11 , phenyl, C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkoxy, Ci to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, -NR 10 R 11 , -CH 2 NR 10 R 11 , -SR 11 , C 1 to C 6 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, C 1 to C 3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 2 -OH groups, C 1 to C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, or phenoxy optionally substituted with 1 to 2 CF 3 groups
  • A can be a heterocycle selected from pyrrole, pyridine, pyridine-N-oxide, pyrimidine, pyrazole, thiophene, furan, quinoline, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, isoxazole, indole, benzo[l,3]-dioxole, benzo[l,2,5]-oxadiazole, isochromen-1-one, benzothiophene, benzofuran, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[ 1 ,4]-dioxine, bitheinyl, quinazolin-2,4- 91,3H]dione, and 3-H-isobenzofuran-l-one, each of which maybe optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from halogen, C 1 to C 3 alkyl, acyl, hydroxy, -CN, -NO 2 , C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, -NR 10 R
  • R 3' , R 4' , and R 5' can each be, independently, -H or -F;
  • R 6 ⁇ can be hydrogen, C i to C 4 alkyl, C 1 to C 4 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO 2 , - CN, phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or two groups independently selected from halogen, C 1 to C 2 alkyl and OH; each R 8 can be independently -H, or C 1 to C 3 alkyl; each R 9 can be independently -H, or C 1 to C 3 alkyl; each R 10 can be independently -H, C 1 to C 7 alkyl, C 3 to C 7 alkenyl, C 3 to C 7 alkynyl, C 3 to C 7 cycloalkyl, -CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , 2-methyl-tetrahydro-furan, 2-methyl- tetrahydro-pyran, 4-methyl-piperidine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, or phenyl optionally substituted with one or two C 1 to C 3 alkoxy groups, wherein said Ci to
  • Ri 6 and R 17 together with the atom to which they are attached, can form a 3 to 8 membered heterocycle which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Ci to C 3 alkyl, -OH, CH 2 OH, - CH 2 OCH 3 , -CO 2 CH 3 , and -CONH 2 ; each R 18 and R ⁇ can be, independently, C 1 to C 3 alkyl; each R 20 can be independently H, phenyl, or the side chain of a naturally occurring alpha amino acid; each R 22 can be independently arylalkyl optionally substituted with CH 2 COOH; and each R 23 can be phenyl; a compound of formula (VI) can be a salt or prodrug thereof (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug).
  • the invention also includes subgeneric positions related to formula (VI) provided subsequently in the Detailed Description of the Invention).
  • this invention relates to the specific cinnoline compounds delineated herein (e.g., in Examples 1-98).
  • Such compounds can include 3-Benzyl-4- phenyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 8-Methyl-3,4-diphenylcinnoline; 3,4-Diphenyl-8- (trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 8-Bromo-3,4-diphenyl cinnoline; 8-Chloro-3,4- diphenyl cinnoline; [4-( ⁇ [3-(8-Methyl-3-phenylcinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amino ⁇ methyl)phenyl] acetic acid; 3-(8-Chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine; (4- ⁇
  • this invention also relates generally to methods of treating, controlling, ameliorating, preventing, delaying the onset of, or reducing the risk of developing one or more LXR-mediated diseases or disorders in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof).
  • the methods include administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • LXR- mediated diseases or disorders can include, e.g., cardiovascular diseases (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis), atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic lesions, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, Syndrome X, obesity, lipid disorders (e.g., dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL), cognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, dementia), inflammatory diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear, chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall), celiac, or thyroiditis.
  • cardiovascular diseases e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis
  • atherosclerosis e.g., atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic lesions
  • type I diabetes e
  • this invention relates to methods of modulating (e.g., increasing) serum HDL cholesterol levels in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof), which includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • this invention relates to methods of modulating (e.g., decreasing) serum LDL cholesterol levels in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof), which includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • this invention relates to methods of modulating (e.g., increasing) reverse cholesterol transport in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof), which includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • this invention relates to methods of modulating (e.g., decreasing or inhibiting) cholesterol absorption in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof), which includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a cardiovascular disease (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a cardiovascular disease e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a atherosclerosis and/or atherosclerotic lesions, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating diabetes (e.g., type I diabetes or type 2 diabetes), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating Syndrome X, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a obesity, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a lipid disorder (e.g., dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a lipid disorder e.g., dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a cognitive disorder (e.g., Alzheimer's disease or dementia), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a cognitive disorder e.g., Alzheimer's disease or dementia
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a Alzheimer's disease or dementia, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or
  • Alzheimer's disease which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof, including the specific compounds described herein
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating an inflammatory disease (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear, chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • an inflammatory disease e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear, chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating celiac, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating thyroiditis, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
  • a compound having any of the formulae described herein e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof
  • the compound e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein
  • the compound does not substantially increase serum and/or hepatic triglyceride levels of the subject.
  • the administered compound can be an LXR agonist.
  • the invention also relates generally to modulating LXRs with the cinnoline compounds described herein.
  • the methods can include, e.g., contacting an LXR in a sample (e.g., a tissue, a cell free assay medium, a cell-based assay medium) with a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein).
  • the methods can include administering a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) to a subject (e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human, e.g., a human having or at risk of having one or more of the diseases or disorders described herein).
  • a subject e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human, e.g., a human having or at risk of having one or more of the diseases or disorders described herein.
  • the subject can be a subject in need thereof (e.g., a subject identified as being in need of such treatment). Identifying a subject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a subject or a health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) or objective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method).
  • the subject can be a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • this invention also relates to methods of making compounds described herein.
  • the method includes taking any one of the intermediate compounds described herein and reacting it with one or more chemical reagents in one or more steps to produce a compound described herein.
  • this invention relates to a packaged product.
  • the packaged product includes a container, one of the aforementioned compounds in the container, and a legend (e.g., a label or an insert) associated with the container and indicating administration of the compound for treatment and control of the diseases or disorders described herein.
  • a legend e.g., a label or an insert
  • the invention relates to a compound (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) of any of the formulae delineated herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein), or a composition comprising a compound (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) of any of the formulae delineated herein.
  • the composition can further include a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier or diluent and/or an additional therapeutic agent.
  • mamal includes organisms, which include mice, rats, cows, sheep, pigs, rabbits, goats, and horses, monkeys, dogs, cats, and preferably humans.
  • an effective amount refers to an amount of a compound that confers a therapeutic effect (e.g., treats, controls, ameliorates, prevents, delays the onset of, or reduces the risk of developing a disease, disorder, or condition or symptoms thereof) on the treated subject.
  • the therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e., measurable by some test or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of or feels an effect).
  • An effective amount of the compound described above may range from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 1000 mg/Kg, (e.g., from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg, from about 1 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg). Effective doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents.
  • halo or halogen refers to any radical of fluorine (fluoro, F), chlorine (chloro, Cl), bromine (bromo, Br), or iodine (iodo, I).
  • alkyl refers to a hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms.
  • C 1 -C 20 alkyl indicates that the group may have from 1 to 20 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. Any atom can be substituted.
  • alkyl groups include without limitation methyl, ethyl, and tert-butyl.
  • cycloalkyl refers to saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Cycloalkyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom.
  • Cycloalkyl moieties can include, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl adamantyl, and norbornyl.
  • a ring carbon can optionally be the point of attachment to another moiety (e.g., for methylcyclohexyl and the like, the point of attachment can be either the methyl group or a cyclohexyl ring carbon).
  • haloalkyl and halocycloalkyl refer to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, respectively, in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by halo.
  • more than one hydrogen atom (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,etc. hydrogen atoms) on a alkyl or cycloalkyl group can be replaced by more than one halogens (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, etc. hydrogen atoms), which can be the same or different.
  • Haloalkyl and halocycloalkyl also include alkyl moieties in which all hydrogens have been replaced by halo (e.g., perhaloalkyl and perhalocycloalkyl, such as trifluoromethyl and perfluorocyclohexyl, respectively).
  • aralkyl refers to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl group.
  • Aralkyl includes groups in which more than one hydrogen atom on an alkyl moiety has been replaced by an aryl group. Any ring or chain atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • Examples of “aralkyl” include without limitation benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenyl ⁇ ropyl, benzhydryl, and trityl groups.
  • heteroarylkyl refers to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by a heteroaryl group.
  • Heteroaralkyl includes groups in which more than one hydrogen atom on an alkyl moiety has been replaced by a heteroaryl group. Any ring or chain atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • Heteroaralkyl can include, for example, 2-pyridylethyl.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-20 carbon atoms and having one or more double bonds. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Alkenyl groups can include, e.g., allyl, propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-hexenyl and 3-octenyl groups. One of the double bond carbons can optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenyl substituent.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-20 carbon atoms and having one or more triple bonds. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Alkynyl groups can include, e.g., ethynyl, propargyl, and 3- hexynyl. One of the triple bond carbons can optionally be the point of attachment of the alkynyl substituent.
  • alkoxy refers to an -O-alkyl radical.
  • mercapto refers to an SH radical.
  • thioalkoxy refers to an -S-alkyl radical.
  • aryloxy and heteroaryloxy refer to an -O-aryl radical and -O-heteroaryl radical, respectively.
  • thioaryloxy and thioheteroaryloxy refer to an -S-aryl radical and -S-heteroaryl radical, respectively.
  • aralkoxy and “heteroaralkoxy” refer to an -O-aralkyl radical and -O-heteroaralkyl radical, respectively.
  • thioaralkoxy and thioheteroaralkoxy refer to an -S-aralkyl radical and -S-heteroaralkyl radical, respectively.
  • cycloalkoxy and halocycloalkoxy refer to an -O-cycloalkyl radical and -O-halocycloalkyl radical, respectively.
  • thiocycloalkoxy and thiohalocycloalkoxy refer to an -S- cycloalkyl radical and -S-halocycloalkyl radical, respectively.
  • cycloalkenyloxy and “heterocycloalkenyloxy” refer to an -O-cycloalkenyl radical and -O-heterocycloalkenyl radical, respectively.
  • thiocycloalkenyloxy and “thioheterocycloalkenyloxy” refer to an -S-cycloalkenyl radical and -S- heterocycloalkenyl radical, respectively.
  • heterocyclyloxy refers to an -O- heterocyclyl radical.
  • thioheterocyclyloxy refers to an -S-heterocyclyl radical.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring system, wherein any ring atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • Aryl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom.
  • Aryl moieties can include, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and pyrenyl.
  • heterocyclyl refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or other polycyclic ring system having 1-4 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-8 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-10 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-4, 1-8, or 1-10 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively).
  • the heteroatom or ring carbon can optionally be the point of attachment of the heterocyclyl substituent to another moiety (e.g., for A- methylpiperidinyl or 1-methylpiperidinyl, the point of attachment can be either the methyl group or a ring atom, e.g., carbon or nitrogen). Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • the heterocyclyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom.
  • Heterocyclyl groups can include, e.g., tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholino, pyrrolinyl, and pyrrolidinyl.
  • cycloalkenyl refers to partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups.
  • a ring carbon e.g., saturated or unsaturated
  • the point of attachment can be either the methyl group or a cyclohexenyl ring carbon). Any atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • the cycloalkenyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Cycloalkenyl moieties can include, e.g., cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, norbornenyl, or cyclooctatetraenyl.
  • heterocycloalkenyl refers to partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups having 1 -4 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-8 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-10 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-4, 1-8, or 1-10 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively).
  • a ring carbon (e.g., saturated or unsaturated) or heteroatom can optionally be the point of attachment of the heterocycloalkenyl substituent (e.g., for methyldihydropyranyl and the like, the point of attachment can be either the methyl group or a ring carbon). Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • the heterocycloalkenyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom.
  • Heterocycloalkenyl groups can include, e.g., tetrahydropyridyl, and dihydrop yranyl .
  • heteroaryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups having 1-4 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-8 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-10 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-4, 1-8, or 1-10 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively). Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents.
  • Heteroaryl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom.
  • Heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, thienyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, and pyrrolyl.
  • substituted refers to a group “substituted” on, e.g., an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group at any atom of that group.
  • the substituents (e.g., R 3 ) on a group are independently any one single, or any combination of two or more of the permissible atoms or groups of atoms delineated for that substituent.
  • a substituent may itself be substituted with any one of the above substituents (e.g., R g ).
  • the compounds have agonist activity for genes involved with HDL production and cholesterol efflux (e.g., ABCAl) and antagonist activity for genes involved with triglyceride synthesis (e.g., SREBP-Ic).
  • the cinnoline-based, LXR modulators can have the general formula (I) below:
  • R 1 can be hydrogen.
  • R 1 can be C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Cj 5 C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , Cs, Cg, Cio, C n , C 12 , Cj 3 , Cj 4 , C 15 , C 16 , C n , C 18 , Cj 9 , or C 20 ) alkyl or C 1 -C 20 (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , Cj 5 , C 16 , C I7 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) haloalkyl, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or l0) R
  • R 1 can be C 6 -Ci 8 (e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C n , C 12 , C 13 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , Cj 6 , Ci 7 , or C 18 ) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R b .
  • R 1 can be C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , Cj 3 , Cj 4 ,
  • Ci 5 , C 16 , Cj 7 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 aralkyl, heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R c .
  • R 1 can be C 2 -C 20 (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C n , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , Cj 5 , C 16 , C 17 , C J8 , C 19 , or C 20 ) alkenyl or C 2 -C 20 (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , Cj 9 , or C 20 ) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R d .
  • 1-10 e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or
  • R 1 can be C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , Cj 5 , Ci 6 , C 17 , C 18 , Cj 9 , or C 20 ) cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , Ci 3 , C 14 , C 15 , Ci 6 , C n , Cj 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R e .
  • 1-10 e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10
  • R 1 can be C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , Cj 2 , Ci 3 , Cj 4 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , C n , Ci 8 , Cj 9 , or C 20 ) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3- 20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R f .
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9
  • R 1 can be -C(O)NR g R h ; -OC(O)NR g R h ; -C(O)R 1 , - C(O)OR 1 ; -OC(O)R 1 ; -C(O)SR 1 ; -SC(O)R 1 ; -C(S)SR 1 ; -SC(S)R 1 ; -NRJC(O)R 1 ; - NR ⁇ (O)OR 1 ; -NR j C(O)NR g R h ; -S(O) n R k ; -NRJS(O) n R 1 ; -C(NR m )R j ; or - P(O)(OR g )(OR h ).
  • R 2 can be C 6 -Ci 8 (e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Cj 2 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , Cj 6 , C n , or Ci 8 ) aryl orheteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 3 9, or l0) R b .
  • C 6 -Ci 8 e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Cj 2 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , Cj 6 , C n , or Ci 8
  • aryl orheteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16)
  • R 2 can be C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , CH, C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , Ci9, or C 20 ) aralkyl, heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R c .
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , CH, C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , Ci9, or C 20
  • R 2 can be C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , Ci 4 , Cj 5 , Ci 6 , C 17 , Ci 8 , C 19 , or C 20 ) cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C n , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , Ci 5 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R e .
  • 1-10 e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10
  • R 2 can be C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , Ci 7 , C 18 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3- 20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R f .
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci
  • R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 can be, independently of one another: (i) hydrogen, halo; NR g R h ; nitro; azido, hydroxy; C 1 -C 20 (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , Cj 2 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) alkoxy or Q- C 20 (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , C 14 , C1 5 , C 16 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally
  • C 6 -C 18 e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , Cj 7 , or C 18
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, C 12 , C n , Q 4 , C 15 , C 16 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20
  • thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
  • C 1 -C 20 (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , C 14 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , C 7 , Cj 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 )alkyl or C 1 -C 20 (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , Cis, Cj 9 , or C 2 o) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R a ; or
  • C 3 -C 2 O e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Ci 2 , C 13 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , Cis, Ci 9 , or C 20
  • cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C n , C 12 , C 13 , Cj 4 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , Ci 9 , or C 20
  • halocycloalkyl optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R e ; or
  • C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Cj 0 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , Ci 4 , C 15 , C 16 , Cj 7 , C 18 , Gig, or C 2 o) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R f ; or
  • C 2 -C 2 O e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C9, C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , Q 3 , Ci 4 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , Ci 9 , or C 20
  • alkenyl or C 2 -C 20 e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Q 0 , C n , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , Cis, Ci 9 , or C 20
  • alkynyl each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R d ; or
  • C 7 -C 2O e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Cio, Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , Cj 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20
  • aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R c ; or
  • C 6 -Ci 8 e.g., C 6 , C 7 , Cs, C9, Cj 0 , C 11 , Ci 2 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , or C 18
  • aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R b .
  • Each R b can be, independently of one another:
  • Ci-C 20 e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) alkoxy or C 1 -C 20 (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Cio, Cn, Cj 2 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , Cj 8 , C 19 , or C 20 ) haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R a
  • Ci-C 20 e.g., Ci, C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C 1 J , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , C 17 , C 18 , Ci 9 , or C 20
  • alkyl or C 1 -C 20 e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Cj 0 , Cn, Ci 2 , Cj 3 , C J4 , CJ 5 , C I 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Cj 9 , or C 20
  • haloalkyl each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R a ; or
  • C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , Ci 6 , Cn, C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C n , Ci 2 , Ci 3 , Cj 4 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R e ; or
  • C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , Cu, Q 5 , Ci 6 , Cn, Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R f ; or
  • C 2 -C 20 (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, C 12 , Ci 3 , Ci 4 , Cj 5 , Cj 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Cj 9 , or C 20 ) alkenyl or C 2 -C 20 (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C n , Ci 2 , C 13 , Ci 4 , C 15 , Ci 6 , C 17 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R d ; or
  • C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , C 14 , Ci 5 , Cj 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Cj 9 , or C 20 ) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R c ; or (vii) C 6 -Ci 8 (e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C n , Q 2 , Ci 3 , Ci 4 , C 15 , Cj 6 , C n , or Ci 8 ) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16)
  • Each R b' can be, independently of one another, halo; NR g R h ; nitro; azido; hydroxy; Ci-C 20 (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, C 12 , Ci 3 , C 14 , Cj 5 , Ci 6 , Cn, Ci8, Ci 9 , or C 20 ) alkoxy; C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Ci, C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , C n , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) haloalkoxy; C 6 -Cj 8 (e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , Ci5, C1 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 2 o
  • aralkoxy e.g., 6-20,
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cu, Ci 2 , C 13 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , C 17 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) cycloalkoxy;
  • C 3 - ' C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Cj 2 , Ci 3 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , Cj 8 , C 19 , or C 20 ) halocycloalkoxy;
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C
  • Each R c can be, independently of one another:
  • Ci-C 20 e.g., Q, C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Qo, Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , Cj 4 , Ci 5 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) alkoxy or C 1 -C 20 (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, C 12 , C) 3 , C 14 , C 15 , Cj 6 , Q 7 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1,
  • Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , Ci 4 , Cis, Ci 6 , C 17 , C 1 S, Ci 9 , or C20) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R e ; or
  • C 3 -C 2O e.g., C 3 , C4, C5, C 6 , C 7 , Cg, C 9 , Qo, Cj 1 , C 12 , C 13 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20
  • cycloalkenyl e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20
  • heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R f ; or
  • C2-C2 0 e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C%, C9, C 10 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , Cj 6 , C 17 , Cis, C J9 , or C 20
  • alkenyl or C 2 -C 20 e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C n , Ci 2 , Cj 3 , C 14 , C 15 , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , C 1 8, C 19 , or C 20
  • alkynyl each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R d ; or
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Cio, Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C] 4 , C 1S , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , Cjg, C19, or C 20
  • aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from. 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R c or R c' ; or
  • C 6 -C 18 e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , C 14 , C 1 S, C 16 , Ci 7 , or C 18
  • aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R b .
  • Each R e can be, independently of one another:
  • C 1 -C 20 e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 1O , C 11 , Ci 2 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20
  • alkoxy e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20
  • C 6 -C 18 e.g., C 6 , C 7
  • C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 alkenyl or C 2 -C 20 (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C n , C 12 , C 13 , Ci 4 , C 15 , CI 6 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R d ; or
  • C 6 -C 18 e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , Ci 2 , C 13 , Ci 4 , Q 5 , Ci 6 , C 17 , or Ci 8
  • aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R b .
  • C 1 -C 20 e.g., Ci, C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Ci 2 , C 13 , Cj 4 , Cj 5 , Cj 6 , C 17 , C 18 ,
  • C 19 , or C 20 haloalkoxy
  • C 6 -Cj 8 e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , Cj 5 , Cj 6 , C n , or Ci 8
  • aryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , Ci 3 , Ci 4 , Cj 5 , Q 6 , C 17 , Ci 8 , C 19 , or C 20
  • aralkoxy e.g., 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C 11 , C 12 , Ci 3 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , Cj 6 , C n , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) cycloalkoxy;
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Cio, Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20 ) halocycloalkoxy;
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, C 12 , Cj 3 , C
  • C 1 -C 20 e.g., Ci, C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C] 1 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , Ci 6 , C 17 , C 18 , Cj 9 , or C 20
  • C 1 -C 20 e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C n , C 12 , C 13 , Ci 4 , C 15 , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Cj 9 , or C 20
  • C 6 -C 18 e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 ,
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , Ci 8 , C 19 , or C 20 ) thiocycloalkoxy;
  • C 3 - C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, Ci 2 , Cj 3 , Cj 4 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) thiohalocycloalkoxy;
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 ,
  • C 2 -C 2O e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Ci 1 , Ci 2 , Ci 3 , C 14 , Cj 5 , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20
  • alkenyl or C 2 -C 20 e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , Ci 2 , C 13 , C 14 , Ci 5 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 1 P, or C 20
  • alkynyl each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R d ; or
  • C 6 -Ci 8 (e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , C n , C 12 , C 13 , C M , C 15 , Ci 6 , C 17 , or C 18 ) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., I 5 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R b .
  • 5-16 e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16
  • R g , R h , R 1 , and R j can be, independently of one another:
  • C 1 -C 2 O (e-g- 5 C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , Cg, Cjo, Cn, C 12 , Ci 3 , C 14 , C 15 , Ci 6 , C 17 , C 18 , Ci 9 , or C 20 )alkyl or C 1 -C 20 (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Cj 9 , or C 20 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R a ; or
  • C 2 -C 20 (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , Cj 4 , Ci 5 , Cj 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 20 ) alkenyl or C 2 -C 20 (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C n , C 12 , Ci 3 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , Ci 8 , Ci 9 , or C 2 o) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R d ;
  • C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , Ci 0 , Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , Ci 6 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , Cj 9 , or C 20 ) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R f ; or
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , C 13 , C 14 , C 15 , C 16 , Ci 7 , Ci 8 , C 19 , or C 20
  • cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , Cn, Ci 2 , Ci 3 , Ci 4 , C 15 , C 16 , C 17 , C 18 , C 19 , or C 20
  • halocycloalkyl optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R e ; or
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 ,
  • C 20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R c or R c> ; or
  • C 6 -C 18 e.g., C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , C 12 , Ci 3 , Ci 4 , Ci 5 , C 16 , C 17 , or C 18
  • aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or
  • Each R k can be, independently of one another, R j , OR j , or NR g R h .
  • Each R m can be, independently of one another, hydrogen; C 1 -Q 2 (e.g., Ci, C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 11 , or C 12 ) alkyl or Ci-Ci 2 (e.g., d, C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C9, Cio, C 11 , or C 12 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) R a ; C 2 -C 20 (e.g., C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , C 6 , C 7 , C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C
  • any recitation of ranges e.g., Cr C 20
  • subranges of a particular range e.g., C 1 -C 4 , C 2 -C 6
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , n, R a , R b , R b' , R c , R o> , R d , R e , R f , R g , R h , R 1' , R j , R k , or R m expressly includes each of the individual values that fall within the recited range, including the upper and lower limits of the recited range.
  • the range Ci-C 4 alkyl is understood to mean (e.g., C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , or C 4 ) alkyl.
  • R 2 can be C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -Ci 4 , C 6 -Ci 0 , C 6 ) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b ; C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 - Ci 6 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1- 2, 1) R c ; C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 -Ci 6 , C 3 -C 12 , C 3 -C 3 ) cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 -Cj 6 , C 3 -Ci 2 , C 3 -Cs) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., C 6
  • R 2 can be C 6 -C I8 (e.g., C 6 -Ci 4 , C 6 -Ci O , C 6 ) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • R 2 can be C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • R 2 can be C 6 -C 10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) R b .
  • R 2 can be phenyl, optionally substituted with from 1-5
  • R (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R .
  • R can be unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 2 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 R b .
  • R 2 can be phenyl substituted with 2 R b or R 2 can be phenyl substituted with 1 R b .
  • each R b can be attached to a carbon that is ortho, meta, ox para to the phenyl carbon atom that is attached to the 4-position of the cinnoline ring.
  • each R b can be, independently of one another:
  • halo halo; NO 2 ; NR g R h ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Ci-C 10 , C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkoxy or Q-C 20 (e.g., Ci-Ci 0 , C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b' ; C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 - C 16
  • C 1 -C 20 e.g., Ci-C 10 , C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3 alkyl or C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Ci-C 10 , Ci-C 6 , C 1 - C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 -Cj 6 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -Q o
  • aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R C ; or
  • C 6 -Ci 8 e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl
  • aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g.,
  • each R when R is substituted with R , each R can be, independently of one another: (i) halo; NO 2 ; NR g R h ; hydroxy; Ci-C 20 (e.g., Ci-Ci 0 , CpC 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 - C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b> ; C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -C] 2 , C 7 -Ci 0 ) a
  • R c C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b> ; C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -C 10 ) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c ; cyano; -C(O)NR g R h ; -C(O)R
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -CJ 2 , C 7 -Ci 0
  • aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R C ; or
  • each R b can be, independently of one another:
  • each R when R is substituted with R , each R can be, independently of one another:
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl or C r C 6 haloalkyl each of which is optionally substituted with from 1- 3 R a ;
  • each R b can be, independently of one another:
  • phenyl or heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R b' .
  • R 2 has formula (II-A).
  • R 2 can have formula (II-B):
  • B can be hydrogen (i.e., R 2 can be an unsubstituted phenyl group).
  • B can be:
  • halo NO 2 ; NR g R h ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Ci-Ci 0 , Cj-C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; C 6 -Ci 8 (e.g., C 6 - Ci 4 , C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b ; C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -Cj 6 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 1O ) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 -Ci 6 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -Ci 0
  • aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c ; or
  • C 6 -Ci 8 e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl
  • aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b> .
  • B can be: (i) halo; NO 2 ; NR g R h ; hydroxy; Ci-Cj 0 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , Cj-C 3 ) alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; C 6 -C 14 (e.g., C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-14 (e.g., 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b> ; C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 - C 16 , C 7 -CJ 2 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-5 (e
  • C 7 -C 16 (e.g., C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-16 (e.g., 6- 14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c ; or (vii) C 6 -C 14 (e.g., C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • 6-16 e.g., 6- 14, 6-12, 6-10
  • B can be:
  • Ci-C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl each of which is optionally substituted with
  • B can be: (i) halo; NO 2 ; NR B R h ; hydroxy; Cj-C 3 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a ; C 6 -aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R b ; C 7 -Ci 2 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-5 R c ; Cg-thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R b ; C 7 - C 12 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R 0 ; cyano; -C(O)NR g R h ; -C(O)R*; -NR 1 C(O)R'
  • phenyl or heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R b .
  • B can be hydroxy. In some embodiments, B can be NH 2 .
  • B can be -NR j C(O)NR 8 R h .
  • R j can be hydrogen or Ci-C 6 alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 alkyl).
  • R* can be hydrogen
  • one of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -Ci 6 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -Cio) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1- 4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c ; or C 6 -Ci 8 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5- 16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 -Ci 6 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7
  • B When B is -NR j C(O)NR g R h , B can have formula (III):
  • one of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 7 -C 2 O (e.g., C 7 -Ci 6 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -Ci 0 ) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R°; or C 6 -Ci 8 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b .
  • one of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be
  • C 6 -Ci 8 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) R b .
  • one of R ⁇ and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 -C 10 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • one of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be unsubstituted phenyl.
  • one of R 8 and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • each R b can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl; or C 1 -C 10 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , C r C 3 ) haloalkyl.
  • halo NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl; or C 1 -C 10 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , C r C 3 ) haloalkyl.
  • each R b can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Cj-C 6 alkyl; or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
  • each R b can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 3 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R'; C 1 -C 3 alkyl; or Ci-C 3 haloalkyl (e.g., Ci- C 3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or CpC 3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 perfluoro alkyl).
  • Ci-C 3 haloalkyl e.g., Ci- C 3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or CpC 3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 perfluoro alkyl).
  • B can be: (i-B) NR g R h , wherein one of R g and R h is hydrogen, and the other is C 7 -C 20
  • aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c ; or C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b ; or
  • (ii-B) C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b' ; or C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -Ci 0 ) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R 0 ; or
  • C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -Ci O , phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b> ; or C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c .
  • B can be:
  • R g and R h are hydrogen, and the other is C 7 -C 2O (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R C ;
  • C 7 -C 2O e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 1 O
  • aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R 0 ; or
  • C 7 -C 2O e.g., C 7 -Ci 6 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -C 10
  • aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c .
  • B when B is as described in (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv- B), (i-B 5 ), (U-B'), (iii-B'), (iv-B')), B can be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • each R b , R b , and R c can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-Cio (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkoxy; C 1 -C 10 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C]-C 10 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , Cj-C 3 ) alkyl or C 1 -C 10 (e.g., C]-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • Ci-Cio e.g., C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3
  • C 1 -C 10 e.g., Ci-C
  • each R b , R b , and R° can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Cj-C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R a ; or - C(O)OR*.
  • each R b , R b , and R c can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 3 alkoxy; C 1 -C 3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 (e.g., - C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C 4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., C 1 -C 4 perfluoroalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3 ); or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • 1-2 R a e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3
  • -C(O)OR 1 e.g., -C
  • each R b , R b , and R c can be, independently of one another, F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH 3 ; OCF 3 ;-C(0)(morpholino); CH 3 ; CH 3 substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3 ); CF 3 ; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH 3 .
  • B when B is as described in (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B'), (Ui-B'), (iv-B'), B can have formula (IV):
  • W can be NR j , O, S, or is absent; j can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can be, independently of one another, hydrogen, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -Ci 0 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy; C 1 -Ci 0 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , Cj-C 3 ) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -Ci 0 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkyl or Ci-Ci 0 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l
  • W can be NR J , O, or S.
  • R J can be hydrogen or Ci-C 6 alkyl (e.g., Ci-C 3 alkyl).
  • R J can be hydrogen, and W is NH.
  • j can be O or 1.
  • j can be 1.
  • each of R bl , R b2 5 R b3 5 R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • each of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R bS can be, independently of one another, hydrogen; halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; CpC 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • each of R bl , R b2 , R ⁇ , R M , and R bS can be, independently of one another, hydrogen; halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 3 alkoxy; C 1 -C 3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., C 1 -C 4 perfluoroalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3 ); or - C(O)OR 1 .
  • R a e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3
  • each of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can be, independently of one another, hydrogen; F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH 3 ; OCF 3 ; - C(O)(morpholino); CH 3 ; CH 3 substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., -C(O)OH or - C(O)OCH 3 ); CF 3 ; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH 3 .
  • any 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -CiO (e.g., Cj-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkoxy; C 1 -C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-Ci 0 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkyl or Ci-Ci 0 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
  • any 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Cj-C 6 alkoxy; Cj-C 6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
  • any 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 3 alkoxy; Ci-C 3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); C 1 -C 4 alkyl or C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., C 1 -C 4 perfluoroalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3 ); or -C(O)OR 1 ; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
  • -C(O)R 1 e.g., -C(
  • any 1, 2, 3, or 4 of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 can be, independently of one another, F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH 3 ; OCF 3 ; -C(O)(morpholino); CH 3 ; CH 3 substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3 ); CF 3 ; -C(O)OH; or -
  • each of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , and R b5 can be other than hydrogen. In certain embodiments, any one of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , or R b5 (e.g., R bl or R b5 ;
  • R b2 or R b4 ; or R b3 can be halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 10 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy; C 1 -
  • C 10 e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Cj-C 10 (e.g., C]-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkyl or C 1 -C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 ; and the other four can be hydrogen.
  • any one of R bl , R b2 , R M , R b4 , or R b5 e.g., R bl or R b5 ;
  • R b2 or R b4 ; or R b3 can be halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 6 alkoxy; C]-C 6 haloalkoxy; cyano;
  • any one of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 can be halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; CpC 3 alkoxy; CpC 3 haloalkoxy; cyano;
  • -C(O)R' e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms
  • C 1 -C 4 alkyl or CpC 4 haloalkyl e.g., C 1 -C 4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., CpC 4 perfluoroalkyl
  • R a e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3
  • -C(O)OR 1 can be hydrogen.
  • any one of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 e.g., R bl or R b5 ;
  • R b2 or R M ; or R b3 can be F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH 3 ; OCF 3 ; -C(O)(morpholino); CH 3 ; CH 3 substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3 ); CF 3 ; -C(O)OH; or -
  • R b3 can be C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with 1 R a , and each of R bl , R b2 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R a can be C(O)OR 1 , in which R 1 can be hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ).
  • R b3 can be -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OCH 3 , -C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OH, or -C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 3 .
  • R b3 can be -C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH).
  • R b2 can be C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., C 1 -C 4 perfluoroalkyl, e.g., CF 3 ); or -C(O)R 1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-
  • C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl e.g., C 1 -C 4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., C 1 -C 4 perfluoroalkyl, e.g., CF 3
  • -C(O)R 1 e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-
  • R M , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., Cl) or C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF 3 ), and each of R bl , R b3 , R b4 , and R bS can be hydrogen.
  • any two of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy; C 1 -C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 4 ; C
  • any two of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-C 6 alkyl or Ci-C 6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 R a ; or -C(O)OR 1
  • any two of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , or R b5 can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 3 alkoxy; Ci-C 3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); Ci-C 4 alkyl or Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., Q
  • any two of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , or R b5 can be, independently of one another, F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH 3 ; OCF 3 ; -C(O)(morpholino); CH 3 ; CH 3 substituted with from 1-2 R a (e.g., - C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH 3 ); CF 3 ; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH 3 ;
  • R bl and R b4 can both be Cj-C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be CpC 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), R b4 can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R D1 and R M can both be C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., F, Br);
  • R b4 can be Ci-C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), or Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), or Cj-C 3 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ), or halo (e.g., Br); and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be C 1 -C 3 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ), R b4 can be halo (e.g., Br), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be C 1 -C 3 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 )
  • R b4 can be halo (e.g., Br)
  • each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b2 can both be C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), and each of R b3 , R M , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), R b2 can be Cj-C 4 haloalkyl
  • each of R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R b2 and R b3 can both be halo (e.g., Cl), and each of R bl , R 4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R b2 can be halo (e.g., F, Cl)
  • R b3 can be Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 )
  • each of R bl , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R b2 and R b3 can each be, independently, Ci-C 6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ) or -C(O)OR* (e.g., COOH); and each of R bl , R M , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R 5 can both be halo (e.g., chloro), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R M can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., chloro)
  • R b3 can be -C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH)
  • each of R b2 , R M , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • B When B is as described in (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), ( ⁇ -B 5 ), ( ⁇ i-B'), (iv-B')X B can also be W-(CH 2 ) j -(bicyclic or tricyclic aryl) or W-(CH 2 ) j -(heteroaryl), in which W and j can be as described elsewhere for Formula (IV).
  • B can be -NH-CH 2 -naphthyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 1 or 2 position of the naphthyl ring, and the naphthyl ring can optionally be substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R c ).
  • B can be -NH-CH 2 -indolyl or -O-CH 2 -indolyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 7 position of the indole ring, and the indole ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R°, e.g., at the 1 -position with CH 3 and/or at the 5-position with halo (e.g., fluoro) and/or at the 3-position with COOR 1 (e.g., COOH).
  • halo e.g., fluoro
  • B can be -NH-CH 2 -benzothienyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 3 position of the benzothienyl ring, and the benzothienyl ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R c , e.g., at the 3-position with C 1 -C 6 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ) or at the A- position with C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 )).
  • C 1 -C 6 alkyl e.g., CH 3
  • C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl e.g., CF 3
  • B can be -C(O)NR g R h ; -C(O)R*; -NR 1 C(O)R 1 ; - NR j C(O)NR g R h ; or -S(O) n R k .
  • R J can be hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 alkyl). In certain embodiments, R J can be hydrogen.
  • each of R 1 and R k can be, independently of one another, C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b ; or C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6- 20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c .
  • C 6 -C 18 e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl
  • R b> and R c can each be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 10 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl or Ci-Ci 0 (e.g., Cj-C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • Ci-C 10 e.g., Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3
  • Ci-Ci 0 e.g., Cj-C 6 , C 1 -C 3
  • each of R 1 and R k can be, independently of one another, C 6 -C 18 (e-g-j C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b' ; or C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -Cj 2 , C 7 -Ci 0 ) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c .
  • C 6 -C 18 e-g-j C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl
  • aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b' ; or C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C
  • R b' and R c can each be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 10 (e.g., Cj- C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; C 1 -C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl or C 1 -Ci 0 (e.g., Ci- C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, I) R 3 J Or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • Ci-C 10 e.g., Cj- C 6 , C 1 -C 3
  • C 1 -C 10 e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3
  • C 1 -Ci 0 e.g., Ci- C 6 , Ci
  • one of R g or R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b ; or C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6- 20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R 0 .
  • C 6 -C 18 e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -Ci 0 ,
  • R b> and R c can each be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 -Ci 0 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-Ci 0 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl or Ci-Ci 0 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • 1-5 e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1
  • one of R g or R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 -CiS (e.g., C 6 -Ci 4 , C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b> ; or C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -Cj 6 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -Ci 0 ) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c .
  • C 6 -CiS e.g., C 6 -Ci 4 , C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl
  • aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b>
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g.,
  • R b> and R 0 can each be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci-C 10 (e.g., Ci- C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R 1 ; Ci-Ci 0 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkyl or Ci-C 10 (e.g., C 1 - C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, I) R ⁇ Or -C(O)OR 1 .
  • Ci-C 10 e.g., Ci- C 6 , Ci-C 3 alkoxy
  • cyano -C(O)R 1
  • Ci-Ci 0 e.g., Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3
  • Ci-C 10 e.g., C 1 - C 6 , C 1
  • B can be C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Ci-C 10 , C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkyl or Ci-
  • C 20 e.g., C 1 -C 10 , C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a .
  • B can be C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Ci-Ci 0 , CpC 6 , Cj-C 3 ) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) R a .
  • B can be C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Ci-Ci 0 , Ci-C 6 , Cj-C 3 ) alkyl substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a .
  • B can be Ci-C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a .
  • Ci-C 10 e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 alkyl substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a .
  • B can be C 1 -C 6 (e.g., C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2, 1) R a .
  • B can be C 1 -C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with from l-2 (e.g., l) R a .
  • each R a can be, independently of one another, NR g R h ; C 6 -C 1 S (e.g., C 6 -Ci 4 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5- 14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b ; C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-
  • R a can be a Cj-C 6 alkyl (e.g., B can be a substituted CH 3 group) substituted with NR g R h .
  • R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 -Cj 8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 R b .
  • one of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be a phenyl or napthyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-3) R b (e.g., C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ) optionally substituted with 1 R a (e.g., COOH)).
  • R b e.g., C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ) optionally substituted with 1 R a (e.g., COOH)
  • one of R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be a phenyl ring in which an oriho position, a meta position, and the para position are each substituted with a combination of CH 3 and CH 2 C(O)OH groups.
  • R 1 can be hydrogen
  • R 1 can be:
  • Ci-C 20 e.g., C 1 -C] 0 , C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl or C 1 -C 20 (e.g., C 1 -C 10 , C 1 -C 6 , C 1 - C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -10 (e.g., 1-5, 1 -4, 1 - 3, 1-2, l) R a ; or
  • C 7 -C 2O e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C ⁇ -Cn, C 7 -Cio
  • aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R C ; or
  • C 6 -Cj S (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) R b> ; or (viii) -C(O)NR g R h ; -OC(O)NR g R h ; -C(O)R 1 , -C(O)OR 1 ; -OC(O)R 1 ; -C(O)SR 1 ; - SC(O)R 1 ; -C(S)SR 1 ; -SC(S)R 1 ; -NR 1 C(O)R 1 ; -NR 1 C(O)OR 1 ; -NR j C(0)NR g R h ; -S(O) n R
  • R 1 can be: (ii) Ci-C 10 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl or C 1 -C 10 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , Cj-C 3 ) haloalkyl, • each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a ; or
  • C 7 -C 16 e.g., C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -Ci 0
  • R 1 can be:
  • C 1 -C 20 e.g., Ci-C 10 , Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l)R a ; or
  • C 6 -C 18 e.g., C 6 -CH, C 6 -C 10 , phenyl
  • aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b
  • C 7 -C 20 e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 10
  • aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R 0 ; or
  • R 1 can be:
  • Ci-Cio e.g., Ci-C 6 , Cj-C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) R a ; or
  • C 6 -Ci 0 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b ; or (iv) C 7 -Ci 6 (e.g., C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5
  • R 1 can be C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Ci-Ci 0 , C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a .
  • C 1 -C 20 e.g., Ci-Ci 0 , C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a .
  • R 1 can be C 1 -C 10 (e.g., Ci-C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a .
  • C 1 -C 10 e.g., Ci-C 6 , C 1 -C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R a .
  • R 1 can be C 1 -C 6 (e.g., Ci-C 3 ) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., l-2, ( 1) R a .
  • R 1 can be CH 3 .
  • R 1 can be C 6 -Ci S (e.g., C 6 -CH, C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl) aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • R 1 can be C 6 -C 10 (e.g., phenyl) aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b . In certain embodiments, R 1 can be phenyl.
  • R 1 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R b .
  • each R b can be, independently of one another, Ci-C 6 (e.g., C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl, Ci-C 6 (e.g., Ci- C 3 ) haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 (e.g., Ci-C 3 ) alkoxy, C 1 -C 6 (e.g., C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkoxy, halo, NO 2 , NR g R h , or cyano.
  • each R b can be, independently of one another, C 1 -C 6 (e.g., Ci-C 3 ) alkyl, Ci-C 6 (e.g., C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl, Ci-C 6 (e.g., C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy, halo, NO 2 , NR g R h , or cyano.
  • C 1 -C 6 e.g., Ci-C 3 alkyl
  • Ci-C 6 e.g., C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl
  • Ci-C 6 e.g., C 1 -C 3 alkoxy
  • halo e.g., NO 2 , NR g R h
  • cyano cyano
  • each R b can be, independently of one another, Ci-C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C 3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or C 1 -C 3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C 3 perfluoroalkyl)); C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, halo, NO 2 , NH 2 , or cyano.
  • Ci-C 3 alkyl e.g., Ci-C 3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or C 1 -C 3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C 3 perfluoroalkyl)
  • each R b can be, independently of one another, C 1 -C 3 alkyl, C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or C 1 -C 3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 perfluoroalkyl)); or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy (e.g., compound of formula (I) in which R 2 is phenyl substituted (e.g., met ⁇ -substituted) with -NR j C(O)NR g R h ).
  • C 1 -C 3 alkyl e.g., C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or C 1 -C 3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 perfluoroalky
  • R 1 can be C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -C 12 , C 7 -Ci 0 ) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c .
  • R 1 can be C 7 -Ci 2 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R c .
  • R 1 can be benzyl.
  • R 1 can be -C(O)R 1 , in which R' can be C 6 -Ci S (e.g., C 6 - Cj 4 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • R 1 can be phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R b .
  • each R b can be, independently of one another, CpC 6 (e.g., Cj-C 3 ) alkyl, Ci-C 6 (e.g., C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 (e.g., C 1 -C 3 ) alkoxy, Ci-C 6 (e.g., C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkoxy, halo, NO 2 , NR ⁇ R h , or cyano.
  • CpC 6 e.g., Cj-C 3
  • Ci-C 6 e.g., C 1 -C 3
  • C 1 -C 6 e.g., C 1 -C 3 alkoxy
  • Ci-C 6 e.g., C 1 -C 3
  • haloalkoxy halo
  • each R b can be, independently of one another, Ci-C 3 alkyl, Cj-C 3 haloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C 3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or C 1 -C 3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 perfluoroalkyl)); C 1 -C 3 alkoxy, Ci-C 3 haloalkoxy, halo, NO 2 , NH 2 , or cyano.
  • Ci-C 3 alkyl e.g., Ci-C 3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or C 1 -C 3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., C 1 -C 3 perfluoroalkyl)
  • each of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 can be, independently of one another, hydrogen or halo (e.g., fluoro). In certain embodiments, each of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 can be hydrogen.
  • R can be hydrogen, halo, C 1 -Ci 0 (e-g-, Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkyl, or Ci-C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) haloalkyl.
  • R 6 can be hydrogen, halo, Cj-C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R 6 can be hydrogen, halo, CpC 3 alkyl, or CpC 3 haloalkyl.
  • R 6 can be hydrogen, Br, Cl, CH 3 or CF 3 .
  • R 6 can be halo, C 1 -C 1O (e.g., CpC 6 , CpC 3 ) alkyl, or C 1 - C 10 (e.g., C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) haloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R 6 can be halo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl.
  • R 6 can be halo, CpC 3 alkyl, or C 1 -C 3 haloalkyl.
  • R 6 can be Br, Cl, CH 3 or CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 0 can be Br or Cl. In certain embodiments, R 6 can be
  • R 6 can be CH 3 . In certain embodiments, R 6 can be CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R can be hydrogen.
  • each of R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 can be, independently of one another:
  • C 1 -C 20 e.g., Ci-C 10 , Ci-C 6 , Ci-C 3 alkyl or C 1 -C 20 (e.g., Ci-C 10 , Cj-C 6 , C 1 - C 3 ) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, 1) R a ; or
  • C 3 -C 20 e.g., C 3 -C 16 , C 3 -C 12 , C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkyl or C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 -C 16 , C 3 - Ci 2 , C 3 -C 8 ) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1- 2, l)R e ; or (iv) C 3 -C 20 (e.g., C 3 -C 16 , C 3 -Cj 2 , C 3 -C 8 ) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-
  • C 6 -Ci 8 e.g., C 6 -Ci 4 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl
  • aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b' .
  • the cinnoline-based, LXR modulators can have formula
  • R 1 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and B are as defined elsewhere for compounds having formula (V).
  • R 1 can be C 1 -C 20 (e.g., C 1 -C 10 , C 1 -C 6 , C 1 -C 3 ) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l)R a .
  • R 1 can be CH 3 .
  • R 1 can be C 6 -C 18 (e.g., C 6 -Ci 4 , C 6 -C 10 , phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • R 1 can be phenyl.
  • R 1 can be C 7 -C 20 (e.g., C 7 -C 16 , C 7 -Ci 2 , C 7 -C 10 ) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R°.
  • R 1 can be benzyl.
  • R 1 can be H.
  • R 6 can be hydrogen, halo, C 1 -Ci 0 (e.g., CpC 6 , Ci-C 3 ) alkyl, or C 1 -C 1O (e.g., Cj-C 6 , Ci-C 3 ) haloalkyl.
  • R 6 can be hydrogen, Br, Cl, CH 3 or CF 3 .
  • each of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 can be, independently of one another, hydrogen or halo (e.g., fluoro). In certain embodiments, each of R 3 , R 4 and R 5 can be hydrogen.
  • B can be hydrogen, NH 2 , or OH.
  • B can have formula (III), in which one of R g and R can be hydrogen, and the other can be C 6 -Ci 8 (e.g., C 6 -C 14 , C 6 -Ci 0 , phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R b .
  • R g and R h can be hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl.
  • B can have formula (IV), in which W can be NH, O, or S, j can be 1, and each of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be as defined elsewhere.
  • each of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • any one of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 (e.g., R bl or R b5 ; R b2 or R M ; or R b3 ) or any two of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 (R bl and R b2 ; R bl and R b3 ; R bl and R b4 ; R bl and R b5 ; R b2 and R b3 ; R b2 and R M ; R b2 and R bs ; etc., e.g., R bl and R b2 ; R bl and R M ; or R b2 and R b3 ) can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 - Ci 0 (e.g., C 1
  • any one of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 (e.g., R bl or R b5 ; R b2 or R b4 ; or R b3 ) or any two of R bl , R b2 5 R b3 5 R b4 , or R b5 (R bl and R b2 ; R bl and R b3 ; R bl and R b4 ; R bl and R b5 ; R b2 and R b3 ; R b2 and R b4 ; R b2 and R b5 ; etc., e.g., R bl and R b2 ; R bl and R b4 ; or R b2 and R b3 ) can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; Ci- C 6 alkoxy; Ci-C 6
  • any one of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R b4 , or R b5 (e.g., R bl or R b5 ; R b2 or R b4 ; or R b3 ) or any two of R bI , R b2 , R b3 , R M , or R b5 (R bl and R b2 ; R bl and R b3 ; R bl and R b4 ; R bl and R b5 ; R b2 and R b3 ; R b2 and R M ; R b2 and R b5 ; etc., e.g., R bl and R b2 ; R bI and R b4 ; or R b2 and R b3 ) can be, independently of one another, halo; NO 2 ; hydroxy; C 1 - C 3 alkoxy; Ci-C 3
  • any one of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , or R b5 (e.g., R bl or R b5 ; R b2 or R b4 ; or R b3 ) or any two of R bl , R b2 , R b3 , R M , or R b5 (R bl and R b2 ; R bl and R b3 ; R bl and R b4 ; R bl and R b5 ; R b2 and R b3 ; R b2 and R b4 ; R b2 and R b5 ; etc, e.g., R bl and R b2 ; R bl and R M ; or R b2 and R b3 ) can be, independently of one another, F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH 3 ; OCF 3 ; -C( ⁇ morpholino);
  • R b3 can be C]-C 4 alkyl substituted with 1 R a , and each of R bI , R b2 , R M , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R a can be C(O)OR 1 , in which R 1 can be hydrogen or Ci-C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ).
  • R b3 can be -CH 2 C(O)OH, -CH 2 C(O)OCH 3 , -C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OH, or -C(CH 3 ) 2 C(O)OCH 3 .
  • R b3 can be -C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH).
  • R can be Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., Cj-C 4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl, e.g., CF 3 ); or -C(O)R 1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3- 20 atoms), e.g., -C(O)(morpholino)); or -C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH); and each of R bl , R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • Cj-C 4 perhaloalkyl e.g., Ci-C 4 perfluoroalkyl, e.g., CF 3
  • -C(O)R 1 e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3- 20 atoms
  • -C(O)(morpholino) e.g.
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., Cl) or C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF 3 ), and each of R bl , R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b4 can both be C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), R b4 can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b4 can both be Ci-C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., F, Br);
  • R b4 can be Cj-C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), or C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), or C 1 -C 3 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ), or halo (e.g., Br); and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be C 1 -C 3 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ), R b can be halo (e.g., Br), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b2 can both be C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ), and each of R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), R can be C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 ), and each of R b3 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R b2 and R b3 can both be halo (e.g., Cl), and each of R bl ,
  • R M , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R b2 can be halo (e.g., F, Cl)
  • R b3 can be C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 )
  • each of R bl , R M , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R b2 and R b3 can each be, independently, Ci-C 6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH 3 ) or -C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH); and each of R bl , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • R bl and R b5 can both be halo (e.g., chloro), and each of R b2 , R b3 , and R M can be hydrogen.
  • R bl can be halo (e.g., chloro)
  • R b3 can be -C(O)OR 1 (e.g., COOH)
  • each of R b2 , R b4 , and R b5 can be hydrogen.
  • B can also be W-(CH 2 ) j -(bicyclic or tricyclic aryl) or W-(CH 2 ) j -(heteroaryl), in which W and j can be as described elsewhere for Formula (IV).
  • B can be -NH-CH 2 -naphthyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 1 or 2 position of the naphthyl ring, and the naphthyl ring can optionally be substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R°).
  • B can be -NH-CH 2 -indolyl or -O-CH 2 -indolyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 7 position of the indole ring, and the indole ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R°, e.g., at the 1 -position with CH 3 and/or at the 5-position with halo (e.g., fluoro) and/or at the 3-position with COOR' (e.g., COOH).
  • halo e.g., fluoro
  • COOR' e.g., COOH
  • B can be -NH-CH 2 -benzothienyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 3 position of the benzothienyl ring, and the benzothienyl ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R c , e.g., at the 3-position with C 1 -C 6 alkyl (e.g., CH 3 ) or at the 4- position with C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF 3 )).
  • C 1 -C 6 alkyl e.g., CH 3
  • C 1 -C 4 haloalkyl e.g., CF 3
  • the cinnoline-based, LXR modulators can have formula (VI):
  • X 1 can be a bond, -C(O)-, -0-, -S(O) 1 -, -NR 8 -, or -CR 8 R 9 -.
  • R 1 " can be C 1 to C 6 alkyl, phenyl, or phenyl substituted independently by one or more of the groups independently selected from C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 2 to C 4 alkenyl, C 2 to C 4 alkynyl, C 1 to C 3 alkoxy, C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO 2 , -NR 8 Rg, -CN, - OH, and C 1 to C 3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, or
  • Rr can be a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyridine, thiophene, benzisoxazole, benzothiophene, oxadiazole, pyrrole, pyrazole, and furan, each of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C 1 to C 3 alkyl, Cj to C 3 alkoxy, C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO 2 , - NR 8 Rg, -CN, and Ci to C 3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines.
  • X 2 can be a bond or -CH 2 -.
  • Y can be -CO-, -S(O) 2 -, -CONR 13 , -CONR 13 CO-, -CONR 13 SO 2 -, -C(NCN)-, - CSNR 13 , -C(NH)NR 13 , or -C(O)O-.
  • j can be O to 3.
  • t can be O to 2.
  • 5 A can be phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from halogen, C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 2 to C 4 alkenyl, C 2 to C 4 alkynyl, acyl, C 1 to C 3 alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, -CN, -NO 2 , -CO 2 R n , - CH 2 CO 2 Rn, phenyl, phenoxy, C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkoxy, Ci to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, - NRi 0 R n , -CH 2 NR 10 R n , -SR n , Ci to C 3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, Ci to C 6 0 alkyl substituted with 1 to 2 -OH groups, and Ci to C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines; or
  • A can be a heterocycle selected from pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, quinoline, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, isoxazole, indole, benzo[l,3]-dioxole, benzo[l,2,5]-oxadiazole, isochromen-1-one, and 3-H-isobenzofttran-l-one, each of which may be optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from halogen, Cj to C3 alkyl, acyl, C 1 to C 3 alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, -CN, -NO 2 , C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, -NR 10 Rn, -CH 2 NR 10 R n , -SRn, C 1 to C 6 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, and Cj to C 6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines.
  • R 3 > 5 R 4' , R 5 ' can each be, independently, -H.
  • R 6' can be Cj to C 4 alkyl, Ci to C 4 perfluoroalkyl, or halogen.
  • Each Rg can be independently -H, or C 1 to C 2 alkyl.
  • Each R 9 can be independently -H, or Ci to C 2 alkyl.
  • Each Rio can be independently -H, C 1 to C 7 alkyl, C 2 to C 7 alkenyl, or C 3 to C 7 cycloalkyl;
  • Each Rj 1 can be independently -H, or Ci to C 3 alkyl.
  • Each Rj 2 can be independently -H, or C 1 to C 3 alkyl.
  • Xi can be a bond, -C(O)-, or -CR 8 R 9 -.
  • Rr can be phenyl substituted independently by one or more of the groups independently selected from C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 2 to C 4 alkenyl, C 2 to C 4 alkynyl, C 1 to C 3 alkoxy, C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO 2 , -NR 8 R P , -CN, -OH, and Ci to C 3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, or Rr can be a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyridine, thiophene, and furan, each of which maybe optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C 1 to C 3 alkyl, Ci to C 3 alkoxy, Ci to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO 2 , -NR 8 R 9 , CN, and Cj to C 3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, X 2 can be a bond.
  • hydroxy, halogen, Ci to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, Ci to C 3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, -C ⁇ CRs, -CH CHR 8 , -WA, -C ⁇ CA, -WYA, -W ⁇ (CH 2 ) j A, - W(CH 2 )JA, -WCHRi i(CH 2 ) j A, and -
  • Xi can be a bond, -C(O) - -O- -S(O) 1 -, -NR 8 -, -CR 8 R 9 - or -CR 8 (OR 9 ) -.
  • Ri' can be Ci to C 6 alkyl, C 2 to C 6 alkenyl, C 2 to C 6 alkynyl, C 3 to C 8 cycloalkyl, -CH 2 OH, CF 3 , CN, phenyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 1 to C 3 alkoxy, C 1 to C 2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO 2 , - NRsRp, -CN, and C 1 to C 2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines, or
  • Rr can be a heterocycle selected from pyridine, thiophene, and furan, each of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C 1 to C 3 alkyl, Ci to C 3 alkoxy, C 1 to C 2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO 2 , -NR 8 R 9 , -CN, and C 1 to C 2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines.
  • X 2 can be a bond or --CH 2 -.
  • W can be a bond, -O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O) 2 -, -NR 11 -, or -N(COR 12 )-.
  • j ean be O to 3.
  • k can be 0 to 3.
  • t can be 0 to 2.
  • p can be O to 3.
  • A can be phenyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from halogen, acyl, C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 1 to C 3 alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, -CN, -NO 2 , C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, -NR 10 R n , -CH 2 NR 10 Rn, -SRn, and C 1 to C 2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines; or
  • A can be a heterocycle selected from pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, indole, oxazole, and furan, which may be optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from halogen, acyl, C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 1 to C 3 alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, -NO 2 , Ci to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, -NRi 0 R 11 , -CH 2 NRi 0 Rn, -SRn, and Ci to C 2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines.
  • R 3 -, R 4 ', R 5 ' can be -H.
  • R 6 ' can be hydrogen, Ci to C 4 alkyl, Ci to C 4 perfluoroalkyl, or halogen.
  • Each R 8 can be independently -H, or C 1 to C 2 alkyl.
  • Each R 9 can be independently -H, or C 1 to C 2 alkyl.
  • Each R 1O is independently -H, or Ci to C 3 alkyl.
  • Each Rn is independently -H, or Ci to C 3 alkyl; or
  • Rio and Rn when attached to the same atom, together with said atom form: (i) a 5 to 7 membered saturated ring, optionally substituted by 1 to 2 groups independently selected from C 1 to C 3 alkyl, OH and Ci -C 3 alkoxy, or
  • Each R 12 is independently -H, or C 1 to C 3 alkyl.
  • Each R 14 , and R 15 is, independently, Ci to C 7 alkyl, C 3 to C 8 cycloalkyl, C 2 to C 7 alkenyl, C 2 to C 7 alkynyl, -OH, -F, C 7 to C 14 arylalkyl, where said arylalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from NO 2 , Ci to C 6 alkyl, Ci to C 3 perhaloalkyl, halogen and C 1 to C 3 alkoxy, or R 14 and R 15 together with the atom to which they are attached can form a 3 to 7 membered saturated ring.
  • Each R 16 and R 17 can be, independently, hydrogen, C 1 to C 3 alkyl, C 1 to C 3 alkenyl, C 1 to C 3 alkynyl, or C 3 to C 8 cycloalkyl, wherein said Cj to C 3 alkyl is optionally substituted with one OH group; or R 16 and R 17 , together with the atom to which they are attached, can form a 3 to 8 membered heterocycle which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting OfC 1 to C 3 alkyl, -OH, CH 2 OH, - CH 2 OCH 3 , -CO 2 CH 3 , and -CONH 2 .
  • Each R 18 and Rj 9 is, independently C 1 to C 3 alkyl.
  • X 1 can be a bond, -C(O) -, or -CR 8 R 9 -.
  • Ri « can be Ci to C 6 alkyl, CF 3 , CN, phenyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from C 1 to C 2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, and C 1 to C 2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines, or
  • Ri> can be a heterocycle selected from thiophene, and furan, which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C 1 to C 2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, and C 1 to C 2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines.
  • X 2 can be a bond.
  • R 2 . can be phenyl substituted by -W'(CH 2 ) j A(CH 2 ) k D(CH 2 ) p Z,
  • R 2 ' can be a heterocycle selected from pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, and furan which is substituted by -W'(CH 2 ) j A(CH 2 ) k D(CH 2 ) p Z,
  • D can be a bond, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CHR 14 -, -CR 14 R 15 -, -OCHR 14 -, or -OCR 14 Ri 5 -
  • Z can be -CO 2 R 11 , -CONR 10 Ri 1, -CN, -CH 2 OH, or -NRigRi ⁇ .
  • A can be phenyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from halogen, -CN, C 1 to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, and C 1 to C 2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines, or
  • A can be a heterocycle selected from pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine, and thiophene, each of which may be optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from halogen, -CN, Ci to C 3 perfluoroalkyl, and C 1 to C 2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines.
  • the actual electronic structure of some chemical entities cannot be adequately represented by only one canonical form ⁇ i.e. Lewis structure). While not wishing to be bound by theory, the actual structure can instead be some hybrid or weighted average of two or more canonical forms, known collectively as resonance forms or structures.
  • Resonance structures are not discrete chemical entities and exist only on paper. They differ from one another only in the placement or "localization" of the bonding and nonbonding electrons for a particular chemical entity. It can be possible for one resonance structure to contribute to a greater extent to the hybrid than the others.
  • the written and graphical descriptions of the embodiments of the present invention are made in terms of what the art recognizes as the predominant resonance form for a particular species.
  • the compounds described herein can be synthesized according to methods described herein and/or conventional, organic chemical synthesis methods from commercially available starting materials and reagents.
  • the compounds described herein can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization.
  • a method such as column chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization.
  • further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the formulae herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds.
  • Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R.
  • the cinnoline compounds described herein can generally be prepared as delineated in Schemes 1-7.
  • cinnoline compounds having alkyl groups e.g., Cl to C3 alkyl
  • R 1 in formula (I) can be prepared, e.g., according to Scheme 1.
  • Compound 1 can be converted to the N-methyl, N-methoxy amide 2 ("Weinreb amide") under conventional amidation conditions.
  • Reaction of the amide 2 with a lithio or Grignard reagent of formula R 2 Li or R 2 MgBr at low temperature can provide the ketone 3.
  • Conversion of the ketone 3 into the aniline 4 can be accomplished with ammonium hydroxide at elevated temperature.
  • the hydrazine compound 7 can be condensed with l,2-diaryl-ethane-l,2-dione using conventional procedures to give hydrazone 8.
  • Acid-mediated (e.g., H 2 SO 4 ) cyclization of the hydrazone 8 can provide cinnoline 9.
  • the cinnoline compounds of formula (I) can also be prepared according to Scheme 3.
  • the 4-hydroxy cinnoline 12 can be synthesized in two steps by Friedel-Crafts acylation of the aniline 10 followed by ring closure under the diazotisation conditions. Conversion to 13 can be effected with conventional halogenating agents, e.g., POBr 3 or SOCl 2 . Reaction of 13 with a boronic acid reagent of formula R 2 B(OH) 2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst can provide 14.
  • cinnoline compounds having an amino-substituted aryl group as the substituent corresponding to R 2 in formula (I) can be prepared according to Scheme 4.
  • compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to Scheme 5.
  • Treatment of the free amine 17, wherein j is 0 ⁇ 3, with an aldehyde (A- CHO) and a reducing agent such as NaBH(OAc) 3 can result in the secondary amine 18.
  • compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to Scheme 6. Alkylation of the hydroxy group of 19 with an alkylating agent (e.g., A-X') using potassium carbonate as the base can provide the alkylated compound 20 (j is 0-3). Alternatively, if j is 1 or more and A-OH is a phenol or substituted phenol, or, j is 0 and A-OH is an alcohol where the OH is connected to an sp3 hybridized carbon, then the alcohol of formula 19 and the A-OH can be reacted with triphenylphosphine (PPh 3 ) and diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD) to form the ether of formula 20. If the A group of the compound of formula (I) contains a carboxylic acid ester moiety this moiety can be transformed to the carboxylic acid upon treatment with aqueous lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxide in a suitable organic solvent.
  • an alkylating agent e.g., A-X'
  • the cinnoline compounds of formula (I) can also be prepared according to Scheme 7.
  • the 4-hydroxy cinnoline 23 can be synthesized in two steps by Grignard reagent addition to the amide 21 followed by ring closure under the diazotisation conditions.
  • Conversion to 24 can be effected with conventional halogenating agents, e.g., POBr 3 or SOCl 2 .
  • Reaction of 24 with a boronic acid reagent of formula R 2 B(OH) 2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst can provide 25.
  • the compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers and diastereomeric mixtures. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention.
  • the compounds of this invention may also contain linkages (e.g., carbon-carbon bonds, carbon-nitrogen bonds such as amide bonds) wherein bond rotation is restricted about that particular linkage, e.g. restriction resulting from the presence of a ring or double bond. Accordingly, all cis/trans and E/Z isomers and rotational isomers are expressly included in the present invention.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein, even though only a single tautomeric form may be represented (e.g., alkylation of a ring system may result in alkylation at multiple sites, the invention expressly includes all such reaction products). All such isomeric forms of such compounds are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms of the compounds described herein are expressly included in the present invention.
  • the compounds of this invention include the compounds themselves, as well as their salts and their prodrugs, if applicable.
  • a salt for example, can be formed between an anion and a positively charged substituent (e.g., amino) on a compound described herein. Suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, and acetate.
  • a salt can also be formed between a cation and a negatively charged substituent (e.g., carboxylate) on a compound described herein.
  • Suitable cations include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion.
  • prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, which, upon administration to a subject, are capable of providing active compounds.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • Suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphfhalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3- phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate,
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N-(alkyl) 4 salts.
  • alkali metal e.g., sodium
  • alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
  • ammonium e.g., ammonium
  • N-(alkyl) 4 salts e.g., ammonium
  • This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization.
  • Salt forms of the compounds of any of the formulae herein can be amino acid salts of carboxy groups (e.g. L-arginine, -lysine, -histidine salts).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant refers to a carrier or adjuvant that may be administered to a subject (e.g., a patient), together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof and is nontoxic when administered in doses sufficient to deliver a therapeutic amount of the compound.
  • compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d- ⁇ -toco ⁇ herol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-pol
  • Cyclodextrins such as ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives may also be advantageously used to enhance delivery of compounds of the formulae described herein.
  • the compounds described herein can be used for treating, controlling, ameliorating, preventing, delaying the onset of, or reducing the risk of developing one or more diseases, disorders, conditions or symptoms mediated by LXRs (e.g., cardiovascular diseases (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis), atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic lesions, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, Syndrome X, obesity, lipid disorders (e.g., dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL), cognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, dementia), inflammatory diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear, chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall), celiac, or thyroiditis)).
  • cardiovascular diseases e.g., acute
  • a disorder or physiological condition that is mediated by LXR refers to a disorder or condition wherein LXR can trigger the onset of the condition, or where inhibition of a particular LXR can affect signaling in such a way so as to treat, control, ameliorate, prevent, delay the onset of, or reduce the risk of developing the disorder or condition.
  • cardiovascular diseases e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis
  • atherosclerosis atherosclerotic lesions
  • type I diabetes type II diabetes
  • Syndrome X obesity
  • lipid disorders e.g., dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL
  • cognitive disorders e.g., Alzheimer's disease, dementia
  • inflammatory diseases e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear, chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall), celiac, or thyroiditis).
  • LXR modulators that activate cholesterol efflux e.g., upregulate ABCAl
  • SREBP-Ic can be evaluated using conventional pharmacological test procedures, which measure the affinity of a candidate compound to bind to LXR and to upregulate the gene ABCAl.
  • LXR ligands can be identified initially in cell-free LXR beta and LXR alpha competition binding assays. LXR ligands can be further characterized by gene expression profiling for tissue selective gene regulation.
  • the compounds described herein have agonist activity for ABCAl transactivation but do not substantially affect (e.g., inhibit) SREBP-Ic gene expression in differentiated THP-I macrophages. Gene expression analysis in an antagonist mode can be used to further delineate differential regulation of ABCAl and SREBP-Ic gene expression.
  • the compounds described herein preferentially antagonize SREBP-Ic activation (a marker for genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis) but do not substantially affect (e.g., have relatively minimal or additive effects) on ABCAl gene expression or genes known to enhance HDL biogenesis (based on a competition assay with known potent synthetic LXR agonists).
  • Cell type or tissue specificity may be further evaluated in additional cell lines, intestinal, CaCo2 or liver, HepG2 and Huh-7 cells where ABCAl activity is believed to influence net cholesterol absorption and reverse cholesterol transport.
  • additional cell lines intestinal, CaCo2 or liver, HepG2 and Huh-7 cells where ABCAl activity is believed to influence net cholesterol absorption and reverse cholesterol transport.
  • the compounds described herein have agonist activity for ABCAl and antagonist activity for SREBP-Ic (e.g., as determined by gene specific modulation in cell based assays).
  • the compounds described herein (in the agonist mode) have at least about 20% efficacy for ABCAl activation by LXR and do not substantially agonize SREBP-Ic (at most about 25% efficacy relative to a reference compound N-(2,2,2 ⁇ trifluoro-ethyl)-N-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l -hydroxy- 1- trifluoromethyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide (Schultz, Joshua R., Genes & Development (2000), 14(22), 2831-2838)).
  • the compounds described herein (in the antagonist mode) do not substantially antagonize ABCAl gene expression. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that there may be an additive effect on ABCAl gene expression relative to the reference compound at their EC50 concentration. In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein (in the antagonist mode) inhibited agonist-mediated SREBP-Ic gene expression in a dose dependent fashion.
  • the compounds described herein can be coadministered with one or more other threapeutic agents.
  • the additional agents may be administered separately, as part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this invention (e.g., sequentially, e.g., on different overlapping schedules with the administration of one or more compounds of formula (I), (V) or(VI)).
  • these agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the compounds of this invention in a single composition.
  • these agents can be given as a separate dose that is administered at about the same time that one or more compounds of formula (I), (V) or(VI) are administered (e.g., simultaneously with the administration of one or more compounds of formula (I), (V) or(VI)).
  • compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of the formulae described herein and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.
  • the compounds and compositions described herein can, for example, be administered orally, parenterally (e.g., subcutaneously, intracutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraarticularly, intraarterially, intrasynovially, intrasternally, intrathecally, intralesionally and by intracranial injection or infusion techniques), by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally, via an implanted reservoir, by injection, subdermally, intraperitoneally, transmucosally, or in an ophthalmic preparation, with a dosage ranging from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 1000 mg/Kg, (e.g., from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.1 to about 100 mg/Kg, from about 1 to about 100 mg/Kg, from about 1 to about 10 mg/kg) every 4 to 120 hours, or according to the requirements of the particular drug.
  • parenterally e.g., subcutaneously, intracutaneously, intraven
  • compositions are administered by oral administration or administration by injection.
  • the methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of compound or compound composition to achieve the desired or stated effect.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about 6 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy.
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
  • a typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w).
  • such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.
  • Lower or higher doses than those recited above may be required.
  • Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health status, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the disease, condition or symptoms, the patient's disposition to the disease, condition or symptoms, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.
  • the compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles.
  • the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form.
  • compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
  • This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non- toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3- butanediol.
  • suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms such as emulsions and or suspensions.
  • compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions and solutions.
  • carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
  • Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
  • the active ingredient When aqueous suspensions and/or emulsions are administered orally, the active ingredient may be suspended or dissolved in an oily phase is combined with emulsifying and/or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be added.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
  • These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • Topical administration of the compositions of this invention is useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application.
  • the composition For application topically to the skin, the composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier.
  • Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
  • the composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier with suitable emulsifying agents.
  • suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2- octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
  • the compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation.
  • Topically-transdermal patches are also included in this invention. Also within the invention is a patch to deliver active chemotherapeutic combinations herein.
  • a patch includes a material layer (e.g., polymeric, cloth, gauze, bandage) and the compound of the formulae herein as delineated herein. One side of the material layer can have a protective layer adhered to it to resist passage of the compounds or compositions.
  • the patch can additionally include an adhesive to hold the patch in place on a subject.
  • An adhesive is a composition, including those of either natural or synthetic origin, that when contacted with the skin of a subject, temporarily adheres to the skin. It can be water resistant. The adhesive can be placed on the patch to hold it in contact with the skin of the subject for an extended period of time.
  • the adhesive can be made of a tackiness, or adhesive strength, such that it holds the device in place subject to incidental contact, however, upon an affirmative act (e.g., ripping, peeling, or other intentional removal) the adhesive gives way to the external pressure placed on the device or the adhesive itself, and allows for breaking of the adhesion contact.
  • the adhesive can be pressure sensitive, that is, it can allow for positioning of the adhesive (and the device to be adhered to the skin) against the skin by the application of pressure (e.g., pushing, rubbing,) on the adhesive or device.
  • compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
  • Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and maybe prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
  • a composition having the compound of the formulae herein and an additional agent can be administered using any of the routes of administration described herein.
  • a composition having the compound of the formulae herein and an additional agent can be administered using an implantable device.
  • Implantable devices and related technology are known in the art and are useful as delivery systems where a continuous, or timed-release delivery of compounds or compositions delineated herein is desired. Additionally, the implantable device delivery system is useful for targeting specific points of compound or composition delivery (e.g., localized sites, organs). Negrin et al., Biomaterials, 22(6):563 (2001). Timed-release technology involving alternate delivery methods can also be used in this invention. For example, timed-release formulations based on polymer technologies, sustained-release techniques and encapsulation techniques (e.g., polymeric, liposomal) can also be used for delivery of the compounds and compositions delineated herein.
  • Representative compounds of this invention were evaluated in standard pharmacological test procedures which measured their affinity to bind to LXR and to upregulate the gene ABCAl, which causes cholesterol efflux from atherogenic cells, such as macrophages.
  • LXR activation can be critical for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis, but its coincident regulation of fatty acid metabolism may lead to increased serum and hepatic triglyceride levels.
  • Selective LXR modulators that activate cholesterol efflux with minimal impact on SREBP-Ic expression and triglyceride synthesis in liver would be expected to reduce atherosclerotic risk with an improved therapeutic index and minimize the potential for deleterious effects on metabolic balance.
  • a method is described herein for identifying selective LXR ligands with differential activity for regulating ABCAl (ABCGl) vs. SREBP-Ic.
  • LXR ligands were identified initially in cell-free LXR beta and LXR alpha competition binding assays. LXR ligands were further characterized by gene expression profiling for tissue selective gene regulation. Selective LXR modulators demonstrate agonist activity for ABCAl transactivation but exhibit no effect or inhibition of SREBP-Ic gene expression in differentiated THP-I macrophages. Gene expression analysis in an antagonist mode was used to further delineate differential regulation of ABCAl and SREBP-Ic gene expression.
  • selective LXR ligands preferentially antagonize SREBP-Ic activation (a marker for genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis) but have minimal or additive effects on ABCAl gene expression or genes known to enhance HDL biogenesis.
  • Cell type or tissue specificity may be further evaluated in additional cell lines, intestinal, CaCo2 or liver, HepG2 and Huh-7 cells where ABCAl activity influences net cholesterol absorption and reverse cholesterol transport.
  • Buffer 10OmM KCl, 10OmM TRIS (pH 7.4 at +4°C), 8.6%glycerol, O.lmM PMSF*,
  • Receptor source E.coli extract from cells expressing biotinylated hLXR ⁇ . Extract was made in a similar buffer as above, but with 5OmM TRIS.
  • Washed streptavidin and coated flash plates with wash buffer Washed streptavidin and coated flash plates with wash buffer.
  • Diluted receptor extract to give Bmax ⁇ 4000 cpm and add to the wells.
  • Representative compounds of this invention had activity (IC50 values) in the LXR ⁇ ligand binding assay in the range between 0.001 to 20 uM.
  • the THP-I monocytic cell line (ATCC # TIB-202) was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco, Carlsbad, Ca) containing 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 55 uM beta-Mercaptoethanol (BME). Cells were plated in 96-well format at a density of 7.5 X 10 4 in complete medium containing 50-100 ng/ml phorbal 12,13-dibutyrate (Sigma, St.Louis, Mo) for three days to induce differentiation into adherent macrophages.
  • RPMI 1640 medium Gibco, Carlsbad, Ca
  • BME beta-Mercaptoethanol
  • THP-I cells were treated with test compounds or ligands dissolved in DMSO (Sigma, D-8779) in culture medium lacking phorbal ester. Final concentrations of DMSO did not exceed 0.3% of the media volume. Dose response effects were measured in duplicate, in the range of 0.001 to 30 micromolar concentrations and treated cells were incubated for an additional 18 lirs prior to RNA isolation. Unstimulated cells treated with vehicle were included as negative controls on each plate.
  • RNA isolation and quantitation Total cellular RNA was isolated from treated cells cultured in 96-well plates using PrepStation 6100 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Ca), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. RNA was resuspended in ribonuclease-free water and stored at -7O 0 C prior to analysis. RNA concentrations were quantitated with RiboGreen test procedure, #R-11490 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR).
  • Gene expression analysis Gene-specific mRNA quantitation was performed by realtime PCR with the Perkin Elmer Corp. chemistry on an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples (50-100 ng) of total RNA were assayed in duplicate or triplicate in 50 ul reactions using one-step RT-PCR and the standard curve method to estimate specific mRNA concentrations. Sequences of gene-specific primer and probe sets were designed with Primer Express Software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The human ABCAl primer and probe sequences are: forward,
  • ABCAl mRNA are normalized using GAPDH mRNA or 18S rRNA probe/primer sets purchased commercially (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).
  • Representative compounds of this invention were shown upregulate the transcription of the ABCAl gene in THP-I cells (EC50 value) in range between 0.01 to 15 uM with efficacy values in the range of 20 to 250% when compared to the efficacy shown by 1.0 uM of the reference standard.
  • the compounds of formula (II) effect on the regulation of the SREBP-Ic gene was evaluated using the same procedure as described for ABCAl however, a primer and probe set specific for human SREBP-Ic was substituted in gene expression analysis.
  • the human SREBP-Ic primer and probe sequences are: forward, AGGGCGGGCGCAGAT, reverse, GGTTGTTGATAAGCTGAAGCATGT, and probe, 6F AM-TCGAAAGTGCAATCCATGGCTCCG-TAMRA.
  • the compounds of this invention can be useful in treating or inhibiting LXR mediated diseases.
  • the compounds of this invention can be useful in the treatment and inhibition of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic lesions, lowering LDL cholesterol levels, increasing HDL cholesterol levels, increasing reverse cholesterol transport, inhibiting cholesterol absorption, treatment or inhibition of Alzheimer's disease, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute coronary syndrome, restenosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, endometriosis, celiac, and thyroiditis.
  • IBD inflammatory bowel disease
  • Crohn's disease endometriosis
  • celiac and thyroiditis.
  • Step 1 A suspension of (2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (0.5 g, 1.87 mmol) in 10 ml of ammonium hydroxide (28%) was sealed in a heavy- welled Pyrex tube. The sealed tube was heated at 140 0 C overnight. The reaction was poured into water/saturated ammonium chloride solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated to give (2-amino-3- trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone as an oil (0.45 g, 90%). MS ESI QnIz) 266
  • Step 2 (2-Amino-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (0.26 g, 1.0 mmol) was taken into diethyl ether (20 mL) and phenyl ethyl magnesium chloride (1.5 mL, 1.5 mmol mmol, 1.0 M solution in diethyl ether) was added dropwise and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was poured into water/saturated ammonium chloride solution and extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organics was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated.
  • Step 3 2-(l,3-Diphenyl-propenyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-phenylamine (0.08 g, 0.23 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of acetic acid, 4 mL of cone, hydrochloric acid in an ice bath. The mixture was treated with 2.5 % of sodium nitrate in water. After addition the reaction was heated to ⁇ 40 0 C for 20 min, basified with ammonium hydroxide, and extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organics was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated.
  • the material was purified by semi-preparative HPLC (Column: Phenomenex C18 Luna 21.6 mm x 60 mm, 5 ⁇ M; Solvent A: Water (0.1% TFA buffer); Solvent B: Acetonitrile (0.1 % TFA buffer); Solvent Gradient: Time 0: 0% B; 10 min: 100% B; Hold 100% B 5 min. Flow Rate: 22.5 mL/min). The product was collected based on UV absorption and concentrated to give the title compound as a brown solid. MS (ESI) m/z 365.
  • Step 1 A mixture of 2-methylphenyl hydrazine hydrochloride (0.79 g, 5.0 mmol) and l,2-diphenyl-ethane-l,2-dione (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in 20 mL of glacial acetic acid was refluxed for 30 min. The reaction was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated to give 1.6 gram of l,2-diphenylethane-l,2-dione (2-methylphenyl)-hydrazone as an orange solid. MS (ESI) m/z 315 ([M+H] + );
  • Step 2 l,2-Diphenylethane-l,2-dione (2-methylphenyl)-hydrazone (0.50 g, 1.59 mmol) was dissolved in 70% of sulfuric acid (10 mL) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was poured into iced water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. The material was purified via column chromatography using 5 -100% ethyl actetate in hexane as the eluent to yield 0.025 g of the title compound as an orange solid. MS (ESI) m/z 297([M+H] + ); HRMS (ESI, [M+H] + ) 297.1406.
  • Step 1 1,2-Diphenyl ethane- 1,2-dione [2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]hydrazone was prepared from 2-trifluoromethylphenyl hydrazine and 1,2-diphenyl-ethane- 1,2-dione according to the procedure of Step 1 Example 2. MS (ESI) m/z 369; MS (ESI) m/z 367; Step 2: The title compound was prepared from 1,2-diphenyl ethane- 1,2-dione [2- (trifluorornethyl)phenyl]hydrazone according to the procedure of Step 2 Example 2. MS (ESI) m/z 351.
  • Step 1 l,2-Diphenylethane-l,2-dione (2-bromophenyl)hydrazone was prepared from 2- bromophenyl hydrazine and l,2-diphenyl-ethane-l,2-dione according to the procedure of Step 1 Example 2. MS m/z 379;
  • Step 2 The title compound was prepared from 1,2-diphenyl ethane- 1,2-dione (2- bromophenyl)hydrazone according to the procedure of Step 2 Example 2.
  • Step 1 1 ,2-Diphenylethane- 1,2-dione (2-chlorophenyl)hydrazone was prepared from 2-chlorophenyl hydrazine and 1 ,2-diphenyl-ethane- 1,2-dione according to the procedure of Step 1 Example 2. MS m/z 335;
  • Step 2 The title compound was prepared from 1,2-diphenyl ethane- 1,2-dione (2- chlorophenyl)hydrazone according to the procedure of Step 2 Example 2. MS m/z 317; HRMS (ESI, [M+H] + ) 317.0833.
  • Step 1 2-Methyl phenylaniline (2.39 g, 23 mmol) in 25 mL of 1 ,2-dichloroethane was added dropwise to a solution of 25.3 mL (25.3 mmol) OfBCl 3 in xylene at 0 ⁇ 5 ° C. 5.38 g (46 mmol) of benzyl cyanide and 3.37 g (25.3 mmol) OfAlCl 3 were added to the suspension, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ° C for 20 hours and cooled to 0 ° C; 2 N HCl was added to the mixture. The mixture was then refluxed for 30 min at 80 0 C and extracted with dichloromethane.
  • Step 2 A solution of sodium nitrite (0.20 g, 2.8 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) was added dropwise, to a solution of l-(2-amino-3-methylphenyl)-2-phenylethanone (0.42 g, 1.9 mmol) in acetic acid (9 mL) and sulfuric acid (1.5 mL). After the solution was stirred for 20 min at 80 * C, the solution was poured into iced water. After the pH was adjusted to 6 with 2 N sodium hydroxide. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated.
  • Step 3 2 Drops of DMF was added to a suspension of 8-methyl-3 -phenyl cinnolin-4-ol (60 mg) in SOCl 2 (10 mL) and the reaction was refluxed for 0.5 hours. The reaction was concentrated, dilute with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated to give crude 4-chloro-8-methyl-3-phenyl- cinnoline which was used for the next reaction without further purification. MS (ESI) m/z 255, 257;
  • Step 4 Crude 4-chloro-8-methyl-3-phenyl-cinnoline was taken into DME/EtOH (5 mL/1 mL). Then 3-aminophenylboronic acid (0.078 g, 0.5 mmol) was added followed by 2 M Na 2 CO 3 (0.5 mL, 1.0 mmol) and finally Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (0.06 g, 0.05 mmol). The reaction was refluxed for 2 hours. The solvent was removed and the resulting material was purified via column chromatography using 5 ⁇ 50% ethyl acetate in hexane to elute out 0.03 g of 3-(8-methyl-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylamine. MS (ESI) m/z 312 ([M+H] + );
  • Step 5 3-(8-Methyl-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylamine (0.031 g, 0.1 mmol) and (4- formyl-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (0.07 g, 0.4 mmol) were mixed in DMF (4 mL) and then treated with NaBH(OAc)3 (0.43 g, 2.0 mml) and acetic acid (0.4 mL). After stirring at 40 0 C for 4 hours the mixture was quenched with water and then extracted with ethyl acetate.
  • Step 1 l-(2-Amino-3-chlorophenyl)-2-phenylethanone was prepared from 2- chlorophenylaniline and benzyl cyanide according to the procedure of Step 1 Example
  • Step 2 8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-ol was prepared from l-(2-amino-3- chlorophenyl)-2-phenylethanone according to the procedure of Step 2 Example 6. MS m/z 257, 259 [M+H] + ;
  • Step 3 A solution of 8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-ol (2.40 g, 9.3 mol) and POBr 3 (10.0 g, 35 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) was heated to 50 0 C for 2 hours. The reaction was poured into ice-water, adjusted to pH to ⁇ 10 by diluted ammonium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics were concentrated to yield 4- bromo-8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnoline (1.40 g) as a pale yellow solid. MS m/z 321, 323
  • Step 4 The title compound was prepared from 4-bromo-8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnoline according to the procedure of Step 4 Example 6 as a pale yellow solid. MS m/z 332,
  • Phenyl isocyanate (0.075g, 0.63 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 3-(8-chloro- 3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-plienylamine (0.025 g, 0.076 mmol) in 5 mL of ACN at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using 5-50% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent to provide 0.025g of the title compound as a gray solid.
  • HRMS (ESI, [M+H] + ) 451.1310.
  • Example 13 3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenol Step 1: 8-Chloro-3 -methyl cinnolin-4-ol was prepared from 2-chloroaniline and propionitrile according to the procedures of Step 1 Example 6 and Step 2 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 195.0;
  • Step 2 4-Bromo-8-chloro-3 -methyl cinnoline was prepared from 8-chloro-3- methylcinnolin-4-ol according the procedure of step 3 Example 7.
  • Step 3 The title compound was prepared from 4-bromo-8-chloro-3- methylcinnoline according to the procedure of Step 4 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 268.9; HRMS (ESI 5 [M+H] + ) 271.0631.
  • Step 1 3-(4-Carboxymethyl-benzylsulfanyl)-phenylboronic acid was prepared from 3-mercaptophenylboronic acid and 4-bromomethylphenyl acetic acid according to the procedure of Example 12;
  • Step 2 The title compound was prepared from 3-(4-carboxymethyl- benzylsulfanyl)-phenylboronic acid and 4-bromo-8-chloro-3-methylcinnoline according to the procedure of Step 4 Example 6. MS (ESI) m/z 435; HRMS (ESI, [M+H] + 435.0924.
  • Example 46 [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcmnolm-4-yl)phenyl][(l-methyl-lJy-mdol-7-yl)methyl] amine
  • the title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 1 -methyl- lH-indole-7-carbaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6.
  • Step 1 3-[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-benzoic acid methyl ester was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol and 3- bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester according to the procedure of Example 14. MS (ES) m/z 480.8;
  • Step 2 A solution of trimethylaluminum (2 M solution in dichloromethane, 0.5 M) was added to a solution of morpholine (0.1 g) in 5 mL of toluene at room temperature. After 30 minutes 3-[3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenoxymethyl] -benzoic acid methyl ester (50 mg) in 2 mL of toluene was added and the solution was heated to 60 0 C for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with diluted HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO 4 ), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by semi-preparative HPLC. MS (ES) m/z 536.2.
  • Step 1 To a cooled (O 0 C) solution of 2-fluoro-N-methoxy-N-methyl-3- trifluoromethyl-benzamide(5.0g, 20 mmol) in THF (50ml) was added phenethyl magnesium chloride ( 50ml of 1.0M in THF) and the reaction was warmed to r.t. After 2hr, the reaction was poured into 2N HCl and extracted with ether.
  • Step 2 A solution of l-(2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-phenyl-propan-l- one (4.8g, 16.2 mmol) and ammonium hydroxide (150ml of 30% solution) in DME (50 ml) was heated to 140 0 C in a steel pressure reactor. After 3 hr, the reaction was cooled to O 0 C, the steel pressure reactor was opened and the reaction was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic layer was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to give l-(2- amino-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-phenyl-propan-l-one as a yellow oil (4.3g). MS (ES) m/z 293.9.
  • Step 3 To a solution of l-(2-amino-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-phenyl-propan- 1-one (4.2g, 13.8 mmol) in AcOH (70 ml) and H 2 SO 4 (10ml) was added a solution of NaNO 2 (1.8g in 10ml H 2 O). The reaction was then heated to 7O 0 C. After 1.5 hr, the reaction was cooled, poured into water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to give 3-benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-ol
  • Step 4 A solution of 3-benzyl-8-trifiuoromethyl-cinnolin-4-ol (1.6g, 4.4 mmol) and POBr 3 (2.5 g, 8.7mmol) in DMF ( 30 ml) was heated to 75 0 C. After lhr, the reaction was cooled and poured into water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc which was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated to give a solid. The solid was triturated with MeOH and filtered to give 3 -benzyl -4-bromo-8-trifluoromethyl- cinnoline (1.7g). MS (ES) m/z 366.7.
  • Step 5 A solution of 3-benzyl-4-bromo-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline (1.7g, 4.6 mmol) and 3-hydroxyphenylboronic acid (0.84g, 6.0mmol) and Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (300mg) and K 3 PO 4 (3.0g) in dioxane (50ml) was heated to reflux. After 6 hr, the reaction was cooled and poured into water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was concentrated and the product purified by colum chromatography (eluent 10% EtOAc/Hexane) to give a solid 1.3g. MS (ES) m/z 381.1.
  • the title compound was made in by stirring 3-(8-trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl) ⁇ benzaldehyde (0.15g, 0.5mmol), (4-amino-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-acetic acid (0.15g, 0.8mmol) and NaHB(OAc) 3 (0.5g) in DMF/AcOH at r.t. After 24hr, the reaction was poured in water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated and the product was purified by HPLC to give a yellow solid (80mg). MS (ESI) m/z 464.

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Abstract

This invention relates to cinnoline-based modulators of Liver X receptors (LXRs) of formula (I) wherein R2 is a ring containing residue, particularly a phenyl residue. These compounds are useful in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Description

CINNOLINE COMPOUNDS AND THEIR USE AS LIVER X RECEPTOR MODULATORS
This invention relates generally to cinnoline-based modulators of Liver X receptors (LXRs) and related methods, to processes for preparing them and pharmaceutical compositions containing them.
BACKGROUND
Atherosclerosis is among the leading causes of death in developed countries. Some of the independent risk factors associated with atherosclerosis include the presence of relatively high levels of serum LDL cholesterol and relatively low levels of serum HDL cholesterol in affected patients. As such, some anti-atherosclerotic therapy regimens include the administration of agents (e.g., statins) to reduce elevated serum LDL cholesterol levels.
Agents that increase patient HDL cholesterol levels can also be useful in anti- atherosclerotic therapy regimens. HDL cholesterol is believed to play a major role in the transport of cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for metabolism and excretion (this process is sometimes referred to as "reverse cholesterol transport"). ABCAl is a transporter gene involved in HDL production and reverse cholesterol transport. Upregulation of ABCAl can therefore result in increased reverse cholesterol transport as well as inhibition of cholesterol absorption in the gut. In addition, HDL is also believed to inhibit the oxidation of LDL cholesterol, reduce the inflammatory response of endothelial cells, inhibit the coagulation pathway, and promote the availability of nitric oxide.
Liver X receptors (LXRs), originally identified in the liver as orphan receptors, are members of the nuclear hormone receptor super family and are believed to be involved in the regulation of cholesterol and lipid metabolism. LXRs are ligand- activated transcription factors and bind to DNA as obligate heterodimers with retinoid X receptors. While LXRα is generally found in tissues such as liver, kidney, adipose tissue, intestine and macrophages, LXRβ displays a ubiquitous tissue distribution pattern. Activation of LXRs by oxysterols (endogenous ligands) in macrophages results in the expression of several genes involved in lipid metabolism and reverse cholesterol transport including the aforementioned ABCAl ; ABCGl ; and ApoE. Studies have been conducted in LXRα knock-out (k/o), LXRβ k/o and double k/o mice to determine the physiological role of LXRs in lipid homeostasis and atherosclerosis. The data from these studies suggested that in double k/o mice on normal chow diet, increased cholesterol accumulation was observed in macrophages (foam cells) of the spleen, lung and arterial wall. The increased cholesterol accumulation was believed to be associated with the presence of reduced serum HDL cholesterol and increased LDL cholesterol, even though the total cholesterol levels in the mice were about normal. While LXRα k/o mice did not appear to show significant changes in hepatic gene expression, LXRβ k/o mice showed 58% decrease in hepatic ABCAl expression and 208% increase in SREBPIc expression suggesting that LXRβ may be involved in the regulation of liver SREBPIc expression.
Data obtained from studies employing two different atherosclerotic mouse models (ApoE k/o and LDLR k/o) suggest that agonists of LXRα or β can be relatively effective in upregulating ABCAl expression in macrophages. For example, inhibition of atherosclerotic lesions could be observed when ApoE k/o and LDLR k/o mice were treated with LXRα or β agonists for 12 weeks. The tested agonists were observed to have variable effects on serum cholesterol and lipoprotein levels and appeared to cause a relatively significant increase in serum HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. These in vivo data were found to be consistent with in vitro data obtained for the same agonists in macrophages.
In addition to the lipid and triglyceride effects described above, it is also believed that activation of LXRs results in the inhibition of inflammation and proinflammatory gene expression. This hypothesis is based on data obtained from studies employing three different models of inflammation (LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear and chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall). These data suggest that LXR modulators can mediate both the removal of cholesterol from the macrophages and the inhibition of vascular inflammation.
SUMMARY
This invention relates generally to cinnoline-based modulators of LXRs and related methods and compositions.
In one aspect, this invention relates to compounds having formula (I):
Figure imgf000004_0001
(I) in which:
R1 can be: (i) hydrogen; or
(ii) C1-C20 alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from l-10 Ra; or
(iii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iv) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(v) C2-C2O alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000004_0002
(vi) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or
(vii) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; or
(viii) -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; - SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR^(O)R1; -NR3C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR1S(O)nR1; -C(NR1")^; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); R2 can be:
(i) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (ii) C7-C2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (iii) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or
(iv) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; each of R3, R4, R5, and R6 can be, independently: (i) hydrogen, halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido, hydroxy; C1-C2O alkoxy or Cj-C2O haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C20 cycloalkoxy or C3-C2O halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy or C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-Cj8 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C20 thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C20 thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; cyano; formyl; Cj-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R'; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRjC(O)R!; -NRjC(O)OR!; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR1S(O)nR*; -C(NR"1)^; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); or
(ii) C1-C20 alkyl or Cj-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000005_0001
(iii) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or (iv) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; or (v) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rd; or
(vi) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rα; or (vii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb;
Ra at each occurrence can be, independently NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 alkoxy; C1-C20 haloalkoxy; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy; C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy; C1-C2O thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 - 10 Rb; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6- 20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R°; C3-C16 thiocycloalkoxy; C3-C16 thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRsRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, - C(O)OR'; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; - NR3C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR-1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or - P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
Rb at each occurrence can be, independently: (i) halo; NRsRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; C1-C20 alkoxy or C1-C20 haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb or Rb ; C7-C2O aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy or C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy or C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-CiS thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R0; C3-C16 thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C16 thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; cyano; formyl; Ci-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NR8Rh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; -N^C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NRm)R;; or -P(O)(ORε)(ORh); or
(ii) C1-C20 alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or
(iii) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000007_0001
(iv) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000007_0002
(v) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000007_0003
(vi) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(vii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ;
Rb> at each occurrence can be, independently, halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; C1-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 haloalkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl; C2-C20 alkynyl; C3-C20 cycloalkyl; C3-C20 halocycloalkyl; C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms; C7-C20 aralkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C1-C20 alkoxy; C1-C20 haloalkoxy; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy or C3-Ci6 halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; Ci-C20 thioalkoxy or C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C16 thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; - C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R', -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; - C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NRjC(O)ORf; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; - NR1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
Rc at each occurrence can be, independently:
(i) halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; Ci-C20 alkoxy or Ci- C20 haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc or Rc>; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy or C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy or Ci-C20 thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C16 thiocycloalkoxy or C3-Cj6 thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; cyano; formyl; CpC3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NRJC(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh);or
(ii) C1-C2O alkyl or Ci-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or
(iii) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000008_0001
(iv) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from l-10 Rf; or (v) C2-C2O alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rd; or
(vi) C7-C2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc or R° ; or (vii) C6-C]8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb;
Rd at each occurrence can be, independently, halo, NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 alkoxy; C1-C20 haloalkoxy; C6-CjS aryloxy; heteroaryl oxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C2O aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy; C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy; C1-C2Q thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 thiocycloalkoxy; C^-C^ thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; - C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR*; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; - C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR-1C(O)R1; -NR3C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRsRh; -S(O)nRk; - NR3S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
R0' can be oxo; thioxo; =NRm; or Rb>; Re at each occurrence can be, independently:
(i) NR8Rh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 alkoxy; C1-C20 haloalkoxy; C6-C18 aryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-Ci6 cycloalkoxy; C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy; C3- C20 cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy; Ci-C20 thiohaloalkoxy; C6-Ci8 thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 thiocycloalkoxy; C3-C16 thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R*; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R*; -NR-1C(O)R1'; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR^(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); or
(ii) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C2O alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rd; or (iii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb;
Rf at each occurrence can be, independently:
(i) halo, NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C2O alkoxy; C1- C2O haloalkoxy; C6-Ci8 aryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C2O aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-Cj6 cycloalkoxy; C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy; C3- C20 cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; C1-C2O thioalkoxy; C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy; C6-CiS thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 thiocycloalkoxy; C3-Cj6 thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; C]-Cj alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR3C(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); or (ii) C2-C2O alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or
(iii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; each of Rε, Rh, RJ, and R", at each occurrence can be, independently: (i) hydrogen; or
(ii) CrC20 alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra;
(iii) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rd; or (iv) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or (v) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000011_0001
(vi) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R0; or
(vii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb;
Rk can be R\ OR1, or NRgRh;
Rm can be hydrogen; C1-Cj2 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; C2-C20 alkenyl; C2-C20 alkynyl; C7-C20 aralkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C20 cycloalkyl; C3-C20 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms; C6-C18 aryl; heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms; NRεRh, or OR1; and n can be 0, 1 or 2; a compound of formula (I) can be a salt or a prodrug thereof (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof).
In another aspect, this invention relates to compounds having formula (V):
Figure imgf000012_0001
(V) in which R1, R3, R4, R5, and R6 can be as defined elsewhere, and B is:
(i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; C1-C20 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; - NR^(O)R1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or
(ii) C1-C20 alkyl or C1-C2O haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or
(iii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb>; (iv) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(v) hydrogen; in which Rb and Rc can be as defined elsewhere; a compound of formula (V) can be a salt or prodrug thereof (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug). Embodiments can include one more of the following features. R1 can be:
(ii) C1-C20 alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or
(iii) C6-Ci8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 - 10 Rb; or
(iv) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(viii) -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; - SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; -NRJC(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NRm)Rj; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh). R1 can be:
(ii) Ci-C10 alkyl or C1-CiO haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000013_0001
(iii) C6-CiO aryl or heteroaryl including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb; or
(iv) C7-Ci6 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or
(viii) -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; - SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NRJC(O)OR1; -NRjC(0)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh). R1 can be:
(ii) Ci-C20 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or (iii) C6-C18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iv) C7-C20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (viii) -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -
SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NRJC(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NR1^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh). R1 can be:
(ii) C1-Ci0 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or (iii) C6-CiO aryl optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb; or
(iv) C7-Ci6 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or (viii) -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; - SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -N^C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRεRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(OR8)(ORh).
R1 can be CrC2o alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra (e.g., Ci-C]0 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; C1-C6 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; or CpC3 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra). R1 can be CH3.
R1 can be C6-Ci8 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb (e.g., C6-C1O aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb; phenyl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rb). Rb at each occurrence can be, independently, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, Ci-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, halo, NO2, NRgRh, or cyano. Rb at each occurrence can be, independently, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl, C1-C3 alkoxy, C1-C3 haloalkoxy, halo, NO2, NH2, or cyano). The Ci-C3 haloalkyl can include 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens or can be C1-C3 perhaloalkyl, in which the halogen can be, for example, fiuoro. R1 can be phenyl. R1 can be C7-C20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc (e.g., C7-C12 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc). R1 can be benzyl.
R1 can be hydrogen.
R1 can be -C(O)R1. For example, R1 can be C6-Ci8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb. R1 can be phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rb. Rb at each occurrence can be, independently, Ci-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, Cj-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 haloalkoxy, halo, NO2, NRgRh, or cyano.
R2 can be:
(i) C6-C18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (ii) C7-C20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(iii) C3-C2O cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or
(iv) C3-C2O cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf.
R2 can be C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb.
R2 can be C6-Cj8 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb (e.g., C6-CjO aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb; phenyl optionally substituted with from 1- 5 Rb; phenyl optionally substituted with from 1-3 Rb). R2 can be phenyl. R2 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rb. R2 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 Rb. R2 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 Rb. R2 can be phenyl substituted with from 1 or 2 Rb. R2 can be phenyl substituted with 1 Rb.
In some embodiments, when R2 is C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or C6-C18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or C6-Ci0 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb; or R2 is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rb; or R2 is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 Rb; or R2 is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 Rb; or R2 is phenyl substituted with 1 or 2 Rb; or R2 is phenyl substituted with 1 Rb, then Rb at each occurrence can be, independently:
(i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; Ci-C20 alkoxy or C1-C20 haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-Ci8 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb'; C7- C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-Cj6 cycloalkoxy or C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy or C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C20 thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C20 thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; - C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; - NR-1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR3S(O)nR1; -C(NR1^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); (ii) C1-C20 alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000015_0001
(vi) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (vii) C6-CJ8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb'; or
Rb at each occurrence can be, independently:
(i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; CrC20 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C1B aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb>; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C6-Ci8 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R°; cyano; -C(O)NRsRh; -C(O)R*; - NR1C(O)R*; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or
(ii) Ci-C20 alkyl or Ci-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000016_0001
(vi) C7-C2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(vii) C6-Ci 8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or
Rb at each occurrence can be, independently: (i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy optionally substituted with from
1-5 Ra; C6-C14 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C6-Ci4 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -10 Rb ; C7-C2O thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R°; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; - NRjC(O)Rj; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or
(ii) Ci-Cio alkyl or C1-CiO haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or
(vi) C7-C16 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (vii) C6-C14 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or
Rb at each occurrence can be, independently:
(i) halo; NO2; NRsRh; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb>; C7-Ci6 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-16 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-5 R0; C6-C10 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-C16 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R*; - NRjC(O)R!; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or
(ii) C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000017_0001
(vi) C7-C12 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or
(vii) C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; or
Rb at each occurrence can be, independently: (i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; C1-C3 alkoxy optionally substituted with from
1-2 Ra; C6-aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-5 Rc; C6-thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7- C12 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; -N^C(O)R*; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or
(ii) Ci-C3 alkyl or C1-C3 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; or (vi) C7-C10 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or
(vii) phenyl or heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb . R2 can be:
Figure imgf000018_0001
wherein B is:
(i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; Cj-C20 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C6-Ci8 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; - NRjC(O)Rs;
-NRjC(O)NRεRh; or -S(O)nRk; or (ii) C1-C20 alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000018_0002
(iii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or
(iv) C7-C2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 - 10 Rc; or
(v) hydrogen; B can also be other than hydrogen, i.e., (i), (ii), (iii), or (iv).
B can be hydrogen.
B can be:
(i) halo; NO2; NRεRh; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; C6-C14 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C6-C14 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb>; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; -
NR1C(O)R';
-NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or
(ii) C1-C10 alkyl or C1-C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or
(iii) C7-C16 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R0; or
(iv) C6-C14 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb'. B can be:
(i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; Cj-C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-C16 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-16 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-5 Rc; C6-C1O thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-C16 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R!; - NRjC(O)Rj;
-NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or (ii) C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000019_0001
(iii) C7-C12 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or
(iv) C6-C1O aryl or heteroaryl including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -5 Rb> .
B can be:
(i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; C1-C3 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; C6-aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-C12 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1 -5 R°; C6-thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7- C12 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R*; -N^C(O)R1; -NRjC(O)NR8Rh; or -S(O)nRk; or
(ii) C1-C3 alkyl or C1-C3 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; or
(iii) C7-C10 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or
(iv) C6-aryl or heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb .
B can be hydroxy. B can be NH2. B can be halo (e.g., fluoro or chloro). B can be C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3). B can be CrC4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3). B can be -C(O)R1 (e.g., formyl).
B can be Cj-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1 Ra (e.g., B can be a substituted CH3 group). Ra can be NRgRh. For example, one ofRs and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6-CiS aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb. In some embodiments, one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be a phenyl or napthyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-3) Rb (e.g., CrC4 alkyl (e.g., CH3) optionally substituted with 1 Ra (e.g., COOH)). For example, one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be a phenyl ring in which an ortho position, a meta position, and the para position are each substituted with a combination of CH3 and CH2C(O)OH.
B can be -NRjC(O)NRεRh. Rj can be hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., Ci-C3 alkyl). Rj can be hydrogen. One of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C7-C2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or C6-CiS aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb. For example, B can be:
Figure imgf000020_0001
One of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C7-C20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or C6-C18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb. One of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6-C18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb. One of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6-C]0 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb. One of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl optionally substituted with from 1, 2, 3, 4,or 5 Rb. One of Rε and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl. One of Rg and Rh is hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl substituted with from 1, 2, 3, or 4 Rb. Rb at each occurrence can be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy; cyano; - C(O)R'; C1-Ci0 alkyl; or C1-C10 haloalkyl (e.g., halo, NO2, hydroxyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, cyano, -C(O)R1, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 haloalkyl; e.g., halo, NO2, hydroxy; C1-C3 alkoxy, cyano, -C(O)R5, CpC3 alkyl, or C1-C3 haloalkyl). The CrC3 haloalkyl can include 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens or can be C1-C3 perhaloalkyl, in which the halogen can be, for example, fluoro).
B can be:
(i-B) NRgRh, wherein one of Rg and Rh is hydrogen, and the other is C7-C2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or C6-C1S aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or
(ii-B) C6-CiS aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(iii-B) C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or C7-C2O thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (vi-B) C6-C1S aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or C7-C2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc.
B can be:
(i-B') NRgRh, wherein one of Rg and Rh is hydrogen, and the other is C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-Ci2, C7-Ci0) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, I) R0; (ii-B') C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or
(iii-B') C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-C12, C7-C1O) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or
(iv-B') C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Cj6, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, I) R0. In some embodiments, when B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B'), (iii-
B'), or (iv-B'), then Rb, Rb and R0 at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy; C1-CiO haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-C10 alkyl or C1- C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
In some embodiments, when B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B'), (iii- B'), or (iv-B'), then Rb, Rb and R° at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C1O alkyl or C1-C1O haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
In some embodiments, when B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B'), (iii- B'), or (iv-B'), then Rb, Rb and Rc at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C6 alkyl or CpC6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
In some embodiments, when B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B'), (iii- B'), or (iv-B'), then Rb, Rb and R° at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C6 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
In some embodiments, when B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B'), (iii- B'), or (iv-B'), then Rb, Rb' and Rc at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C3 alkoxy; C1-C3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; or -C(O)OR1. In some embodiments, when B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B5), (iii-
B'), or (iv-B'), then Rb, Rb and Rc at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C3 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C4 alkyl or Cj-C4 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; or -C(O)OR1. In some embodiments, when B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B!), (U-B'), (ϋi- B'), or (iv-B!), then Rb, Rb and Rc at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C3 alkoxy; Cj-C3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C4 alkyl; Ci-C4 haloalkyl; C1-C4 alkyl substituted with from 1-2 Ra; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH3. In some embodiments, when B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B')5 (U-B'), (iii-
B'), or (iv-B')5 then Rb, Rb and Rc at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C3 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C4 alkyl; C1-C4 haloalkyl; Ci-C4 alkyl substituted with from 1-2 Ra; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH3.
In some embodiments, when B is (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B'), (Ui- B'), or (iv-B'), Ra can be -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3; and/or Ci-C4 haloalkyl can be d- C4 perfluoroalkyl.
B can be:
Figure imgf000024_0001
wherein:
W can be NR", O, S, or is absent; j can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 is, independently, hydrogen, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy; C1-Ci0 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 alkyl or Ci-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
Each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can be, independently, hydrogen, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-Ci0 alkyl or Ci-C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
W can be NRj, O, or S. Rj can be hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., C1-C3 alkyl). RJ can be hydrogen, j can be O or 1 (e.g., 1).
Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C]-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C3 alkoxy; Ci-C3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C4 alkyl or Cj-C4 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C3 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; or -C(O)OR1. R"1, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH3; OCF3; -C(O)(morpholino); CH3; CH3 substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., - C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); CF3; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH3.
RbI, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can each be, independently, hydrogen; F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH3; -C(O)(morpholino); CH3; CH3 substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or - C(O)OCH3); CF3; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH3.
One of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, or Rb5 (e.g., Rb3) can be halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-Ci0 alkoxy; C1-C10 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Cj-Cio alkyl or C1-C1O haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other four can be hydrogen.
One of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 (e.g., Rb3) can be halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-Ci0 alkyl or C1-C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other four can be hydrogen. One of RbI, Rb2, Rb3, RM, or Rb5 can be Ci-C10 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF3), and the other four can be hydrogen.
Rb3 can be C1-C4 alkyl substituted with from 1 Ra. Ra can be C(O)OR1. R1 can be hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). Rb3 can be -CH2C(O)OH, -CH2C(O)OCH3, - C(CH3)2C(O)OH, or -C(CH3)2C(O)OCH3. Rb3 can be -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH).
Rbl can be Ci-C6 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF3). Rbl can be halo (e.g., chloro). Rb2 can be Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3); or -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH); or -C(O)R1
(e.g., -C(O)(morpholino)).
Two of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 alkoxy; C1-C10 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-Ci0 alkyl or Ci-C1O haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other three are hydrogen.
Two of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 alkyl or C1-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other three are hydrogen. One or both of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 can be C1-Ci0 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF3), and the others can be hydrogen.
Rbl and Rb4 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-Ci0 alkoxy; C1- Cio haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C1O alkyl or C1-C1Q haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR*; and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 is hydrogen.
Rbl and Rb4 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 alkyl or C1-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 is hydrogen.
RbI and RM can each be, independently, halo; Ci-C6 alkyl; Ci-C4 haloalkyl; or C1-C6 alkoxy; and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 is hydrogen.
Rbl and Rb4 can both be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. Rbl and RM can both be Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and
Rb5 can be hydrogen.
Rbl can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), Rb4 can be halo (e.g., fluoro or chloro), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
One of Rbl and Rb4 can be halo (e.g., bromo), and the other can be Cj-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3); and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
Rbl can be halo (e.g, fluoro or chloro); Rb4 can be Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3) or halo (e.g., fluoro, chloro, or bromo); and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
Rbl and Rb2 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-Ci0 alkoxy; C]- Cio haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-Ci0 alkyl or C1-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 is hydrogen.
Rbl and Rb2 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-Cio alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 alkyl or Ci-C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rb3, RM, and Rb5 is hydrogen. Rbl and Rb2 can both be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and each of Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
Rbl can be halo (e.g., fluoro or chloro), Rb2 can be Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), and each of Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
Rb2 and Rb3 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-Ci0 alkoxy; Ci- Ci0 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-Ci0 alkyl or C1-C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rbl, Rb2, and Rb5 is hydrogen. Rb2 and Rb3 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-Ci0 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 alkyl or C1-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rbl 5 Rb4, and Rb5 is hydrogen.
Rb2 and Rb3 can each be, independently, halo; Ci-C6 alkoxy; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rbl, Rb4, and Rb5 is hydrogen.
Rb2 and Rb3 can both be halo (e.g., chloro), and each of Rbl, Rb2, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
Rb2 and Rb3 can each be, independently, C1-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3); or - C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH); and each of Rbl, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. Rbl and Rb5 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Cj -Ci0 alkoxy; Ci-
Cio haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 alkyl or C1-C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 is hydrogen. For example, Rbl and Rb5 can both be halo (e.g., chloro), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb4 can be hydrogen. Rbl and Rb3 can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; CpC10 alkoxy; C1-
C10 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C1O alkyl or C1-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rb2, RM, and Rb5 is hydrogen. For example, Rbl can be halo (e.g., chloro), Rb3 can be -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH), and each of Rb2, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. Each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
Each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can be other than hydrogen.
When B is as described in (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (U-B'), (Ui-B'), (iv-B')), B can also be W-(CH2)j-(bicyclic or tricyclic aryl) or W-(CH2)j-(heteroaryl), in which W and j can be as described elsewhere. B can be -NH-CH2-naphthyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 1 or 2 position of the naphthyl ring, and the naphthyl ring can optionally be substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 Rc).
In certain embodiments, B can be -NH-CH2-indolyl or -0-CH2-indolyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 7 position of the indole ring, and the indole ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 Rc, e.g., at the 1 -position with CH3 and/or at the 5-position with halo (e.g., fluoro) and/or at the 3-ρosition with COOR1 (e.g., COOH). In certain embodiments, B can be -NH-CH2-benzothienyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 3 position of the benzothienyl ring, and the benzothienyl ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 Rc, e.g., at the 3-position with C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3) or at the 4- position with C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3)).
B can be -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; -NR-1C(O)R1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk. Rj can be hydrogen or Cj-C6 alkyl (e.g., C1-C3 alkyl). Rj can be hydrogen. Each of R1 and Rk can be, independently, C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R ; or C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc. Each of R1 and Rk can be, independently, C6-C18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb>; or C7-C20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc (Rb> and R° at each occurrence can each be, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy; cyano; - C(O)R1; C1-C10 alkyl or Ci-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1). One of Rg or Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6- C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc. One of Rε or Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6-C18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or C7-C20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc (Rb> and Rc at each occurrence are each, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 alkyl or C1- C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1).
R2 can be ortho or para monosubstituted phenyl (e.g., 2-fluoro, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl). R2 can be disubstituted phenyl (e.g., 3,4-dihalophenyl, e.g., 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl).
Each of R3, R4 and R5 can be, independently, hydrogen or halo. Each of R3, R4 and R5 can be hydrogen.
R6 can be halo or C1-C10 alkyl, or Ci-Ci0 haloalkyl; R6 can be halo or C]-C6 alkyl, or Ci-C6 haloalkyl; R6 can be halo or Ci-C3 alkyl, or Ci-C3 haloalkyl. R6 can be Ci-C10 (e.g., C1-C6 or C1-C3) alkyl. R6 can be CH3.
R6 can be C1-C10 (e.g., C1-C6 or C1-C3) haloalkyl. R6 can be CF3.
R6 can be halo (e.g., bromo or chloro, preferably chloro).
R6 can be hydrogen. In a further aspect, this invention relates to compounds having formula VI:
Figure imgf000029_0001
(VI) in which:
X1 can be a bond, C1 to C5 alkyl, -C(O)-, -CC=CR8R9)-, -O-, -S(O)1-, -NR8-, - CR8R9-, -CHR23, -CR8(OR9)-, -C(ORg)2-, -CR8(OC(O)R9)-, -C=NOR9-, -C(O)NR8-, -
CH2O-, -CH2S-, -CH2NR8-, -OCH2-, -SCH2-, -NR8CH2-, or ^cH2 ;
Rr can be H, C1 to C6 alkyl, C2 to C6 alkenyl, C2 to C6 alkynyl, C3 to C6 cycloalkyl, -CH2OH, C7 to C11 arylalkyl, phenyl, naphthyl, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, CN, C(O)NH2, CO2R12 or phenyl substituted independently by one or more of the groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, Cj to C3 alkoxy, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO2, -NR8R9, -CN, -OH, and Ci to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, or
Rr can be a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyridine, thiophene, benzisoxazole, benzothiophene, oxadiazole, pyrrole, pyrazole, and furan, each of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, C1 to C3 alkoxy, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO2, - NR8R9, -CN, and C1 to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines;
X2 can be a bond or -CH2-;
R2' can be phenyl, naphthyl, or phenyl or naphthyl substituted independently by one to four groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, hydroxy, phenyl, acyl, halogen, -NH2, -CN, -NO2, C1 to C3 alkoxy, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1 to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, NR14R15, -C(O)R10, -C(O)NR10Rn, -C(O)NRnA, - C≡CR8, -CH=CHR8, -W1A, -C≡CA, -CH=CHA, -W1YA, -WYNR11-A, -WYR10, - WΥ(CH2)jA, -W1CHR11(CH2)JA, -W (CH2)jA, -W (CH2)jRio, -CHRnW(CH2)JR10, - CHR11W(CH2)JA, -CHRnNR12YA, -CHRnNRi2YRi0, pyrrole, - W(CH2)jA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -W (CRi8Ri9)A(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, - (CH2)jWlA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ> .CH=CHA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -C≡CA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZJ -W(CH2)JCSCA(CH2)ICD(CH2)PZ, and -W(CH2)jZ, or
R2' can be a heterocycle selected from pyridine, pyrrolidine, thiophene, furan, benzothiophene, indole, benzofuran, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, and quinoline, each of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, Ci to C3 alkoxy, hydroxy, phenyl, acyl, halogen, -NH2, -CN, -NO2, Ci to C3 perfluoroalkyl, Ci to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, -C(O)R10, -C(O)NR10Rn, -C(O)NRnA, -C≡CRs, -CH=CHR8, -W1A, - C≡CA, -CH=CHA, -WYA, -WYR10, -WY(CH2)jA, -W(CH2)jA, -W(CH2)jR10, - CHR1 !W(CH2)JR10, -CHRnW(CH2)jA, -CHR11NR12YA, -CHRnNR12YRi0, - WCHR11(CH2)jA, -W(CH2)jA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -W(CR18Ri9)A(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -(CH2)j W A(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -CH-CHA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -C≡CA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -W (CH2)jC≡CA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, and -W'(CH2)jZ;
W can be a bond, -O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -NRn-, Or -N(CORi2)-;
Y can be -CO-, -S(O)2-, -CONRi3, -CONR13CO-, -CONR13SO2-, -C(NCN)-, - CSNR13, -C(NH)NR13, or -C(O)O-; j can be O to 3; k can be O to 3; t can be O to 2;
D can be a bond, -CH=CH-, -C≡C-, -C=, -C(O)-, phenyl, -0-, -NH-, -S-, - CHR14-, -CR14R15-, -OCHR14-, -OCRi4R15-, or -CH(OH)CH(OH)-; p can be O to 3;
Z can be -CO2Rn, -CONR10Rn, -C(=NR10)NRnR12, -CONH2NH2, -CN, - CH2OH, -NRi 6Rl 7, phenyl, CONHCH(R20)CORi2, phthalimide, ρyrrolidine-2,5- dione, thiazolidine-2,4-dione, tetrazolyl, pyrrole, indole, oxazole, 2-thioxo-l,3- thiazolinin-4-one, Ci to C7 amines, C3 to C7 cyclic amines, or Ci to C3 alkyl substituted with one to two OH groups; wherein said pyrrole is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -CO2CH3, -CO2H, -COCH3, -CONH2 and -CN; wherein said C1 to C7 amines are optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -OH, halogen, -OCH3, and -C≡CH; wherein said phenyl is optionally substituted with CO2Rn, and wherein said C3 to C7 cyclic amines are optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -OH -CH2OH, C1 to C3 alkyl, -CH2OCH3, -CO2CH3, and -CONH2, and wherein said oxazole is optionally substituted with CH2CO2R11;
A can be phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indan or biphenyl, each of which may be optionally substituted by one to four groups independently selected from halogen, C1 to C3 alkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, acyl, hydroxy, halogen, - CN, -NO2, -CO2R11, -CH2CO2R11, phenyl, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkoxy, Ci to C3 perfluoroalkyl, -NR10R11, -CH2NR10R11, -SR11, C1 to C6 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, C1 to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 2 -OH groups, C1 to C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, or phenoxy optionally substituted with 1 to 2 CF3 groups; or
A can be a heterocycle selected from pyrrole, pyridine, pyridine-N-oxide, pyrimidine, pyrazole, thiophene, furan, quinoline, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, isoxazole, indole, benzo[l,3]-dioxole, benzo[l,2,5]-oxadiazole, isochromen-1-one, benzothiophene, benzofuran, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[ 1 ,4]-dioxine, bitheinyl, quinazolin-2,4- 91,3H]dione, and 3-H-isobenzofuran-l-one, each of which maybe optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from halogen, C1 to C3 alkyl, acyl, hydroxy, -CN, -NO2, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, -NR10Rn, -CH2NR10R11, -SRn, Cj to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, and C1 to C3 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines;
R3', R4', and R5' can each be, independently, -H or -F;
R6< can be hydrogen, C i to C4 alkyl, C1 to C4 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO2, - CN, phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or two groups independently selected from halogen, C1 to C2 alkyl and OH; each R8 can be independently -H, or C1 to C3 alkyl; each R9 can be independently -H, or C1 to C3 alkyl; each R10 can be independently -H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C3 to C7 alkenyl, C3 to C7 alkynyl, C3 to C7 cycloalkyl, -CH2CH2OCH3, 2-methyl-tetrahydro-furan, 2-methyl- tetrahydro-pyran, 4-methyl-piperidine, morpholine, pyrrolidine, or phenyl optionally substituted with one or two C1 to C3 alkoxy groups, wherein said Ci to C7 alkyl is optionally substituted with 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkoxy, Ci to C3 thioalkoxy and CN; each Ri 1 can be independently -H, C1 to C3 alkyl or R22; or R10 and R11, when attached to the same atom, together with said atom can form:
(i) a 5 to 7 membered saturated ring, optionally substituted by 1 to 2 groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, OH and Ci-C3 alkoxy; or (ii) a 5 to 7 membered ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms, optionally substituted by 1 to 2 groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, OH and C1-C3 alkoxy; each R12 can be independently -H, or C1 to C3 alkyl; each R13 can be independently -H, or C1 to C3 alkyl; each Ru and Ri5 can be, independently, C1 to C7 alkyl, C3 to C8 cycloalkyl, C2 to C7 alkenyl, C2 to C7 alkynyl, -OH, -F, C7 to C14 arylalkyl, where said arylalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from NO2, C1 to C6 alkyl, C1 to C3 perhaloalkyl, halogen, CH2CO2Ri1, phenyl and C1 to C3 alkoxy, or Rj4 and R15 together with the atom to which they are attached can form a 3 to 7 membered saturated ring; each R16 and R17 can be, independently, hydrogen, Ci to C3 alkyl, Ci to C3 alkenyl, Cj to C3 alkynyl, phenyl, benzyl or C3 to C8 cycloalkyl, wherein said Ci to C3 alkyl is optionally substituted with one OH group, and wherein said benzyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups selected from Ci to C3 alkyl and Ci to C3 alkoxy; or
Ri6 and R17, together with the atom to which they are attached, can form a 3 to 8 membered heterocycle which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Ci to C3 alkyl, -OH, CH2OH, - CH2OCH3, -CO2CH3, and -CONH2; each R18 and R^ can be, independently, C1 to C3 alkyl; each R20 can be independently H, phenyl, or the side chain of a naturally occurring alpha amino acid; each R22 can be independently arylalkyl optionally substituted with CH2COOH; and each R23 can be phenyl; a compound of formula (VI) can be a salt or prodrug thereof (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug). The invention also includes subgeneric positions related to formula (VI) provided subsequently in the Detailed Description of the Invention). In one aspect, this invention relates to the specific cinnoline compounds delineated herein (e.g., in Examples 1-98). Such compounds can include 3-Benzyl-4- phenyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 8-Methyl-3,4-diphenylcinnoline; 3,4-Diphenyl-8- (trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 8-Bromo-3,4-diphenyl cinnoline; 8-Chloro-3,4- diphenyl cinnoline; [4-({[3-(8-Methyl-3-phenylcinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amino }methyl)phenyl] acetic acid; 3-(8-Chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine; (4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylamino]-methyl}- phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester; [4-({[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4- yl)phenyl]amino}methyl)ρhenyl]acetic acid; iV-[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4- yl)phenyl]-iV-phenylurea; 3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenol; (4-{[3-(8-Chloro- 3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetic acid;
3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenol; Methyl (4- {[3-(8-chloro-3-methylcinnolin- 4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetate; (4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4- yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetic acid; [4-( {[3-(8-Chloro-3-memylcinnolin-4- yl)phenyl]thio}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid; 2-(4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4- yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid; 8-Chloro-4- {3-[(2,5- dimethylbenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-3-methylcinnoline; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4- yl)phenyl](2,3-dimethylbenzyl)amine; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](2,5- dimethylbenzyl)amine; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](l- naphthylmethyl)amine; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](3,4- dichlorobenzyl)amine; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine; [3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-chloro-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine; Methyl 2-[4-({[3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4- yl)phenyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoate; 2-[4-({[3-(8-Chloro-3- phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoic acid; 4-{3-[(2- Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-chloro-3-phenylcinnoline; 8-Chloro-4-(3-{[5- chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-3-phenylcinnoline; 8-Chloro-4-{3-[(3,4- dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-3-phenylcinnoline; [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl][5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine; [3 -(8-Chloro-3 -phenyl cinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] [(I -methyl- li/-indol-2-yl)methyl] amine; [3 -(3 -Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amine; [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-chloro-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine; [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](2,3- dimethylbenzyl)amine; [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-chloro-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)ρhenyl](2- naρhthylmethyl)amine; [3-(8-Chloro-3-ρhenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-chloro-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine; JV-(5-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)~3 -(8-chloro-3 - phenyl cinnolin-4-yl)aniline; iV-(5-Bromo-2-methoxybenzyl)-3 -(8-chloro-3 - phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)plienyl][2-fluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine; N-[2,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-3-(8-chloro-3- phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline; [3 -(3 -Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] ( 1 - naρhthylmethyl)amine; iV-(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin- 4-yl)aniline; [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][(l-methyl-lH-indol-2- yl)methyl] amine; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][(l-methyl-lH-indol-7- yl)methyl] amine; [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](3,4- dichlorobenzyl)amine; [3 -(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)ρhenyl] [(3 -methyl- 1 - benzothien-2-yl)methyl] amine; 8-Chloro-4-(3 - { [3 -(morpholin-4- ylcarbonyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-3-phenylcinnoline; iV-(l -Benzothien-2-ylmethyl)-3-(8- chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline; iV-(l-Benzothien-3-ylmethyl)-3-(8-chloro-3- phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] {[4- (trifluoromethyl)-l-benzothien-2-yl]methyl} amine; 3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenol; 3-Benzyl-4-[3-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-8-chlorocinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4- (3- {[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4- {3-[(l-methyl-lH-indol-7-yl)methoxy]phenyl}cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[2- chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[2- fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-{3-[(2- chlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl } cinnoline; 3 -Benzyl- 8 -chloro-4-(3 - { [3 - (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[5-fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline; iV-[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl]-N-[(l -methyl- lH-indol-T-y^methyljamine; 3-(3-Benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl- cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol; 3-Benzyl-4-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(2-fluoro- phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-cinnoline; 3 -Benzyl-4-(3 -chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(3- methoxy-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-8- trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-(8-Trifluoromethyl-cirmolm-4-yl)-phenol; 3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[5-chloro-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[2- (trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(3- {[5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}ρhenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3- Benzyl-4-{3-[(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl- 4-{3-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(3- {[2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3- Benzyl-4-(3-{[2-chloro-3~(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8- (trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8- (trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifmoromethyi)cinnolin-4- yl]phenoxy}methyl)benzoic acid; 4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4- yl]phenoxy}methyl)benzoic acid; 4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoroniethyl)cinnolin-4- yl]phenoxy}methyl)-3-chlorobenzoic acid; 4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid; 4-(3- {[5- Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 4-(3-{[5- Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 4-(3-{[2- (Trifluoroniethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-{3- [(l-methyl-lH-indol-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 7-({3-[3- Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)-l-methyl-lH-indole-3- carboxylic acid; [2,5-Dimethyl-4-( {3-[8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4- yl]benzyl}amino)phenyl]acetic acid; [5-({3-[8-(Trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4- yl]benzyl} amino)- 1 -naphthyl] acetic acid; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3 - { [2- (trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3- {[2-chloro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] oxy } phenyl)cinnoline; 3 - [3 -Benzyl-8 - (trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]benzaldehyde; [4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8- (trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]benzyl}amino)-2,3-dimethylphenyl]acetic acid; or 3- Benzyl-4-{3-[(l-methyl-lH-indol-7-yl)methoxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
In one aspect, this invention also relates generally to methods of treating, controlling, ameliorating, preventing, delaying the onset of, or reducing the risk of developing one or more LXR-mediated diseases or disorders in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof). The methods include administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. LXR- mediated diseases or disorders can include, e.g., cardiovascular diseases (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis), atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic lesions, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, Syndrome X, obesity, lipid disorders (e.g., dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL), cognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, dementia), inflammatory diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear, chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall), celiac, or thyroiditis.
In another aspect, this invention relates to methods of modulating (e.g., increasing) serum HDL cholesterol levels in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof), which includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. In another aspect, this invention relates to methods of modulating (e.g., decreasing) serum LDL cholesterol levels in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof), which includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In another aspect, this invention relates to methods of modulating (e.g., increasing) reverse cholesterol transport in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof), which includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In another aspect, this invention relates to methods of modulating (e.g., decreasing or inhibiting) cholesterol absorption in a subject (e.g., a subject in need thereof), which includes administering to the subject an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. In a further aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a cardiovascular disease (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In one aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a atherosclerosis and/or atherosclerotic lesions, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In another aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating diabetes (e.g., type I diabetes or type 2 diabetes), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In a further aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating Syndrome X, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In one aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a obesity, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. In another aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a lipid disorder (e.g., dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In a further aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a cognitive disorder (e.g., Alzheimer's disease or dementia), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In a further aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a Alzheimer's disease or dementia, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. In a further aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating a
Alzheimer's disease, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In one aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating an inflammatory disease (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear, chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall), which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof. In a further aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating celiac, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In a further aspect, this invention relates to methods of preventing or treating thyroiditis, which includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
In some embodiments, the compound (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) does not substantially increase serum and/or hepatic triglyceride levels of the subject.
In some embodiments, the administered compound can be an LXR agonist. The invention also relates generally to modulating LXRs with the cinnoline compounds described herein. In some embodiments, the methods can include, e.g., contacting an LXR in a sample (e.g., a tissue, a cell free assay medium, a cell-based assay medium) with a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein). In other embodiments, the methods can include administering a compound having any of the formulae described herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein) to a subject (e.g., a mammal, e.g., a human, e.g., a human having or at risk of having one or more of the diseases or disorders described herein).
In some embodiments, the subject can be a subject in need thereof (e.g., a subject identified as being in need of such treatment). Identifying a subject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a subject or a health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) or objective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method). In some embodiments, the subject can be a mammal. In certain embodiments, the subject is a human.
In a further aspect, this invention also relates to methods of making compounds described herein. Alternatively, the method includes taking any one of the intermediate compounds described herein and reacting it with one or more chemical reagents in one or more steps to produce a compound described herein.
In one aspect, this invention relates to a packaged product. The packaged product includes a container, one of the aforementioned compounds in the container, and a legend (e.g., a label or an insert) associated with the container and indicating administration of the compound for treatment and control of the diseases or disorders described herein.
In another aspect, the invention relates to a compound (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) of any of the formulae delineated herein (e.g., a compound having formula (I), (V), or (VI) (or subgenera thereof), including the specific compounds described herein), or a composition comprising a compound (including a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) of any of the formulae delineated herein. In some embodiments, the composition can further include a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant, carrier or diluent and/or an additional therapeutic agent. The term "mammal" includes organisms, which include mice, rats, cows, sheep, pigs, rabbits, goats, and horses, monkeys, dogs, cats, and preferably humans.
"An effective amount" refers to an amount of a compound that confers a therapeutic effect (e.g., treats, controls, ameliorates, prevents, delays the onset of, or reduces the risk of developing a disease, disorder, or condition or symptoms thereof) on the treated subject. The therapeutic effect may be objective (i.e., measurable by some test or marker) or subjective (i.e., subject gives an indication of or feels an effect). An effective amount of the compound described above may range from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 1000 mg/Kg, (e.g., from about 0.1 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg, from about 1 mg/Kg to about 100 mg/Kg). Effective doses will also vary depending on route of administration, as well as the possibility of co-usage with other agents.
The term "halo" or "halogen" refers to any radical of fluorine (fluoro, F), chlorine (chloro, Cl), bromine (bromo, Br), or iodine (iodo, I).
The term "alkyl" refers to a hydrocarbon chain that may be a straight chain or branched chain, containing the indicated number of carbon atoms. For example, C1-C20 alkyl indicates that the group may have from 1 to 20 (inclusive) carbon atoms in it. Any atom can be substituted. Examples of alkyl groups include without limitation methyl, ethyl, and tert-butyl. The term "cycloalkyl" refers to saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Cycloalkyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Cycloalkyl moieties can include, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl adamantyl, and norbornyl. A ring carbon can optionally be the point of attachment to another moiety (e.g., for methylcyclohexyl and the like, the point of attachment can be either the methyl group or a cyclohexyl ring carbon).
The terms "haloalkyl" and "halocycloalkyl" refer to an alkyl or cycloalkyl group, respectively, in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by halo. In some embodiments, more than one hydrogen atom (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,etc. hydrogen atoms) on a alkyl or cycloalkyl group can be replaced by more than one halogens (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, etc. hydrogen atoms), which can be the same or different. "Haloalkyl" and "halocycloalkyl" also include alkyl moieties in which all hydrogens have been replaced by halo (e.g., perhaloalkyl and perhalocycloalkyl, such as trifluoromethyl and perfluorocyclohexyl, respectively).
The term "aralkyl" refers to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by an aryl group. Aralkyl includes groups in which more than one hydrogen atom on an alkyl moiety has been replaced by an aryl group. Any ring or chain atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents. Examples of "aralkyl" include without limitation benzyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylρropyl, benzhydryl, and trityl groups.
The term "heteroaralkyl" refers to an alkyl moiety in which an alkyl hydrogen atom is replaced by a heteroaryl group. Heteroaralkyl includes groups in which more than one hydrogen atom on an alkyl moiety has been replaced by a heteroaryl group. Any ring or chain atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents. Heteroaralkyl can include, for example, 2-pyridylethyl.
The term "alkenyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-20 carbon atoms and having one or more double bonds. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Alkenyl groups can include, e.g., allyl, propenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-hexenyl and 3-octenyl groups. One of the double bond carbons can optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenyl substituent. The term "alkynyl" refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing 2-20 carbon atoms and having one or more triple bonds. Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Alkynyl groups can include, e.g., ethynyl, propargyl, and 3- hexynyl. One of the triple bond carbons can optionally be the point of attachment of the alkynyl substituent.
Alkylene, alkenylene, and alkynylene refer to divalent alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl moieties, respectively (e.g., -CH2-, -CH=CH-, and -C≡C-, respectively). Any atom can be substituted.
The term "alkoxy" refers to an -O-alkyl radical. The term "mercapto" refers to an SH radical. The term "thioalkoxy" refers to an -S-alkyl radical. The terms "aryloxy" and "heteroaryloxy" refer to an -O-aryl radical and -O-heteroaryl radical, respectively. The terms "thioaryloxy" and "thioheteroaryloxy" refer to an -S-aryl radical and -S-heteroaryl radical, respectively. The terms "aralkoxy" and "heteroaralkoxy" refer to an -O-aralkyl radical and -O-heteroaralkyl radical, respectively. The terms "thioaralkoxy" and "thioheteroaralkoxy" refer to an -S-aralkyl radical and -S-heteroaralkyl radical, respectively. The terms "cycloalkoxy" and "halocycloalkoxy" refer to an -O-cycloalkyl radical and -O-halocycloalkyl radical, respectively. The terms "thiocycloalkoxy" and "thiohalocycloalkoxy" refer to an -S- cycloalkyl radical and -S-halocycloalkyl radical, respectively. The terms "cycloalkenyloxy" and "heterocycloalkenyloxy" refer to an -O-cycloalkenyl radical and -O-heterocycloalkenyl radical, respectively. The terms "thiocycloalkenyloxy" and "thioheterocycloalkenyloxy" refer to an -S-cycloalkenyl radical and -S- heterocycloalkenyl radical, respectively. The term "heterocyclyloxy" refers to an -O- heterocyclyl radical. The term "thioheterocyclyloxy" refers to an -S-heterocyclyl radical.
The term "aryl" refers to an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring system, wherein any ring atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Aryl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Aryl moieties can include, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and pyrenyl.
The term "heterocyclyl" refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or other polycyclic ring system having 1-4 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-8 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-10 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-4, 1-8, or 1-10 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively). The heteroatom or ring carbon can optionally be the point of attachment of the heterocyclyl substituent to another moiety (e.g., for A- methylpiperidinyl or 1-methylpiperidinyl, the point of attachment can be either the methyl group or a ring atom, e.g., carbon or nitrogen). Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. The heterocyclyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Heterocyclyl groups can include, e.g., tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholino, pyrrolinyl, and pyrrolidinyl.
The term "cycloalkenyl" refers to partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups. A ring carbon (e.g., saturated or unsaturated) can optionally be the point of attachment of the cycloalkenyl substituent (e.g., for methyl cyclohexenyl and the like, the point of attachment can be either the methyl group or a cyclohexenyl ring carbon). Any atom can be substituted e.g., by one or more substituents. The cycloalkenyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Cycloalkenyl moieties can include, e.g., cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, norbornenyl, or cyclooctatetraenyl.
The term "heterocycloalkenyl" refers to partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups having 1 -4 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-8 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-10 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-4, 1-8, or 1-10 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively). A ring carbon (e.g., saturated or unsaturated) or heteroatom can optionally be the point of attachment of the heterocycloalkenyl substituent (e.g., for methyldihydropyranyl and the like, the point of attachment can be either the methyl group or a ring carbon). Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. The heterocycloalkenyl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Heterocycloalkenyl groups can include, e.g., tetrahydropyridyl, and dihydrop yranyl .
The term "heteroaryl" refers to an aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or other polycyclic hydrocarbon groups having 1-4 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-8 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-10 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S (e.g., carbon atoms and 1-4, 1-8, or 1-10 heteroatoms of N, O, or S if monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic, respectively). Any atom can be substituted, e.g., by one or more substituents. Heteroaryl groups can contain fused rings. Fused rings are rings that share a common carbon atom. Heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, thienyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, and pyrrolyl.
The term "oxo" refers to an oxygen atom, which forms a carbonyl (C=O) when attached to carbon, an N-oxide when attached to nitrogen, and a sulfoxide or sulfone when attached to sulfur. The term "thioxo" refers to an oxygen atom, which forms a thiocarbonyl (C=S) when attached to carbon.
The term "substituent" refers to a group "substituted" on, e.g., an alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or heteroaryl group at any atom of that group. In one aspect, the substituents (e.g., R3) on a group are independently any one single, or any combination of two or more of the permissible atoms or groups of atoms delineated for that substituent. hi another aspect, a substituent may itself be substituted with any one of the above substituents (e.g., Rg).
In some embodiments, the compounds have agonist activity for genes involved with HDL production and cholesterol efflux (e.g., ABCAl) and antagonist activity for genes involved with triglyceride synthesis (e.g., SREBP-Ic).
The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the description below. Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and from the claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The cinnoline-based, LXR modulators can have the general formula (I) below:
Figure imgf000044_0001
(I)
In some embodiments, R1 can be hydrogen. In some embodiments, R1 can be C1-C20 (e.g., Cj5 C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, Cs, Cg, Cio, Cn, C12, Cj3, Cj4, C15, C16, Cn, C18, Cj9, or C20) alkyl or C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, Cj5, C16, CI7, C18, C19, or C20) haloalkyl, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or l0) Ra.
In some embodiments, R1 can be C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, Ci4, Ci5, Cj6, Ci7, or C18) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb. In some embodiments, R1 can be C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, Cj3, Cj4,
Ci5, C16, Cj7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) aralkyl, heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc.
In some embodiments, R1 can be C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, Cj5, C16, C17, CJ8, C19, or C20) alkenyl or C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, Cj9, or C20) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rd.
In some embodiments, R1 can be C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, Cj5, Ci6, C17, C18, Cj9, or C20) cycloalkyl or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, Ci3, C14, C15, Ci6, Cn, Cj8, Ci9, or C20) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re.
In some embodiments, R1 can be C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Cj2, Ci3, Cj4, Ci5, Ci6, Cn, Ci8, Cj9, or C20) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3- 20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf.
In some embodiments, R1 can be -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, - C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; - NR^(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NRm)Rj; or - P(O)(ORg)(ORh).
In some embodiments, R2 can be C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Cj2, C13, C14, C15, Cj6, Cn, or Ci8) aryl orheteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 83 9, or l0) Rb.
In some embodiments, R2 can be C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, CH, C15, C16, C17, C18, Ci9, or C20) aralkyl, heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc.
In some embodiments, R2 can be C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, Ci4, Cj5, Ci6, C17, Ci8, C19, or C20) cycloalkyl or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re.
In some embodiments, R2 can be C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, Ci7, C18, Ci9, or C20) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3- 20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf.
Each of R3, R4, R5, and R6 can be, independently of one another: (i) hydrogen, halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido, hydroxy; C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Cj2, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) alkoxy or Q- C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, C14, C15, C16, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, C13, d4, Ci5, C16, Ci7, or Ci8) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, Ci7, Ci8, C19, or C20) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) R°; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, C12, C13, Ci4, C15, Cj6, Cj7, C18, C19, or C20) cycloalkoxy or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, Cg, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, C13, Ci4, Cj5, Ci6, C17, C18, C19, or C20) halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Cj2, Cj3, Ci4, C15, Ci6, C17, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; mercapto; C1-C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, C15, C16, Ci7, Ci8, Cj9, or C20) thioalkoxy or Ci-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Ci2, C13, C14, Cj5, C16, C17, Cj8, C19, or C2o) thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Cj7, or C18) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, Cn, Q4, C15, C16, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, Cg, C7, C8, C9, C]0, C11, Ci2, Ci3, C14, C15, C16, Ci7, C18, C19, or C20) thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Cj4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Cis, Ci9, or C2o) thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, C12, C13, CM, Ci5, C16, C17, C18, Ci9, or C20) thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; cyano; formyl; Cj-C3 (e.g., C1, C2, or C3) alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; - OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRjC(O)R;; -NRJC(O)OR1; - NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR-1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); or
(ii) C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, C14, Ci5, Ci6, C7, Cj8, Ci9, or C20)alkyl or C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, Cis, Cj9, or C2o) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; or
(iii) C3-C2O (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, C13, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Cis, Ci9, or C20) cycloalkyl or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, Cj4, C15, C16, C17, C18, Ci9, or C20) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; or
(iv) C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cj0, Cn, C12, C13, Ci4, C15, C16, Cj7, C18, Gig, or C2o) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; or
(v) C2-C2O (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, Q3, Ci4, C15, C16, C17, C18, Ci9, or C20) alkenyl or C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Q0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, Ci6, Ci7, Cis, Ci9, or C20) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rd; or
(vi) C7-C2O (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, Cj6, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc; or
(vii) C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6, C7, Cs, C9, Cj0, C11, Ci2, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, or C18) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb. Each Ra can be, independently of one another, NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; Cj-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Ci4, C15, Ci6, C17, C18, C19, or C20) alkoxy; C1-C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Cis, C19, or C20) haloalkoxy; C6-CiS (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Ci4, C15, C16, Cn, or Ci8) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, C13, C14, C15, C16, Ci7, C18, Ci9, or C20) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc; C3-C2O (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Qo, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, C14, Ci5, Ci6, C17, C18, C19, or C20) cycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, Ci2, C13, C14, C15, C16, Cn, C18, C19, or C20) halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, Ci2, Cn, Ci4, C15, Ci6, C17, C18, C19, or C20) cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, Cs, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C]3, Ci4, Cj5, C16, CI 7, Cj8, C19, or C20) thioalkoxy; C1- C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, Cg, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, Q3, CH, C15, Cj6, Ci7, Cjg, Ci9, or C20) thiohaloalkoxy; C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, C13, Ci4, C15, C16, C17, or Cis) thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, C16, Cn, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C85 C9, C10, Ci1, C12, C[3, C14, C15, C!6, Ci7, C18, C]9, or C20) thiocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cu, Ci2, Ci3, C14, Cj5, CI6, Ci7, C18, C19, or C20) thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Ci4, Ci5, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 (e.g., C1, C2, or C3) alkylenedioxy; - C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; - C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NRjC(O)OR;; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; - NR1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORε)(ORh).
Each Rb can be, independently of one another:
(i) halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; Ci-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) alkoxy or C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, Cj2, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, Cj8, C19, or C20) haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; C6-C28 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, or C18) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb or Rb>; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, Ci2, Ci3, d4, Ci5, C16, Cn, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, Cis, C19, or C20) cycloalkoxy or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, Ce, C9, C10, Cii, C12, C13, CJ4, C15, Ci6, C17, Ci8, Qg, or C20) halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Ci4, C15, C16, C17, C18, Ci9, or C20) cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; mercapto; Ci-C20 (e.g., d, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Ci2, C13, Cj4, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thioalkoxy or C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Ci1, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, Cj6, Ci7, C18, C19, or C20) thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Cj0, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, C15, C16, Ci7, or C18) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb or Rb>; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Ci4, Cj5, Cj6, Ci7, Ci8, C19, or C20) thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cj0, Cn, C12, Cj3, CM, C15, C16, Ci7, C18, C19, or C20) thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, Ci6, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 (e.g., C1, C2, or C3) alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; - OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR1; - NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRjS(O)nRj; -C(NRm)Rj; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
(ii) Ci-C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C1 J, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, Ci6, C17, C18, Ci9, or C20)alkyl or C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cj0, Cn, Ci2, Cj3, CJ4, CJ5, CI 6, Ci7, Ci8, Cj9, or C20) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; or
(iii) C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, Ci6, Cn, C18, C19, or C20) cycloalkyl or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Cj4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; or
(iv) C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Cu, Q5, Ci6, Cn, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; or
(v) C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, Ci3, Ci4, Cj5, Cj6, Ci7, Ci8, Cj9, or C20) alkenyl or C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, C13, Ci4, C15, Ci6, C17, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rd; or
(vi) C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, C14, Ci5, Cj6, Ci7, Ci8, Cj9, or C20) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc; or (vii) C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Q2, Ci3, Ci4, C15, Cj6, Cn, or Ci8) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb.
Each Rb' can be, independently of one another, halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; Ci-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, Ci3, C14, Cj5, Ci6, Cn, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) alkoxy; C1-C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, C12, C13, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Cn, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) haloalkoxy; C6-Cj8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Cn, or Ci8) aryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g.,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, C16, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C2o) aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g.,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cu, Ci2, C13, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, C17, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) cycloalkoxy; C3- ' C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Cj2, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Cj8, C19, or C20) halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, C15, Cj6, Ci7, Cis, C19, or C20) cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 (e.g, Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, Ci6, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thioalkoxy; C1-C20 (e.g., Cj5 C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, Cj2, Q3, CI4, Ci5, C16, Ci7, Ci8, Q9, or C20) thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, Ci3, C14, C15, C16, Cn, or Ci8) thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C,2, C13, Ci4, Ci5, Cj6, Cn, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Cj3, Cj4, Ci5, Ci6, C17, C18, Ci9, or C20) thiocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, C13, C14, C15, C16, Cj7, C18, C19, or C20) thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Ci4, Ci5, C16, Cj7, Ci8, Q9, or C20) thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; cyano; formyl; Ci-C3 (e.g., Ci, C2, or C3) alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; - OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; - SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; -NRJC(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; - C(NRm)R!; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh).
Each Rc can be, independently of one another:
(i) halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; Ci-C20 (e.g., Q, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Qo, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Cj4, Ci5, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) alkoxy or C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C)3, C14, C15, Cj6, Q7, C18, C19, or C20) haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Q0, C11, Q2, Q3, Ci4, Q5, Ci6, Q7, or C18) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Q2, Q3, C14, Ci5, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc or R0'; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, Cg, CiO, Cn, C12, Ci3, C14, C15, C16, Q7, Ci8, C19, or C20) cycloalkoxy or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, Ci6, C17, C18, C19, or C20) halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Cj2, Ci3, CJ4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Cj8, Ci9, or C20) cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; mercapto; Ci-C20 (e.g., C,, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, Ci2, Cj3, CI4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thioalkoxy or Ci- C2o (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, Cj2, C13, C14, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, C13, Cj4, Cj5, Ci6, Ci7, or Ci8) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, C15, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6- 20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc or R0'; C3- C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Cj4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, C18, Ci9, or C20) thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, C13, Cj4, Ci5, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, Ci2, C13, C14, C15, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3- 20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; cyano; formyl; Ci-C3 (e.g., d, C2, or C3) alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; - C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; - NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR-1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or - P(O)(ORg)(ORh); (ii) Ci-C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, Cs, C9, C10, Cn, Cj2, Cu, Cj4, Cis, Ci6, C17, C18, C19, or C20)alkyl or C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C65 C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Ci1, C12, C13, C14, Cis, Ci6, C17, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; or (iii) C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, Cs, C9, Cio, Cn, Cj2, Cj3, Cj4, C15, Cj6, Cn,
Ci8, Ci9, or C20) cycloalkyl or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, Cis, Ci6, C17, C1S, Ci9, or C20) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; or
(iv) C3-C2O (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, Cg, C9, Qo, Cj1, C12, C13, Ci4, Ci 5, Ci6, C17, C18, C19, or C20) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; or
(v) C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C%, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, Cj6, C17, Cis, CJ9, or C20) alkenyl or C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Cj3, C14, C15, Ci6, Ci7, C18, C19, or C20) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rd; or
(vi) C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, C12, C13, C]4, C1S, Ci6, Ci7, Cjg, C19, or C20) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from. 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc or Rc'; or
(vii) C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, C14, C1S, C16, Ci7, or C18) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb.
Each Rc can be, independently of one another, oxo; thioxo; =NRm; or Rb ;
Each Rd can be, independently of one another, halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Q0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) alkoxy; C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, CI6, CI7, C18, C19, or C20) haloalkoxy; C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Ci4, Ci5, C16, C17, or Ci8) aryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Cn, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3- C20 (e-g.j C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, Cj6, C17, Cig, C19, or C20) cycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C1], Ci2, Cj3, C]4, Ci5, Ci6, C]7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Cj3, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thioalkoxy; C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, Ci6, C17, Cj8, Ci9, or C20) thiohaloalkoxy; C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, Cj6, Cn, or Ci8) thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Cj3, Ci4, Ci5, C]6, Cn, Ci8, Ci9, or C2o) thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, C13, C14, Ci5, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thiocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, C16, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C2O (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 (e.g., C1, C2, or C3) alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NReRh; - OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR4; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; - SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR^(O)nR1; - C(NR11X; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh).
Each Re can be, independently of one another:
(i) NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C1O, C11, Ci2, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) alkoxy; C1- C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) haloalkoxy; C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, or C18) aryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, do, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, Ci8, C19, or C20) cycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C2o) halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C1], C12, C13, Cj4, C15, C16, C17, CI8, Q9, or C20) cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, Cj3, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thioalkoxy; C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, C16, Cn, C18, C19, or C20) thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, C)3, Cj4, C15, C16, CI7, or C18) thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, Cj4, Ci5, Ci6, C17, Cj8, Ci9, or C20) thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, Cj2, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Cn, Ci8, C19, or C20) thiocycloalkoxy; C3- C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, Ci3, C14, Ci5, Ci6, Cj7, Cj8, Ci9, or C20) thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Ci1, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; cyano; formyl; Ci-C3 (e.g., Ci, C2, or C3) alkylenedioxy; - C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; - C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRjC(O)R'; -NR3C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; - NR1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); (ii) C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Q2, Ci3, Ci4, C15, C16,
C17, C18, C19, or C20) alkenyl or C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, Ci4, C15, CI6, C17, C18, C19, or C20) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rd; or
(iii) C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Ci2, C13, Ci4, Q5, Ci6, C17, or Ci8) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb. Each Rf can be, independently of one another: (i) halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2,
C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C1O, Cn, Ci2, Cj3, CH, CJ5, C16, CJ7, C18, C]9, or C20) alkoxy;
C1-C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, C13, Cj4, Cj5, Cj6, C17, C18,
C19, or C20) haloalkoxy; C6-Cj8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, C12, C13, C14, Cj5, Cj6, Cn, or Ci8) aryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, or 16) atoms; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, Ci3, Ci4, Cj5, Q6, C17, Ci8, C19, or C20) aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, C12, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, Cj6, Cn, C18, C19, or C20) cycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, Cj3, Cj4, Ci5, Ci6, Cn, C18, C19, or C20) cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C]1, C12, C13, C14, C15, Ci6, C17, C18, Cj9, or C20) thioalkoxy; C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, Ci4, C15, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Cj9, or C20) thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, C11, Cn, C13, C14, Cis, C16, Ci7, or C18) thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms; C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, C17, Ci8, C19, or C20) thiocycloalkoxy; C3- C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, Cj3, Cj4, C15, C16, C17, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cj 1, Ci2, Ci3, C14, C15, C16, C17, C18, Cj9, or C20) thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; cyano; formyl; Ci-C3 (e.g., C1, C2, or C3) alkylenedioxy; - C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NR8Rh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; - C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRjC(O)Rf; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; - NR^(O)nR1; -C(NR1^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
(ii) C2-C2O (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Ci1, Ci2, Ci3, C14, Cj5, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) alkenyl or C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, Ci2, C13, C14, Ci5, C16, C17, C18, C1P, or C20) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rd; or
(iii) C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, C12, C13, CM, C15, Ci6, C17, or C18) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., I5 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rb.
Each Rg, Rh, R1, and Rj can be, independently of one another:
(i) hydrogen; or
(ii) C1-C2O (e-g-5 C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, Cg, Cjo, Cn, C12, Ci3, C14, C15, Ci6, C17, C18, Ci9, or C20)alkyl or C1-C20 (e.g., C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, C13, C14, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Cj9, or C20) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Ra; or
(iii) C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Cj4, Ci5, Cj6, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) alkenyl or C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, C12, Ci3, C14, C15, C16, C17, Ci8, Ci9, or C2o) alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rd;
(iv) C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Ci0, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, Ci6, Ci7, Ci8, Cj9, or C20) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rf; or
(v) C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, Ci7, Ci8, C19, or C20) cycloalkyl or C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cn, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, C15, C16, C17, C18, C19, or C20) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Re; or (vi) C7-C20 (e.g., C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, C]6, C17, Ci8, C19, or
C20) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10) Rc or Rc>; or
(vii) C6-C18 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, Ci3, Ci4, Ci5, C16, C17, or C18) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or
10) Rb
Each Rk can be, independently of one another, Rj, ORj, or NRgRh. Each Rm can be, independently of one another, hydrogen; C1-Q2 (e.g., Ci, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, or C12) alkyl or Ci-Ci2 (e.g., d, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, C11, or C12) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) Ra; C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, Ci3, Cj4, Cj5, CI6, C17, Ci8, Ci9, or C20) alkenyl; C2-C20 (e.g., C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cii, Ci2, C13, C14, C15, C16, Cj7, Ci8, C19, or C20) alkynyl; C7-C2O (e.g., C7, C8, C9, Cio, Cii, Ci2, Ci3, Ci4, C15, Cj6, Cj7, C18, Ci9, or C20) aralkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C3- C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, Ce, C9, C1O, Cn, C12, Ci3, Ci4, C15, Ci6, C17, Ci8, C19, or C20) cycloalkyl; C3-C20 (e.g., C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, Q0, Cn, C12, Cn, Ci4, C15, C16, Ci7, Ci8, Ci9, or C2o) cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) atoms; C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, Cπ, Ci2, Ci3, C14, Ci5, C16, C17, or Ci8) aryl; heteroaryl including 5- 16 (e.g., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16) atoms; NRgRh, or OR!. Each n can be 0, 1, or 2.
For ease of exposition, it is understood that any recitation of ranges (e.g., Cr C20) or subranges of a particular range (e.g., C1-C4, C2-C6) for any of R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, n, Ra, Rb, Rb', Rc, Ro>, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg, Rh, R1', Rj, Rk, or Rm expressly includes each of the individual values that fall within the recited range, including the upper and lower limits of the recited range. For example, the range Ci-C4 alkyl is understood to mean (e.g., C1, C2, C3, or C4) alkyl.
In some embodiments, R2 can be C6-C18 (e.g., C6-Ci4, C6-Ci0, C6) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb; C7-C20 (e.g., C7- Ci6, C7-Ci2, C7-C10) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1- 2, 1) Rc; C3-C20 (e.g., C3-Ci6, C3-C12, C3-C3) cycloalkyl or C3-C20 (e.g., C3-Cj6, C3-Ci2, C3-Cs) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Re; or C3-C2O (e-g-> C3-Ci6, C3-Ci2, C3-C8) cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rf.
In some embodiments, R2 can be C6-CI8 (e.g., C6-Ci4, C6-CiO, C6) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb. In some embodiments, R2 can be C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb.
In some embodiments, R2 can be C6-C10 aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) Rb. In some embodiments, R2 can be phenyl, optionally substituted with from 1-5
(e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R . In certain embodiments, R can be unsubstituted phenyl. In certain embodiments, R2 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, or 4 Rb. In certain embodiments, R2 can be phenyl substituted with 2 Rb or R2 can be phenyl substituted with 1 Rb. In these embodiments, each Rb can be attached to a carbon that is ortho, meta, ox para to the phenyl carbon atom that is attached to the 4-position of the cinnoline ring.
In some embodiments, when R2 is substituted with Rb, each Rb can be, independently of one another:
(i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-C10, C1-C6, Ci-C3) alkoxy or Q-C20 (e.g., Ci-Ci0, C1-C6, C1-C3) haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb'; C7-C20 (e.g., C7- C16, C7-Ci2, C7-C10) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; C3-C20 (e.g., C3-Cj6, C3-C12, C3-C8) cycloalkoxy or C3-C20 (e.g., C3-C16, C3-C12, C3-C8) halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3-C16, C3-C12, C3-C8) cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rf; mercapto; C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-Ci0, Cj-C6, Ci- C3) thioalkoxy or Ci-C20 (e.g., Ci-Ci0, Cj-C6, C1-C3) thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; C6-Cj8 (e.g., C6- Ci4, C6-Ci0, phenyl) thioaryloxy or thiohetero aryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb ; C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R°; C3-C20 (e.g., C3-C16, C3-C12, C3-C8) thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C20 (e.g., C3-C16, C3-C12, C3-C8) thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3-C16, C3-C12, C3-C8) thiocycloalkenyloxy, tliioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rf; cyano; -C(O)NRεRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; - C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR1S(O)nR1; -C(NR1^)R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
(ii) C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-C10, C1-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl or C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-C10, Ci-C6, C1- C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-
3, 1-2, l) Ra; or
(vi) C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Cj6, C7-Ci2, C7-Q o) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) RC; or (vii) C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-Ci0, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g.,
5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) Rb'.
In some embodiments, when R is substituted with R , each R can be, independently of one another: (i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; Ci-C20 (e.g., Ci-Ci0, CpC6, C1-C3) alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; C6-C18 (e.g., C6- C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb>; C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C]2, C7-Ci0) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-
4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb>; C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-Ci2, C7-C10) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or (ii) C1-C20 (e.g., C1-Ci0, Ci-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl or C1-C20 (e.g., C1-C10, C1-C6, C1- C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, l) Ra; or
(vi) C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-CJ2, C7-Ci0) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) RC; or
(vii) C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) Rb>. In certain embodiments, when R2 is substituted with Rb, each Rb can be, independently of one another:
(i) halo; NO2; NR8R11; hydroxy; C1-Ci0 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; C6-C]4 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 Rc; Ce-Ci4 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 RQ; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; - NRjC(O)Rf; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or
(ii) Ci-Cio alkyl or C1-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000062_0001
(vi) C7-C16 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (vii) C6-C14 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb>.
In certain embodiments, when R is substituted with R , each R can be, independently of one another:
(i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; C6-Ci0 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-Ci6 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-16 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-5 Rc; C6-Ci0 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-C16 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NR8R1'; -C(O)R1'; -NR1C(O)R1; -NRjC(0)NRBRh; or -S(O)nR"; or
(ii) Ci-C6 alkyl or CrC6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1- 3 Ra; or
(vi) C7-Ci2 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or
(vii) C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb . In certain embodiments, when R2 is substituted with Rb, each Rb can be, independently of one another:
(i) halo; NO2; NR8Rh; hydroxy; C1-C3 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; C6-aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-C)2 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-5 Rc; C6-thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb'; C7-C)2 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; cyano; - C(0)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; -NRjC(O)R!; -NRjC(0)NR8Rh; or -S(O)nR"; or (ii) Ci-C3 alkyl or C1-C3 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -
2 Ra; or
(vi) C7-Ci0 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or
(vii) phenyl or heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb'.
A subset of compounds includes those in which R2 has formula (II-A). In certain embodiments, R2 can have formula (II-B):
Figure imgf000063_0001
(II-A) (II-B) In some embodiments, B can be hydrogen (i.e., R2 can be an unsubstituted phenyl group).
In some embodiments, B can be:
(i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-Ci0, Cj-C6, C1-C3) alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6- Ci4, C6-Ci0, phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb ; C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Cj6, C7-C12, C7-C1O) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1- 4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6-Cj4, C6-CiO, phenyl) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb>; C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C6, C7-Cj2, C7-Cj0) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or (ii) Ci-C20 (e.g., Ci-Ci0, Cj-C6, CI-C3) alkyl or Cj-C20 (e.g., CJ-CJ0, CI-C6, C1-
C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or
(vi) C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-Ci2, C7-Ci0) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or
(vii) C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-Ci0, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb>. hi certain embodiments, B can be: (i) halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; Ci-Cj0 (e.g., Ci-C6, Cj-C3) alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; C6-C14 (e.g., C6-C10, phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-14 (e.g., 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb>; C7-C20 (e.g., C7- C16, C7-CJ2, C7-C10) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; C6- Cj4 (e.g., C6-C10, phenyl) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-14 (e.g., 5-10, 5- 6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1- 2, 1) Rb ; C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C1O) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R*; - NR1C(O)R1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or (ii) Ci-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkyl or C1-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or
(vi) C7-C16 (e.g., C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-16 (e.g., 6- 14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or (vii) C6-C14 (e.g., C6-C10, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb .
In certain embodiments, B can be:
(i) halo; NO2; NRsRh; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; C6-C10 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-C16 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-16 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-5 Rc; C6-C10 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-14 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb>; C7-C16 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)Rj; - NR3C(O)R1;
-NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or
(ii) Ci-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000065_0001
(vi) C7-C12 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or
(vii) C6-C10 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb .
In certain embodiments, B can be: (i) halo; NO2; NRBRh; hydroxy; Cj-C3 alkoxy optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; C6-aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7-Ci2 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-5 Rc; Cg-thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb ; C7- C12 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-12 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 R0; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R*; -NR1C(O)R'; -NRjC(0)NR8Rh; or -S(O)nR*; or
(ii) Ci-C3 alkyl or C1-C3 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra; or
(vi) C7-C1O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc; or
(vii) phenyl or heteroaryl including 5 or 6 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb .
In some embodiments, B can be hydroxy. In some embodiments, B can be NH2.
In some embodiments, B can be -NRjC(O)NR8Rh. In certain embodiments, Rj can be hydrogen or Ci-C6 alkyl (e.g., C1-C3 alkyl).
In certain embodiments, R* can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-C12, C7-Cio) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1- 4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5- 16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb.
When B is -NRjC(O)NRgRh, B can have formula (III):
Figure imgf000066_0001
(III). In certain embodiments, one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C7-C2O (e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-Ci2, C7-Ci0) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R°; or C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb. In certain embodiments, one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be
C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) Rb.
In certain embodiments, one of Rε and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6-C10 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb. In certain embodiments, one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be unsubstituted phenyl.
In certain embodiments, one of R8 and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb.
In certain embodiments, each Rb can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkyl; or C1-C10 (e.g., Ci-C6, CrC3) haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, each Rb can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Cj-C6 alkyl; or C1-C6 haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, each Rb can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C3 alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R'; C1-C3 alkyl; or Ci-C3 haloalkyl (e.g., Ci- C3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or CpC3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., C1-C3 perfluoro alkyl).
In some embodiments, B can be: (i-B) NRgRh, wherein one of Rg and Rh is hydrogen, and the other is C7-C20
(e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-Ci0, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb; or
(ii-B) C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-Ci0, phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb'; or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-Ci2, C7-Ci0) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R0; or
(iii-B) C6-C1S (e.g., C6-Cj4, C6-C10, phenyl) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb>; or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or
(vi-B) C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-CiO, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb>; or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc. In certain embodiments, B can be:
(i-B') NRgRh, wherein one of Rg and Rh is hydrogen, and the other is C7-C2O (e.g., C7-C16, C7-Ci2, C7-C10) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) RC;
(ii-B') C7-C2O (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C1O) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R0; or
(iii-B') C7-C2O (e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-C12, C7-C10) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or
(iv-B') C7-C2O (e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-Ci2, C7-C10) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc.
In these embodiments (i.e., when B is as described in (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv- B), (i-B5), (U-B'), (iii-B'), (iv-B')), B can be unsubstituted or substituted. When B is substituted, each Rb, Rb , and Rc can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-Cio (e.g., C1-C6, Ci-C3) alkoxy; C1-C10 (e.g., Ci-C6, Ci-C3) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C]-C10 (e.g., Ci-C6, Cj-C3) alkyl or C1-C10 (e.g., C]-C6, Ci-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or -C(O)OR1. In certain embodiments, each Rb, Rb , and R° can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy; Ci-C6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Cj-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; or - C(O)OR*. In certain embodiments, each Rb, Rb , and Rc can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C3 alkoxy; C1-C3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1 (e.g., - C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., C1-C4 perfluoroalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); or -C(O)OR1. In certain embodiments, each Rb, Rb , and Rc can be, independently of one another, F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH3; OCF3;-C(0)(morpholino); CH3; CH3 substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); CF3; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH3.
In certain embodiments, when B is as described in (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ii-B'), (Ui-B'), (iv-B'), B can have formula (IV):
Figure imgf000069_0001
in which W can be NRj, O, S, or is absent; j can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can be, independently of one another, hydrogen, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-Ci0 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkoxy; C1-Ci0 (e.g., C1-C6, Cj-C3) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-Ci0 (e.g., Ci-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl or Ci-Ci0 (e.g., Ci-C6, Ci-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
In certain embodiments, W can be NRJ, O, or S. In certain embodiments, RJ can be hydrogen or Ci-C6 alkyl (e.g., Ci-C3 alkyl). In certain embodiments, RJ can be hydrogen, and W is NH. In certain embodiments, j can be O or 1. In certain embodiments, j can be 1. In certain embodiments, each of Rbl, Rb2 5 Rb3 5 Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and RbS can be, independently of one another, hydrogen; halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy; C1-C6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; CpC6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
In certain embodiments, each of Rbl, Rb2, Rω, RM, and RbS can be, independently of one another, hydrogen; halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C3 alkoxy; C1-C3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., C1-C4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., C1-C4 perfluoroalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); or - C(O)OR1.
In certain embodiments, each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can be, independently of one another, hydrogen; F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH3; OCF3; - C(O)(morpholino); CH3; CH3 substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or - C(O)OCH3); CF3; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH3.
In certain embodiments, any 1, 2, 3, or 4 of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-CiO (e.g., Cj-C6, Ci-C3) alkoxy; C1-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, Ci-C3) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-Ci0 (e.g., C1-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl or Ci-Ci0 (e.g., Ci-C6, C1-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any 1, 2, 3, or 4 of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Cj-C6 alkoxy; Cj-C6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any 1, 2, 3, or 4 of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C3 alkoxy; Ci-C3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); C1-C4 alkyl or C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., C1-C4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., C1-C4 perfluoroalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); or -C(O)OR1; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any 1, 2, 3, or 4 of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 can be, independently of one another, F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH3; OCF3; -C(O)(morpholino); CH3; CH3 substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); CF3; -C(O)OH; or -
C(O)OCH3; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can be other than hydrogen. In certain embodiments, any one of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, or Rb5 (e.g., Rbl or Rb5;
Rb2 or Rb4; or Rb3) can be halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 (e.g., Ci-C6, C1-C3) alkoxy; C1-
C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Cj-C10 (e.g., C]-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl or C1-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other four can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, any one of Rbl, Rb2, RM, Rb4, or Rb5 (e.g., Rbl or Rb5;
Rb2 or Rb4; or Rb3) can be halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C6 alkoxy; C]-C6 haloalkoxy; cyano;
-C(O)R1; C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -3 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other four can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any one of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 (e.g., Rbl or Rb5; Rb2 or Rb4; or Rb3) can be halo; NO2; hydroxy; CpC3 alkoxy; CpC3 haloalkoxy; cyano;
-C(O)R' (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); C1-C4 alkyl or CpC4 haloalkyl (e.g., C1-C4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., CpC4 perfluoroalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); or -C(O)OR1; and the other four can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, any one of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 (e.g., Rbl or Rb5;
Rb2 or RM; or Rb3) can be F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH3; OCF3; -C(O)(morpholino); CH3; CH3 substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); CF3; -C(O)OH; or -
C(O)OCH3; and the other four can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rb3 can be C1-C4 alkyl substituted with 1 Ra, and each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, Ra can be C(O)OR1, in which R1 can be hydrogen or C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). In certain embodiments, Rb3 can be -CH2C(O)OH, -CH2C(O)OCH3, -C(CH3)2C(O)OH, or -C(CH3)2C(O)OCH3. In certain embodiments, Rb3 can be -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH).
In certain embodiments, Rb2 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., C1-C4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., C1-C4 perfluoroalkyl, e.g., CF3); or -C(O)R1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-
20 atoms), e.g., -C(0)(morpholino)); or -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH); and each of Rbl, Rb3,
RM, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, Rbl can be halo (e.g., Cl) or C1-C6 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF3), and each of Rbl, Rb3, Rb4, and RbS can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any two of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 (Rbl and Rb2; RbI and Rb3; Rbl and Rb4; Rbl and Rb5; Rb2 and Rb3; Rb2 and RM; Rb2 and Rb5; etc., e.g., Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb4; or Rb2 and Rb3) can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkoxy; C1-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R4; C1-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkyl or C1-Ci0 (e.g., C1-C6, Cj-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other three can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, any two of Rbl , Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 (Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb3; Rbl and Rb4; Rbl and Rb5; Rb2 and Rb3; Rb2 and RM; Rb2 and Rb5; etc., e.g., Rbl and Rb2; RbI and Rb4; or Rb2 and Rb3) can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C6 alkoxy; Ci-C6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-C6 alkyl or Ci-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-3 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any two of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, or Rb5 (Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb3; Rbl and Rb4; Rbl and Rb5; Rb2 and Rb3; Rb2 and RM; Rb2 and Rb5; etc., e.g., Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb4; or Rb2 and Rb3) can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C3 alkoxy; Ci-C3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); Ci-C4 alkyl or Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., Q-C4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., Ci-C4 perfluoroalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., - C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); or -C(O)OR1; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any two of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, or Rb5 (Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb3; Rbl and RM; Rbl and Rb5; Rb2 and Rb3; Rb2 and Rb4; Rb2 and Rb5; etc., e.g., Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and RM; or Rb2 and Rb3) can be, independently of one another, F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH3; OCF3; -C(O)(morpholino); CH3; CH3 substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., - C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); CF3; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH3; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl and Rb4 can both be Cj-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl can be CpC4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), Rb4 can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, RD1 and RM can both be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl can be halo (e.g., F, Br); Rb4 can be Ci-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), or Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), or Cj-C3 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), or halo (e.g., Br); and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl can be C1-C3 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), Rb4 can be halo (e.g., Br), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl and Rb2 can both be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and each of Rb3, RM, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, Rbl can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), Rb2 can be Cj-C4 haloalkyl
(e.g., CF3), and each of Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rb2 and Rb3 can both be halo (e.g., Cl), and each of Rbl, R 4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rb2 can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), Rb3 can be Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), and each of Rbl, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rb2 and Rb3 can each be, independently, Ci-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3) or -C(O)OR* (e.g., COOH); and each of Rbl, RM, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl and R 5 can both be halo (e.g., chloro), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and RM can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl can be halo (e.g., chloro), Rb3 can be -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH), and each of Rb2, RM, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
When B is as described in (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (ϋ-B5), (ϋi-B'), (iv-B')X B can also be W-(CH2)j-(bicyclic or tricyclic aryl) or W-(CH2)j-(heteroaryl), in which W and j can be as described elsewhere for Formula (IV).
B can be -NH-CH2-naphthyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 1 or 2 position of the naphthyl ring, and the naphthyl ring can optionally be substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 Rc).
In certain embodiments, B can be -NH-CH2-indolyl or -O-CH2-indolyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 7 position of the indole ring, and the indole ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R°, e.g., at the 1 -position with CH3 and/or at the 5-position with halo (e.g., fluoro) and/or at the 3-position with COOR1 (e.g., COOH). In certain embodiments, B can be -NH-CH2-benzothienyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 3 position of the benzothienyl ring, and the benzothienyl ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 Rc, e.g., at the 3-position with C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3) or at the A- position with C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3)).
In some embodiments, B can be -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R*; -NR1C(O)R1; - NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk.
In certain embodiments, RJ can be hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., C1-C3 alkyl). In certain embodiments, RJ can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, each of R1 and Rk can be, independently of one another, C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb ; or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6- 20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc. In certain embodiments, Rb> and Rc can each be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 (e.g., Ci-C6, Ci-C3) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkyl or Ci-Ci0 (e.g., Cj-C6, C1-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
In certain embodiments, each of R1 and Rk can be, independently of one another, C6-C18 (e-g-j C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb'; or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-Cj2, C7-Ci0) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc. In certain embodiments, Rb' and Rc can each be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 (e.g., Cj- C6, C1-C3) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkyl or C1-Ci0 (e.g., Ci- C6, Ci-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, I) R3J Or -C(O)OR1.
In certain embodiments, one of Rg or Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-Ci0, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb ; or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6- 20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R0. In certain embodiments, Rb> and Rc can each be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-Ci0 (e.g., Ci-C6, Ci-C3) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-Ci0 (e.g., Ci-C6, C1-C3) alkyl or Ci-Ci0 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
In certain embodiments, one of Rg or Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6-CiS (e.g., C6-Ci4, C6-Ci0, phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb>; or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Cj6, C7-C12, C7-Ci0) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc. In certain embodiments, Rb> and R0 can each be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 (e.g., Ci- C6, Ci-C3) alkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-Ci0 (e.g., Ci-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl or Ci-C10 (e.g., C1- C6, C1-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, I) R^ Or -C(O)OR1.
In some embodiments, B can be C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-C10, C1-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl or Ci-
C20 (e.g., C1-C10, C1-C6, C1-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra.
In certain embodiments, B can be C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-Ci0, CpC6, Cj-C3) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) Ra. In certain embodiments, B can be C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-Ci0, Ci-C6, Cj-C3) alkyl substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra.
In certain embodiments, B can be Ci-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkyl substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra.
In certain embodiments, B can be C1-C6 (e.g., C1-C3) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., 1-2, 1) Ra.
In certain embodiments, B can be C1-C3 alkyl optionally substituted with from l-2 (e.g., l) Ra.
When B is C1-C20 (e.g., C1-C10, Cj-C6, C1-C3) alkyl substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra, each Ra can be, independently of one another, NRgRh; C6-C1S (e.g., C6-Ci4, C6-C10, phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5- 14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb; C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C6-Cj8 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C]0, phenyl) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Ci03 C7-C22, C7-C]0) thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc. In certain embodiments, B can be Cj-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1 Ra (e.g., B can be a substituted CH3 group).
In certain embodiments, Ra can be a Cj-C6 alkyl (e.g., B can be a substituted CH3 group) substituted with NRgRh. For example, one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6-Cj8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which can be optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb. In some embodiments, one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be a phenyl or napthyl group, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-3) Rb (e.g., C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3) optionally substituted with 1 Ra (e.g., COOH)). For example, one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be a phenyl ring in which an oriho position, a meta position, and the para position are each substituted with a combination of CH3 and CH2C(O)OH groups.
Other embodiments can include one or more of the following features (e.g., the various embodiments described elsewhere for R2 can also be combined with one or more of the following features).
In some embodiments, R1 can be hydrogen.
In some embodiments, R1 can be:
(ii) Ci-C20 (e.g., C1-C]0, C1-C6, C1-C3) alkyl or C1-C20 (e.g., C1-C10, C1-C6, C1- C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -10 (e.g., 1-5, 1 -4, 1 - 3, 1-2, l) Ra; or
(iii) C7-C2O (e.g., C7-C16, Cη-Cn, C7-Cio) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) RC; or
(iv) C6-CjS (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) Rb>; or (viii) -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; - SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(0)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRjS(0)nRJ; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh).
In certain embodiments, R1 can be: (ii) Ci-C10 (e.g., Ci-C6, C1-C3) alkyl or C1-C10 (e.g., Ci-C6, Cj-C3) haloalkyl, • each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or
(iii) C7-C16 (e.g., C7-Ci2, C7-Ci0) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-16 (e.g., 6- 14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or (iv) C6-Ci0 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-10 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb; or
(viii) -C(0)NRεRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; - SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -N^C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRjS(O)nRJ; -C(NRm)Rj; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh). In certain embodiments, R1 can be:
(ii) C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-C10, Ci-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1- 10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l)Ra; or
(iii) C6-C18 (e.g., C6-CH, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb; or (iv) C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R0; or
(viii) -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; - SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRjC(0)Rj; -NRjC(O)ORj; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR^(O)nR1; -C(NR1^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh). In certain embodiments, R1 can be:
(ii) Ci-Cio (e.g., Ci-C6, Cj-C3) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l) Ra; or
(iii) C6-Ci0 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb; or (iv) C7-Ci6 (e.g., C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5
(e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; or (viii) -C(O)NRsRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; - SC(O)R1'; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(0)NRgRh; -S(0)nRk; -NR1S(O)nR1; ^(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh).
In certain embodiments, R1 can be C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-Ci0, C1-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra.
In certain embodiments, R1 can be C1-C10 (e.g., Ci-C6, C1-C3) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra.
In certain embodiments, R1 can be C1-C6 (e.g., Ci-C3) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-3 (e.g., l-2,( 1) Ra. In certain embodiments, R1 can be CH3.
In certain embodiments, R1 can be C6-CiS (e.g., C6-CH, C6-Ci0, phenyl) aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb.
In certain embodiments, R1 can be C6-C10 (e.g., phenyl) aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb. In certain embodiments, R1 can be phenyl.
In certain embodiments, R1 can be phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rb.
In certain embodiments, when R1 is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rb, each Rb can be, independently of one another, Ci-C6 (e.g., C1-C3) alkyl, Ci-C6 (e.g., Ci- C3) haloalkyl, Ci-C6 (e.g., Ci-C3) alkoxy, C1-C6 (e.g., C1-C3) haloalkoxy, halo, NO2, NRgRh, or cyano.
In certain embodiments, each Rb can be, independently of one another, C1-C6 (e.g., Ci-C3) alkyl, Ci-C6 (e.g., C1-C3) haloalkyl, Ci-C6 (e.g., C1-C3) alkoxy, halo, NO2, NRgRh, or cyano.
In certain embodiments, each Rb can be, independently of one another, Ci-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or C1-C3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C3 perfluoroalkyl)); C1-C3 alkoxy, halo, NO2, NH2, or cyano.
In certain embodiments, each Rb can be, independently of one another, C1-C3 alkyl, C1-C3 haloalkyl (e.g., C1-C3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or C1-C3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl)); or C1-C3 alkoxy (e.g., compound of formula (I) in which R2 is phenyl substituted (e.g., metø-substituted) with -NRjC(O)NRgRh). In certain embodiments, R1 can be C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-Ci0) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc.
In certain embodiments, R1 can be C7-Ci2 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc. In certain embodiments, R1 can be benzyl.
In certain embodiments, R1 can be -C(O)R1, in which R' can be C6-CiS (e.g., C6- Cj4, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb. In certain embodiments, R1 can be phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 Rb. In certain embodiments, each Rb can be, independently of one another, CpC6 (e.g., Cj-C3) alkyl, Ci-C6 (e.g., C1-C3) haloalkyl, C1-C6 (e.g., C1-C3) alkoxy, Ci-C6 (e.g., C1-C3) haloalkoxy, halo, NO2, NRεRh, or cyano. In certain embodiments, each Rb can be, independently of one another, Ci-C3 alkyl, Cj-C3 haloalkyl (e.g., Ci-C3 haloalkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 halogens (e.g., fluoro) or C1-C3 perhaloalkyl (e.g., C1-C3 perfluoroalkyl)); C1-C3 alkoxy, Ci-C3 haloalkoxy, halo, NO2, NH2, or cyano.
In some embodiments, each of R3, R4 and R5 can be, independently of one another, hydrogen or halo (e.g., fluoro). In certain embodiments, each of R3, R4 and R5 can be hydrogen.
In some embodiments, R can be hydrogen, halo, C1-Ci0 (e-g-, Ci-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl, or Ci-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, Ci-C3) haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, R6 can be hydrogen, halo, Cj-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 haloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R6 can be hydrogen, halo, CpC3 alkyl, or CpC3 haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, R6 can be hydrogen, Br, Cl, CH3 or CF3.
In certain embodiments, R6 can be halo, C1-C1O (e.g., CpC6, CpC3) alkyl, or C1- C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) haloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R6 can be halo, C1-C6 alkyl, or C1-C6 haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, R6 can be halo, CpC3 alkyl, or C1-C3 haloalkyl.
In certain embodiments, R6 can be Br, Cl, CH3 or CF3. In certain embodiments, R0 can be Br or Cl. In certain embodiments, R6 can be
Cl.
In certain embodiments, R6 can be CH3. In certain embodiments, R6 can be CF3. In certain embodiments, R can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, each of R3, R4, R5, and R6 can be, independently of one another:
(i) hydrogen, halo; NO2; NRgRh; hydroxy; C1-C20 (e.g., C1-Ci0, C1-C6, C1-C3) alkoxy or C1-C20 (e.g., C1-CiO, Ci-C6, Ci-C3) haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; C6-C18 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-C10, phenyl) aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb'; C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-C12, C7-C10) aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6- 12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; C3-C20 (e.g., C3-Cj6, C3-Ci2, C3-C8) cycloalkoxy or C3-C20 (e.g., C3-C16, C3-Ci2, C3-C8) halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3-Ci6, C3-Cn, C3-C8) cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rf; mercapto; Ci-C20 (e.g., C1-C]0, Q-C6, C1- C3) thioalkoxy or C1-C20 (e.g., C1-C10, C1-C6, Ci-C3) thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6- C14, C6-C10, phenyl) thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb>; C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-C12, C7-Ci0) thioaralkoxy or thiohetero aralkoxy including 6-20 (e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rc; C3-Ci6 (e.g., C3-Ci6, C3-C12, C3-C8) thiocycloalkoxy or C3-Cj6 (e.g., C3-Ci6, C3-C12, C3-C8) thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Re; C3-C20 (e.g., C3-Cj6, C3-C12, C3-C8) thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rf; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NR8Rh; -C(O)R1; -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; - C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR*; -NRjC(0)NRgRh; -S(O)πRk; -NR1S(O)nR1; -C(NRm)R!; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); or
(ii) C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-C10, Ci-C6, Ci-C3) alkyl or C1-C20 (e.g., Ci-C10, Cj-C6, C1- C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1- 3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or
(iii) C3-C20 (e.g., C3-C16, C3-C12, C3-C8) cycloalkyl or C3-C20 (e.g., C3-C16, C3- Ci2, C3-C8) halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1- 2, l)Re; or (iv) C3-C20 (e.g., C3-C16, C3-Cj2, C3-C8) cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-
20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 (e.g., 3-16, 3-12, 3-8) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; or
(v) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rd; or (vi) C7-C20 (e.g., C7-Ci6, C7-C]2, C7-Ci0) aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20
(e.g., 6-14, 6-12, 6-10) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, I) R0; or
(vii) C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6-Ci4, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 (e.g., 5-14, 5-10, 5-6) atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1- 5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb'.
In some embodiments, the cinnoline-based, LXR modulators can have formula
(V):
Figure imgf000081_0001
in which R1, R3, R4, R5, R6, and B are as defined elsewhere for compounds having formula (V). In certain embodiments, R1 can be C1-C20 (e.g., C1-C10, C1-C6, C1-C3) alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, l)Ra. In certain embodiments, R1 can be CH3.
In certain embodiments, R1 can be C6-C18 (e.g., C6-Ci4, C6-C10, phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb. In certain embodiments, R1 can be phenyl.
In certain embodiments, R1 can be C7-C20 (e.g., C7-C16, C7-Ci2, C7-C10) aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) R°. In certain embodiments, R1 can be benzyl.
R1 can be H. In certain embodiments, R6 can be hydrogen, halo, C1-Ci0 (e.g., CpC6, Ci-C3) alkyl, or C1-C1O (e.g., Cj-C6, Ci-C3) haloalkyl. In certain embodiments, R6 can be hydrogen, Br, Cl, CH3 or CF3.
In certain embodiments, each of R3, R4 and R5 can be, independently of one another, hydrogen or halo (e.g., fluoro). In certain embodiments, each of R3, R4 and R5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, B can be hydrogen, NH2, or OH.
In certain embodiments, B can have formula (III), in which one of Rg and R can be hydrogen, and the other can be C6-Ci8 (e.g., C6-C14, C6-Ci0, phenyl) aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Rb. E.g., one of Rg and Rh can be hydrogen, and the other can be phenyl.
In certain embodiments, B can have formula (IV), in which W can be NH, O, or S, j can be 1, and each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be as defined elsewhere.
In certain embodiments, each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any one of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 (e.g., Rbl or Rb5; Rb2 or RM; or Rb3) or any two of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 (Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb3; Rbl and Rb4; Rbl and Rb5; Rb2 and Rb3; Rb2 and RM; Rb2 and Rbs; etc., e.g., Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and RM; or Rb2 and Rb3) can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1- Ci0 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkoxy; Ci-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R*; Ci-C10 (e.g., C1-C6, C1-C3) alkyl or C1-C10 (e.g., Ci-C6, C1-C3) haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 (e.g., 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, 1) Ra; or -C(O)OR*; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any one of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 (e.g., Rbl or Rb5; Rb2 or Rb4; or Rb3) or any two of Rbl, Rb2 5 Rb3 5 Rb4, or Rb5 (Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb3; Rbl and Rb4; Rbl and Rb5; Rb2 and Rb3; Rb2 and Rb4; Rb2 and Rb5; etc., e.g., Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb4; or Rb2 and Rb3) can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci- C6 alkoxy; Ci-C6 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C6 alkyl or C1-C6 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -3 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any one of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, or Rb5 (e.g., Rbl or Rb5; Rb2 or Rb4; or Rb3) or any two of RbI, Rb2, Rb3, RM, or Rb5 (Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb3; Rbl and Rb4; Rbl and Rb5; Rb2 and Rb3; Rb2 and RM; Rb2 and Rb5; etc., e.g., Rbl and Rb2; RbI and Rb4; or Rb2 and Rb3) can be, independently of one another, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1- C3 alkoxy; Ci-C3 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms); Ci-C4 alkyl or Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CpC4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., Ci-C4 perfluoroalkyl), each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., - C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3); or -C(O)OR1; and the other(s) can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, any one of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, or Rb5 (e.g., Rbl or Rb5; Rb2 or Rb4; or Rb3) or any two of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, RM, or Rb5 (Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and Rb3; Rbl and Rb4; Rbl and Rb5; Rb2 and Rb3; Rb2 and Rb4; Rb2 and Rb5; etc, e.g., Rbl and Rb2; Rbl and RM; or Rb2 and Rb3) can be, independently of one another, F; Cl; Br; OH; OCH3; OCF3; -C(θχmorpholino); CH3; CH3 substituted with from 1-2 Ra (e.g., -C(O)OH or - C(O)OCH3); CF3; -C(O)OH; or -C(O)OCH3; and the other(s) can be hydrogen. hi certain embodiments, Rb3 can be C]-C4 alkyl substituted with 1 Ra, and each of RbI, Rb2, RM, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, Ra can be C(O)OR1, in which R1 can be hydrogen or Ci-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3). In certain embodiments, Rb3 can be -CH2C(O)OH, -CH2C(O)OCH3, -C(CH3)2C(O)OH, or -C(CH3)2C(O)OCH3. In certain embodiments, Rb3 can be -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH).
In certain embodiments, R can be Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., Cj-C4 perhaloalkyl, e.g., Ci-C4 perfluoroalkyl, e.g., CF3); or -C(O)R1 (e.g., -C(O)(heterocyclyl including 3- 20 atoms), e.g., -C(O)(morpholino)); or -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH); and each of Rbl, Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl can be halo (e.g., Cl) or C1-C6 haloalkoxy (e.g., OCF3), and each of Rbl, Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, Rbl and Rb4 can both be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl can be Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), Rb4 can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl and Rb4 can both be Ci-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), and each of Rb2, Rb3 , and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl can be halo (e.g., F, Br); Rb4 can be Cj-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), or C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), or C1-C3 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), or halo (e.g., Br); and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl can be C1-C3 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3), Rb can be halo (e.g., Br), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl and Rb2 can both be C1-C4 alkyl (e.g., CH3), and each of Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, R can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), R can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), and each of Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen. In certain embodiments, Rb2 and Rb3 can both be halo (e.g., Cl), and each of Rbl,
RM, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rb2 can be halo (e.g., F, Cl), Rb3 can be C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3), and each of Rbl, RM, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rb2 and Rb3 can each be, independently, Ci-C6 alkoxy (e.g., OCH3) or -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH); and each of Rbl, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl and Rb5 can both be halo (e.g., chloro), and each of Rb2, Rb3, and RM can be hydrogen.
In certain embodiments, Rbl can be halo (e.g., chloro), Rb3 can be -C(O)OR1 (e.g., COOH), and each of Rb2, Rb4, and Rb5 can be hydrogen.
When B is as described in (i-B), (ii-B), (iii-B), (iv-B), (i-B'), (U-B'), (Ui-B'), (iv-B')), B can also be W-(CH2)j-(bicyclic or tricyclic aryl) or W-(CH2)j-(heteroaryl), in which W and j can be as described elsewhere for Formula (IV). B can be -NH-CH2-naphthyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 1 or 2 position of the naphthyl ring, and the naphthyl ring can optionally be substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R°).
In certain embodiments, B can be -NH-CH2-indolyl or -O-CH2-indolyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 7 position of the indole ring, and the indole ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 R°, e.g., at the 1 -position with CH3 and/or at the 5-position with halo (e.g., fluoro) and/or at the 3-position with COOR' (e.g., COOH).
In certain embodiments, B can be -NH-CH2-benzothienyl (e.g., the methylene group can be attached to the 2 or 3 position of the benzothienyl ring, and the benzothienyl ring can be optionally substituted in one or more positions, e.g., with 1-5, 1-4, 1-3, 1-2, or 1 Rc, e.g., at the 3-position with C1-C6 alkyl (e.g., CH3) or at the 4- position with C1-C4 haloalkyl (e.g., CF3)).
In some embodiments, the cinnoline-based, LXR modulators can have formula (VI):
Figure imgf000085_0001
(VI) in which X1, R1-, X2, R2-, R3-, R4-, R5-, R6- can be as defined elsewhere. In certain embodiments:
X1 can be a bond, -C(O)-, -0-, -S(O)1-, -NR8-, or -CR8R9-. R1" can be C1 to C6 alkyl, phenyl, or phenyl substituted independently by one or more of the groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, C1 to C3 alkoxy, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO2, -NR8Rg, -CN, - OH, and C1 to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, or
Rr can be a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyridine, thiophene, benzisoxazole, benzothiophene, oxadiazole, pyrrole, pyrazole, and furan, each of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, Cj to C3 alkoxy, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO2, - NR8Rg, -CN, and Ci to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines.
X2 can be a bond or -CH2-.
5 R2' can be phenyl, naphthyl, or phenyl or naphthyl substituted independently by one to four groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, hydroxy, phenyl, acyl, halogen, -NH2, -CN, -NO2, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1 to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, -C(O)R10, -C(O)NR10Rn, -C(O)NRuA, -C≡CR8, -CH=CHR8, -W1A, - C≡CA, -CH=CHA5 -W1YA, -W1YR10, -WY(CH2)jA, -W1CHR11(CH2)JA5 -W'(CH2)JA, - o W(CH2)JR10, -CHR1 !W(CH2)JR10, -CHR11 W(CH2)j A, -CHR1 JNR12YA5 -CHR11NRi2YR10, and pyrrole, or
R2« can be a heterocycle selected from pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, benzothiophene, indole, benzofuran, benzimidazole, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, and quinoline, each of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups 5 independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, hydroxy, phenyl, acyl, halogen, -NH2, -CN, -NO2, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, C1 to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, - C(O)R10, -C(O)NR10R11, -C(O)NRnA, -C=CR8, -CH=CHR8, -WA, -C≡CA, - CH=CHA, -WYA, -WYR10, -WΥ(CH2)jA, -W(CH2)JA, -W(CH2)JR10, - CHR11W(CH2)JRi0, -CHRn W(CH2)j A5 -CHRnNRi2YA, and -CHRnNR12YR10. 0 W can be a bond, -0-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -NRn-, or -N(CORi2)-.
Y can be -CO-, -S(O)2-, -CONR13, -CONR13CO-, -CONR13SO2-, -C(NCN)-, - CSNR13, -C(NH)NR13, or -C(O)O-. j can be O to 3. t can be O to 2. 5 A can be phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from halogen, C1 to C3 alkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, acyl, C1 to C3 alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, -CN, -NO2, -CO2Rn, - CH2CO2Rn, phenyl, phenoxy, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkoxy, Ci to C3 perfluoroalkyl, - NRi0Rn, -CH2NR10Rn, -SRn, Ci to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, Ci to C6 0 alkyl substituted with 1 to 2 -OH groups, and Ci to C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines; or
A can be a heterocycle selected from pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, furan, quinoline, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, isoxazole, indole, benzo[l,3]-dioxole, benzo[l,2,5]-oxadiazole, isochromen-1-one, and 3-H-isobenzofttran-l-one, each of which may be optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from halogen, Cj to C3 alkyl, acyl, C1 to C3 alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, -CN, -NO2, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, -NR10Rn, -CH2NR10Rn, -SRn, C1 to C6 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, and Cj to C6 alkoxy optionally substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines.
R3>5 R4', R5' can each be, independently, -H.
R6' can be Cj to C4 alkyl, Ci to C4 perfluoroalkyl, or halogen.
Each Rg can be independently -H, or C1 to C2 alkyl.
Each R9 can be independently -H, or Ci to C2 alkyl. Each Rio can be independently -H, C1 to C7 alkyl, C2 to C7 alkenyl, or C3 to C7 cycloalkyl;
Each Rj1 can be independently -H, or Ci to C3 alkyl.
Each Rj2 can be independently -H, or C1 to C3 alkyl.
In certain embodiments: Xi can be a bond, -C(O)-, or -CR8R9-.
Rr can be phenyl substituted independently by one or more of the groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, C2 to C4 alkenyl, C2 to C4 alkynyl, C1 to C3 alkoxy, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO2, -NR8RP, -CN, -OH, and Ci to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, or Rr can be a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of pyridine, thiophene, and furan, each of which maybe optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, Ci to C3 alkoxy, Ci to C3 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO2, -NR8R9, CN, and Cj to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, X2 can be a bond.
R2' can be phenyl substituted independently by one to four groups independently selected from hydroxy, halogen, Ci to C3 perfluoroalkyl, Ci to C3 alkyl substituted with 1 to 5 fluorines, -C≡CRs, -CH=CHR8, -WA, -C≡CA, -WYA, -WΥ(CH2)jA, - W(CH2)JA, -WCHRi i(CH2)jA, and -CHRiiW(CH2)jA. In certain embodiments:
Xi can be a bond, -C(O) - -O- -S(O)1-, -NR8-, -CR8R9- or -CR8(OR9) -.
Ri' can be Ci to C6 alkyl, C2 to C6 alkenyl, C2 to C6 alkynyl, C3 to C8 cycloalkyl, -CH2OH, CF3, CN, phenyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, C1 to C3 alkoxy, C1 to C2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO2, - NRsRp, -CN, and C1 to C2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines, or
Rr can be a heterocycle selected from pyridine, thiophene, and furan, each of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, Ci to C3 alkoxy, C1 to C2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, -NO2, -NR8R9, -CN, and C1 to C2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines.
X2 can be a bond or --CH2-.
R2' can be phenyl substituted by -W'(CH2)jA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, - W(CR18R19)A(CH2)^(CH2)PZ5 -(CH2)JWA(CH2)JCD(CH2)PZ, -CH=CH A(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -C≡CA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, or
W(CH2)jC≡CA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, and further optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from C1 to C2 alkyl, C1 to C2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, and -CN, or
R2' can be a heterocycle selected from pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, and furan, each of which is optionally substituted by - W(CH2)j A(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ,
Figure imgf000088_0001
-(CH2)JWA(CH2)UD(CH2)PZ, -CH=CHA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -C≡CA(CH2)kD(CH2)PZ, or -W(CH2)jC≡CA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ.
W can be a bond, -O-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, -NR11-, or -N(COR12)-. j ean be O to 3. k can be 0 to 3. t can be 0 to 2.
D can be a bond, -CH=CH-, -OC-, phenyl, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CHRi4-, -CR14Ri5-, -OCHR14-, -OCR14Ri5-, or -CH(OH)CH(OH)-. p can be O to 3.
Z can be -CO2Ru, -CGNRi0Ri 1, -C(=NRiO)NRnR12, -CONH2NH2, -CN, - CH2OH5 -NR16Ri7, CONHCH(R2O)CO12, phthalimide, pyrrolidine-2,5-dione, thiazolidine-2,4-dione, tetrazolyl, pyrrole, Ci to C7 amines, C3 to C7 cyclic amines, or Ci to C3 alkyl substituted with one to two OH groups; wherein said pyrrole is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting Of -CO2CH3, -CO2H, -COCH3, and -CN; wherein said C1 to C7 amines are optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -OH, halogen, -OCH3, and -C≡CH; and wherein said C3 to C7 cyclic amines are optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of -OH -CH2OH, -CH2OCH3, -CO2CH3, and - CONH2.
A can be phenyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from halogen, acyl, C1 to C3 alkyl, C1 to C3 alkoxy, hydroxy, halogen, -CN, -NO2, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, -NR10Rn, -CH2NR10Rn, -SRn, and C1 to C2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines; or
A can be a heterocycle selected from pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, indole, oxazole, and furan, which may be optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from halogen, acyl, C1 to C3 alkyl, C1 to C3 alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, -NO2, Ci to C3 perfluoroalkyl, -NRi0R11, -CH2NRi0Rn, -SRn, and Ci to C2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines.
R3-, R4', R5' can be -H.
R6' can be hydrogen, Ci to C4 alkyl, Ci to C4 perfluoroalkyl, or halogen. Each R8 can be independently -H, or C1 to C2 alkyl.
Each R9 can be independently -H, or C1 to C2 alkyl.
Each R1O is independently -H, or Ci to C3 alkyl.
Each Rn is independently -H, or Ci to C3 alkyl; or
Rio and Rn, when attached to the same atom, together with said atom form: (i) a 5 to 7 membered saturated ring, optionally substituted by 1 to 2 groups independently selected from C1 to C3 alkyl, OH and Ci -C3 alkoxy, or
(ii) a 5 to 7 membered ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms, optionally substituted by 1 to 2 groups independently selected from Ci to C3 alkyl, OH and Ci-C3 alkoxy;
Each R12 is independently -H, or C1 to C3 alkyl. Each R14, and R15 is, independently, Ci to C7 alkyl, C3 to C8 cycloalkyl, C2 to C7 alkenyl, C2 to C7 alkynyl, -OH, -F, C7 to C14 arylalkyl, where said arylalkyl is optionally substituted with 1 to 3 groups independently selected from NO2, Ci to C6 alkyl, Ci to C3 perhaloalkyl, halogen and C1 to C3 alkoxy, or R14 and R15 together with the atom to which they are attached can form a 3 to 7 membered saturated ring. Each R16 and R17 can be, independently, hydrogen, C1 to C3 alkyl, C1 to C3 alkenyl, C1 to C3 alkynyl, or C3 to C8 cycloalkyl, wherein said Cj to C3 alkyl is optionally substituted with one OH group; or R16 and R17, together with the atom to which they are attached, can form a 3 to 8 membered heterocycle which is optionally substituted with one or two substituents independently selected from the group consisting OfC1 to C3 alkyl, -OH, CH2OH, - CH2OCH3, -CO2CH3, and -CONH2. Each R18 and Rj 9 is, independently C1 to C3 alkyl.
In certain embodiments:
X1 can be a bond, -C(O) -, or -CR8R9-.
Ri« can be Ci to C6 alkyl, CF3, CN, phenyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from C1 to C2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, and C1 to C2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines, or
Ri> can be a heterocycle selected from thiophene, and furan, which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups independently selected from C1 to C2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, and C1 to C2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines.
X2 can be a bond. R2. can be phenyl substituted by -W'(CH2)j A(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ,
-W'(CR18Ri9)A(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, -C≡CA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, or
-(CH2)jW'A(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, and further optionally substituted with one or two groups independently selected from C1 to C2 perfluoroalkyl, halogen, and -CN, or
R2' can be a heterocycle selected from pyridine, pyrimidine, thiophene, and furan which is substituted by -W'(CH2)jA(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ,
-W'(CR18R19)A(CH2)kD(CH2)pZ, or -(CH2)JW1A(CH2)ICD(CH2)PZ.
D can be a bond, -0-, -NH-, -S-, -CHR14-, -CR14R15-, -OCHR14-, or -OCR14Ri5-
Z can be -CO2R11, -CONR10Ri 1, -CN, -CH2OH, or -NRigRiγ. A can be phenyl, or phenyl substituted by one to four groups independently selected from halogen, -CN, C1 to C3 perfluoroalkyl, and C1 to C2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines, or
A can be a heterocycle selected from pyrrole, pyridine, pyrimidine, and thiophene, each of which may be optionally substituted by one to three groups independently selected from halogen, -CN, Ci to C3 perfluoroalkyl, and C1 to C2 alkyl substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines.
It is understood that the actual electronic structure of some chemical entities cannot be adequately represented by only one canonical form {i.e. Lewis structure). While not wishing to be bound by theory, the actual structure can instead be some hybrid or weighted average of two or more canonical forms, known collectively as resonance forms or structures. Resonance structures are not discrete chemical entities and exist only on paper. They differ from one another only in the placement or "localization" of the bonding and nonbonding electrons for a particular chemical entity. It can be possible for one resonance structure to contribute to a greater extent to the hybrid than the others. Thus, the written and graphical descriptions of the embodiments of the present invention are made in terms of what the art recognizes as the predominant resonance form for a particular species. The compounds described herein can be synthesized according to methods described herein and/or conventional, organic chemical synthesis methods from commercially available starting materials and reagents. The compounds described herein can be separated from a reaction mixture and further purified by a method such as column chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization. As can be appreciated by the skilled artisan, further methods of synthesizing the compounds of the formulae herein will be evident to those of ordinary skill in the art. Additionally, the various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds. Synthetic chemistry transformations and protecting group methodologies (protection and deprotection) useful in synthesizing the compounds described herein are known in the art and include, for example, those such as described in R. Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2d. Ed., John Wiley and Sons (1991); L. Fieser and M. Fieser, Fieser andFieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), and subsequent editions thereof.
In some embodiments, the cinnoline compounds described herein can generally be prepared as delineated in Schemes 1-7.
In some embodiments, cinnoline compounds having alkyl groups (e.g., Cl to C3 alkyl) as the substituent corresponding to R1 in formula (I) can be prepared, e.g., according to Scheme 1. Compound 1 can be converted to the N-methyl, N-methoxy amide 2 ("Weinreb amide") under conventional amidation conditions. Reaction of the amide 2 with a lithio or Grignard reagent of formula R2Li or R2MgBr at low temperature can provide the ketone 3. Conversion of the ketone 3 into the aniline 4 can be accomplished with ammonium hydroxide at elevated temperature. Intermediate 5 is prepared by reacting 4 with R]XCH2MgBr followed by dehydration, which typically can occur spontaneously. Cinnoline 6 (X = bond)can be prepared via diazotisation (e.g., NaNO2/HCl) of the O-aminoaryl-ethylene 5 followed by a cyclization.
Scheme 1
,
Figure imgf000092_0001
In some embodiments, cinnoline compounds having R1 = R2 (i.e., the substituent corresponding to Rl in formula (I) is the same as the the substituent corresponding to Rl in formula (I)) can be prepared, e.g., according to Scheme 2. The hydrazine compound 7 can be condensed with l,2-diaryl-ethane-l,2-dione using conventional procedures to give hydrazone 8. Acid-mediated (e.g., H2SO4) cyclization of the hydrazone 8 can provide cinnoline 9.
Scheme 2
Figure imgf000093_0001
In some embodiments, the cinnoline compounds of formula (I) can also be prepared according to Scheme 3. The 4-hydroxy cinnoline 12 can be synthesized in two steps by Friedel-Crafts acylation of the aniline 10 followed by ring closure under the diazotisation conditions. Conversion to 13 can be effected with conventional halogenating agents, e.g., POBr3 or SOCl2. Reaction of 13 with a boronic acid reagent of formula R2B(OH)2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst can provide 14.
Scheme 3
Figure imgf000093_0002
In some embodiments, cinnoline compounds having an amino-substituted aryl group as the substituent corresponding to R2 in formula (I) can be prepared according to Scheme 4. Treatment of the free amine 15 with a sulfonyl choride, an acid chloride or an isocyanate can provide compound 16, in which Y can be SO2, CO, or CONH, and A can be, e.g. aryl (e.g., phenyl) (X = bond).
Scheme 4
Figure imgf000094_0001
In some embodiments, compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to Scheme 5. Treatment of the free amine 17, wherein j is 0~3, with an aldehyde (A- CHO) and a reducing agent such as NaBH(OAc)3, can result in the secondary amine 18. Alternatively, the secondary amine 18 can also be obtained upon treating the starting primary amine 17 with an alkylating agent (e.g., A-X') in the presence of a base. If the A group of the compound of formula (I) contains a carboxylic acid ester moiety this moiety can be transformed to the carboxylic acid upon treatment with aqueous lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxide in water mixed with a suitable organic solvent (X = bond).
Scheme 5
Figure imgf000094_0002
In some embodiments, compounds of formula (I) can be prepared according to Scheme 6. Alkylation of the hydroxy group of 19 with an alkylating agent (e.g., A-X') using potassium carbonate as the base can provide the alkylated compound 20 (j is 0-3). Alternatively, if j is 1 or more and A-OH is a phenol or substituted phenol, or, j is 0 and A-OH is an alcohol where the OH is connected to an sp3 hybridized carbon, then the alcohol of formula 19 and the A-OH can be reacted with triphenylphosphine (PPh3) and diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD) to form the ether of formula 20. If the A group of the compound of formula (I) contains a carboxylic acid ester moiety this moiety can be transformed to the carboxylic acid upon treatment with aqueous lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxide in a suitable organic solvent.
Scheme 6
Figure imgf000095_0001
In some embodiments, the cinnoline compounds of formula (I) can also be prepared according to Scheme 7. The 4-hydroxy cinnoline 23 can be synthesized in two steps by Grignard reagent addition to the amide 21 followed by ring closure under the diazotisation conditions. Conversion to 24 can be effected with conventional halogenating agents, e.g., POBr3 or SOCl2. Reaction of 24 with a boronic acid reagent of formula R2B(OH)2 in the presence of a palladium catalyst can provide 25.
Scheme 7
Figure imgf000096_0001
The compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers and diastereomeric mixtures. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention. The compounds of this invention may also contain linkages (e.g., carbon-carbon bonds, carbon-nitrogen bonds such as amide bonds) wherein bond rotation is restricted about that particular linkage, e.g. restriction resulting from the presence of a ring or double bond. Accordingly, all cis/trans and E/Z isomers and rotational isomers are expressly included in the present invention. The compounds of this invention may also be represented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, the invention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compounds described herein, even though only a single tautomeric form may be represented (e.g., alkylation of a ring system may result in alkylation at multiple sites, the invention expressly includes all such reaction products). All such isomeric forms of such compounds are expressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms of the compounds described herein are expressly included in the present invention.
The compounds of this invention include the compounds themselves, as well as their salts and their prodrugs, if applicable. A salt, for example, can be formed between an anion and a positively charged substituent (e.g., amino) on a compound described herein. Suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, and acetate. Likewise, a salt can also be formed between a cation and a negatively charged substituent (e.g., carboxylate) on a compound described herein. Suitable cations include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion. Examples of prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, which, upon administration to a subject, are capable of providing active compounds. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphfhalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3- phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Other acids, such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N-(alkyl)4 salts. This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization. Salt forms of the compounds of any of the formulae herein can be amino acid salts of carboxy groups (e.g. L-arginine, -lysine, -histidine salts).
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant" refers to a carrier or adjuvant that may be administered to a subject (e.g., a patient), together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof and is nontoxic when administered in doses sufficient to deliver a therapeutic amount of the compound. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that may be used in the compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d-α-tocoρherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, surfactants used in pharmaceutical dosage forms such as Tweens or other similar polymeric delivery matrices, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat. Cyclodextrins such as α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins, or other solubilized derivatives may also be advantageously used to enhance delivery of compounds of the formulae described herein.
In general, the compounds described herein can be used for treating, controlling, ameliorating, preventing, delaying the onset of, or reducing the risk of developing one or more diseases, disorders, conditions or symptoms mediated by LXRs (e.g., cardiovascular diseases (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis), atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic lesions, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, Syndrome X, obesity, lipid disorders (e.g., dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL), cognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, dementia), inflammatory diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear, chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall), celiac, or thyroiditis)). A disorder or physiological condition that is mediated by LXR refers to a disorder or condition wherein LXR can trigger the onset of the condition, or where inhibition of a particular LXR can affect signaling in such a way so as to treat, control, ameliorate, prevent, delay the onset of, or reduce the risk of developing the disorder or condition. Examples of such disorders include, but are not limited to cardiovascular diseases (e.g., acute coronary syndrome, restenosis), atherosclerosis, atherosclerotic lesions, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, Syndrome X, obesity, lipid disorders (e.g., dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL and high LDL), cognitive disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, dementia), inflammatory diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, endometriosis, LPS-induced sepsis, acute contact dermatitis of the ear, chronic atherosclerotic inflammation of the artery wall), celiac, or thyroiditis).
While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that LXR modulators that activate cholesterol efflux (e.g., upregulate ABCAl), but do not substantially increase SREBP-Ic expression and triglyceride synthesis in liver, can both reduce atherosclerotic risk and minimize the likelihood of concommitantly increasing serum and hepatic triglyceride levels. Candidate compounds having differential activity for regulating ABCAl (ABCGl) vs. SREBP-Ic can be can be evaluated using conventional pharmacological test procedures, which measure the affinity of a candidate compound to bind to LXR and to upregulate the gene ABCAl. In some embodiments, LXR ligands can be identified initially in cell-free LXR beta and LXR alpha competition binding assays. LXR ligands can be further characterized by gene expression profiling for tissue selective gene regulation.
In some embodiments, the compounds described herein have agonist activity for ABCAl transactivation but do not substantially affect (e.g., inhibit) SREBP-Ic gene expression in differentiated THP-I macrophages. Gene expression analysis in an antagonist mode can be used to further delineate differential regulation of ABCAl and SREBP-Ic gene expression. In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein preferentially antagonize SREBP-Ic activation (a marker for genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis) but do not substantially affect (e.g., have relatively minimal or additive effects) on ABCAl gene expression or genes known to enhance HDL biogenesis (based on a competition assay with known potent synthetic LXR agonists). Cell type or tissue specificity may be further evaluated in additional cell lines, intestinal, CaCo2 or liver, HepG2 and Huh-7 cells where ABCAl activity is believed to influence net cholesterol absorption and reverse cholesterol transport. The test procedures performed, and results obtained therefrom are described in the Examples section.
In some embodiments, the compounds described herein have agonist activity for ABCAl and antagonist activity for SREBP-Ic (e.g., as determined by gene specific modulation in cell based assays). In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein (in the agonist mode) have at least about 20% efficacy for ABCAl activation by LXR and do not substantially agonize SREBP-Ic (at most about 25% efficacy relative to a reference compound N-(2,2,2~trifluoro-ethyl)-N-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoro-l -hydroxy- 1- trifluoromethyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide (Schultz, Joshua R., Genes & Development (2000), 14(22), 2831-2838)). In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein (in the antagonist mode) do not substantially antagonize ABCAl gene expression. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that there may be an additive effect on ABCAl gene expression relative to the reference compound at their EC50 concentration. In certain embodiments, the compounds described herein (in the antagonist mode) inhibited agonist-mediated SREBP-Ic gene expression in a dose dependent fashion.
In some embodiments, the compounds described herein can be coadministered with one or more other threapeutic agents. In certain embodiments, the additional agents may be administered separately, as part of a multiple dose regimen, from the compounds of this invention (e.g., sequentially, e.g., on different overlapping schedules with the administration of one or more compounds of formula (I), (V) or(VI)). Alternatively, these agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the compounds of this invention in a single composition. In still another embodiment, these agents can be given as a separate dose that is administered at about the same time that one or more compounds of formula (I), (V) or(VI) are administered (e.g., simultaneously with the administration of one or more compounds of formula (I), (V) or(VI)). When the compositions of this invention comprise a combination of a compound of the formulae described herein and one or more additional therapeutic or prophylactic agents, both the compound and the additional agent should be present at dosage levels of between about 1 to 100%, and more preferably between about 5 to 95% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.
The compounds and compositions described herein can, for example, be administered orally, parenterally (e.g., subcutaneously, intracutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly, intraarticularly, intraarterially, intrasynovially, intrasternally, intrathecally, intralesionally and by intracranial injection or infusion techniques), by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally, via an implanted reservoir, by injection, subdermally, intraperitoneally, transmucosally, or in an ophthalmic preparation, with a dosage ranging from about 0.01 mg/Kg to about 1000 mg/Kg, (e.g., from about 0.01 to about 100 mg/kg, from about 0.1 to about 100 mg/Kg, from about 1 to about 100 mg/Kg, from about 1 to about 10 mg/kg) every 4 to 120 hours, or according to the requirements of the particular drug. The interrelationship of dosages for animals and humans (based on milligrams per meter squared of body surface) is described by Freireich et al,, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 50, 219 (1966). Body surface area may be approximately determined from height and weight of the patient. See, e.g., Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsley, New York, 537 (1970). In certain embodiments, the compositions are administered by oral administration or administration by injection. The methods herein contemplate administration of an effective amount of compound or compound composition to achieve the desired or stated effect. Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about 6 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy. The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. A typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w). Alternatively, such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound. Lower or higher doses than those recited above may be required. Specific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health status, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity and course of the disease, condition or symptoms, the patient's disposition to the disease, condition or symptoms, and the judgment of the treating physician.
Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention maybe administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms. The compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles. In some cases, the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form. The compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non- toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3- butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, or carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms such as emulsions and or suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens or Spans and/or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation. The compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions and solutions. In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions and/or emulsions are administered orally, the active ingredient may be suspended or dissolved in an oily phase is combined with emulsifying and/or suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be added.
The compositions of this invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components. Such materials include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
Topical administration of the compositions of this invention is useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application. For application topically to the skin, the composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
Alternatively, the composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier with suitable emulsifying agents. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2- octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water. The compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation.
Topically-transdermal patches are also included in this invention. Also within the invention is a patch to deliver active chemotherapeutic combinations herein. A patch includes a material layer (e.g., polymeric, cloth, gauze, bandage) and the compound of the formulae herein as delineated herein. One side of the material layer can have a protective layer adhered to it to resist passage of the compounds or compositions. The patch can additionally include an adhesive to hold the patch in place on a subject. An adhesive is a composition, including those of either natural or synthetic origin, that when contacted with the skin of a subject, temporarily adheres to the skin. It can be water resistant. The adhesive can be placed on the patch to hold it in contact with the skin of the subject for an extended period of time. The adhesive can be made of a tackiness, or adhesive strength, such that it holds the device in place subject to incidental contact, however, upon an affirmative act (e.g., ripping, peeling, or other intentional removal) the adhesive gives way to the external pressure placed on the device or the adhesive itself, and allows for breaking of the adhesion contact. The adhesive can be pressure sensitive, that is, it can allow for positioning of the adhesive (and the device to be adhered to the skin) against the skin by the application of pressure (e.g., pushing, rubbing,) on the adhesive or device.
The compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and maybe prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
A composition having the compound of the formulae herein and an additional agent (e.g., a therapeutic agent) can be administered using any of the routes of administration described herein. In some embodiments, a composition having the compound of the formulae herein and an additional agent (e.g., a therapeutic agent) can be administered using an implantable device. Implantable devices and related technology are known in the art and are useful as delivery systems where a continuous, or timed-release delivery of compounds or compositions delineated herein is desired. Additionally, the implantable device delivery system is useful for targeting specific points of compound or composition delivery (e.g., localized sites, organs). Negrin et al., Biomaterials, 22(6):563 (2001). Timed-release technology involving alternate delivery methods can also be used in this invention. For example, timed-release formulations based on polymer technologies, sustained-release techniques and encapsulation techniques (e.g., polymeric, liposomal) can also be used for delivery of the compounds and compositions delineated herein.
The invention will be further described in the following examples. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any manner. EXAMPLES
Representative compounds of this invention were evaluated in standard pharmacological test procedures which measured their affinity to bind to LXR and to upregulate the gene ABCAl, which causes cholesterol efflux from atherogenic cells, such as macrophages.
LXR activation can be critical for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis, but its coincident regulation of fatty acid metabolism may lead to increased serum and hepatic triglyceride levels. Selective LXR modulators that activate cholesterol efflux with minimal impact on SREBP-Ic expression and triglyceride synthesis in liver would be expected to reduce atherosclerotic risk with an improved therapeutic index and minimize the potential for deleterious effects on metabolic balance. A method is described herein for identifying selective LXR ligands with differential activity for regulating ABCAl (ABCGl) vs. SREBP-Ic.
Accordingly, LXR ligands were identified initially in cell-free LXR beta and LXR alpha competition binding assays. LXR ligands were further characterized by gene expression profiling for tissue selective gene regulation. Selective LXR modulators demonstrate agonist activity for ABCAl transactivation but exhibit no effect or inhibition of SREBP-Ic gene expression in differentiated THP-I macrophages. Gene expression analysis in an antagonist mode was used to further delineate differential regulation of ABCAl and SREBP-Ic gene expression. In a competition assay with known potent synthetic LXR agonists, selective LXR ligands preferentially antagonize SREBP-Ic activation (a marker for genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis) but have minimal or additive effects on ABCAl gene expression or genes known to enhance HDL biogenesis. Cell type or tissue specificity may be further evaluated in additional cell lines, intestinal, CaCo2 or liver, HepG2 and Huh-7 cells where ABCAl activity influences net cholesterol absorption and reverse cholesterol transport.
The test procedures performed, and results obtained are briefly described below.
Ligand-Binding Test Procedure for Human LXRβ.
Ligand-binding to the human LXRβ was demonstrated for representative compounds of this invention by the following procedure. Materials and Methods:
Buffer: 10OmM KCl, 10OmM TRIS (pH 7.4 at +4°C), 8.6%glycerol, O.lmM PMSF*,
2mM MTG* ,0.2% CHAPS (* not used in wash buffer)
Tracer: 3H T0901317
Receptor source: E.coli extract from cells expressing biotinylated hLXRβ. Extract was made in a similar buffer as above, but with 5OmM TRIS.
Dav l
Washed streptavidin and coated flash plates with wash buffer.
Diluted receptor extract to give Bmax ~ 4000 cpm and add to the wells.
Wrapped the plates in aluminum foil and stored them at +40C over night.
Day 2
Made a dilution series in DMSO of the test ligands.
Made a 5nM solution of the radioactive tracer in buffer.
Mixed 250μl diluted tracer with 5μl of the test ligand from each concentration of the dilution series.
Washed the receptor-coated flash plates.
Added 200μl per well of the ligand/radiolabel mixture to the receptor-coated flash plates.
Wrapped the plates in aluminum foil and incubate at +4°C over night.
Day 3
Aspirated wells, and wash the flashed plates. Sealed the plate.
Measured the remaining radioactivity in the plate.
Results:
• Representative compounds of this invention had activity (IC50 values) in the LXRβ ligand binding assay in the range between 0.001 to 20 uM.
Quantitative Analysis of ABCAl Gene Regulation in THP-I Cells.
The compounds of formula (I) effect on the regulation of the ABCAl gene was evaluated using the following procedure. Materials and Methods
Cell culture: The THP-I monocytic cell line (ATCC # TIB-202) was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA) and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco, Carlsbad, Ca) containing 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, and 55 uM beta-Mercaptoethanol (BME). Cells were plated in 96-well format at a density of 7.5 X 104in complete medium containing 50-100 ng/ml phorbal 12,13-dibutyrate (Sigma, St.Louis, Mo) for three days to induce differentiation into adherent macrophages. Differentiated THP-I cells were treated with test compounds or ligands dissolved in DMSO (Sigma, D-8779) in culture medium lacking phorbal ester. Final concentrations of DMSO did not exceed 0.3% of the media volume. Dose response effects were measured in duplicate, in the range of 0.001 to 30 micromolar concentrations and treated cells were incubated for an additional 18 lirs prior to RNA isolation. Unstimulated cells treated with vehicle were included as negative controls on each plate. An LXR agonist reference, N-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethyl)-N-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoro- 1 - hydroxy- l-trifluoromethyl-ethyl)-phenyl]-benzenesulfonamide (Schultz, Joshua R., Genes & Development (2000), 14(22), 2831-2838), was dosed at 1.0 uM and served as a positive control. In antagonist mode, the compound under study is analyzed in the presence of 15OnM GW3965, trifluoromethyl-benzyl)-(2,2-diphenyl-ethyl)-amino]- propoxy]-phenyl)-acetic acid (Collins, J.L., J. Med. Chem. (2000), 45:1963-1966.). Results of antagonist analysis are expressed as % antagonism and IC50 (in μM).
RNA isolation and quantitation: Total cellular RNA was isolated from treated cells cultured in 96-well plates using PrepStation 6100 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Ca), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. RNA was resuspended in ribonuclease-free water and stored at -7O0C prior to analysis. RNA concentrations were quantitated with RiboGreen test procedure, #R-11490 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR).
Gene expression analysis: Gene-specific mRNA quantitation was performed by realtime PCR with the Perkin Elmer Corp. chemistry on an ABI Prism 7700 Sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Samples (50-100 ng) of total RNA were assayed in duplicate or triplicate in 50 ul reactions using one-step RT-PCR and the standard curve method to estimate specific mRNA concentrations. Sequences of gene-specific primer and probe sets were designed with Primer Express Software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The human ABCAl primer and probe sequences are: forward,
CAACATGAATGCCATTTTCCAA, reverse, ATAATCCCCTGAACCCAAGGA, and probe, όFAM-TAAAGCCATGCCCTCTGCAGGAACA-TAMRA. RT and PCR reactions were performed according to PE Applied Biosystem's protocol for Taqman
Gold RT-PCR or Qiagen's protocl for Quantitect probe RT-PCR. Relative levels of
ABCAl mRNA are normalized using GAPDH mRNA or 18S rRNA probe/primer sets purchased commercially (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).
Statistics:
Mean, standard deviation and statistical significance of duplicate evaluations of RNA samples were assessed using ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance using SAS analysis.
Reagents:
- GAPDH Probe and Primers - Taqman GAPDH Control Reagents 402869 or
4310884E
18S Ribosomal RNA - Taqman 18S Control Reagents 4308329
10 Pack Taqman PCR Core Reagent Kit 402930
Qiagen Quantitect probe RT-PCR 204443.
Results:
Representative compounds of this invention were shown upregulate the transcription of the ABCAl gene in THP-I cells (EC50 value) in range between 0.01 to 15 uM with efficacy values in the range of 20 to 250% when compared to the efficacy shown by 1.0 uM of the reference standard.
Quantitative Analysis of SREBP-Ic Gene Regulation in THP-I Cells. The compounds of formula (II) effect on the regulation of the SREBP-Ic gene was evaluated using the same procedure as described for ABCAl however, a primer and probe set specific for human SREBP-Ic was substituted in gene expression analysis. The human SREBP-Ic primer and probe sequences are: forward, AGGGCGGGCGCAGAT, reverse, GGTTGTTGATAAGCTGAAGCATGT, and probe, 6F AM-TCGAAAGTGCAATCCATGGCTCCG-TAMRA.
Based on the results obtained in the standard pharmacological test procedures, the compounds of this invention can be useful in treating or inhibiting LXR mediated diseases. In particular, the compounds of this invention can be useful in the treatment and inhibition of atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic lesions, lowering LDL cholesterol levels, increasing HDL cholesterol levels, increasing reverse cholesterol transport, inhibiting cholesterol absorption, treatment or inhibition of Alzheimer's disease, type I diabetes, type II diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, acute coronary syndrome, restenosis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, endometriosis, celiac, and thyroiditis.
Example 1 3-Benzyl-4-phenyI-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
Step 1: A suspension of (2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (0.5 g, 1.87 mmol) in 10 ml of ammonium hydroxide (28%) was sealed in a heavy- welled Pyrex tube. The sealed tube was heated at 1400C overnight. The reaction was poured into water/saturated ammonium chloride solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give (2-amino-3- trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone as an oil (0.45 g, 90%). MS ESI QnIz) 266
Figure imgf000109_0001
Step 2: (2-Amino-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-phenyl-methanone (0.26 g, 1.0 mmol) was taken into diethyl ether (20 mL) and phenyl ethyl magnesium chloride (1.5 mL, 1.5 mmol mmol, 1.0 M solution in diethyl ether) was added dropwise and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was poured into water/saturated ammonium chloride solution and extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organics was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The material was purified via column chromatography using 0 -10% ethyl actetate in hexane as the eluent to yield 0.08 g (22%) of 2-(l,3- diphenyl~propenyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-phenylarnine as an oil. MS ESI (m/z) 354.3
Figure imgf000109_0002
Step 3: 2-(l,3-Diphenyl-propenyl)-6-trifluoromethyl-phenylamine (0.08 g, 0.23 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL of acetic acid, 4 mL of cone, hydrochloric acid in an ice bath. The mixture was treated with 2.5 % of sodium nitrate in water. After addition the reaction was heated to ~ 40 0C for 20 min, basified with ammonium hydroxide, and extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organics was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The material was purified by semi-preparative HPLC (Column: Phenomenex C18 Luna 21.6 mm x 60 mm, 5 μM; Solvent A: Water (0.1% TFA buffer); Solvent B: Acetonitrile (0.1 % TFA buffer); Solvent Gradient: Time 0: 0% B; 10 min: 100% B; Hold 100% B 5 min. Flow Rate: 22.5 mL/min). The product was collected based on UV absorption and concentrated to give the title compound as a brown solid. MS (ESI) m/z 365.
Example 2 8-Methyl-3,4-diphenylcinnoline
Step 1 : A mixture of 2-methylphenyl hydrazine hydrochloride (0.79 g, 5.0 mmol) and l,2-diphenyl-ethane-l,2-dione (1.05 g, 5 mmol) in 20 mL of glacial acetic acid was refluxed for 30 min. The reaction was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give 1.6 gram of l,2-diphenylethane-l,2-dione (2-methylphenyl)-hydrazone as an orange solid. MS (ESI) m/z 315 ([M+H]+);
Step 2: l,2-Diphenylethane-l,2-dione (2-methylphenyl)-hydrazone (0.50 g, 1.59 mmol) was dissolved in 70% of sulfuric acid (10 mL) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was poured into iced water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The material was purified via column chromatography using 5 -100% ethyl actetate in hexane as the eluent to yield 0.025 g of the title compound as an orange solid. MS (ESI) m/z 297([M+H]+); HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 297.1406.
Example 3 3,4-Diphenyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolme
Step 1: 1,2-Diphenyl ethane- 1,2-dione [2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]hydrazone was prepared from 2-trifluoromethylphenyl hydrazine and 1,2-diphenyl-ethane- 1,2-dione according to the procedure of Step 1 Example 2. MS (ESI) m/z 369; MS (ESI) m/z 367; Step 2: The title compound was prepared from 1,2-diphenyl ethane- 1,2-dione [2- (trifluorornethyl)phenyl]hydrazone according to the procedure of Step 2 Example 2. MS (ESI) m/z 351.
Example 4 8-Bromo-3,4-diphenylcinnoline
Step 1: l,2-Diphenylethane-l,2-dione (2-bromophenyl)hydrazone was prepared from 2- bromophenyl hydrazine and l,2-diphenyl-ethane-l,2-dione according to the procedure of Step 1 Example 2. MS m/z 379;
Step 2: The title compound was prepared from 1,2-diphenyl ethane- 1,2-dione (2- bromophenyl)hydrazone according to the procedure of Step 2 Example 2. HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 361.0346.
Example 5 8-ChIoro-3,4-diphenylcinnoline
Step 1 : 1 ,2-Diphenylethane- 1,2-dione (2-chlorophenyl)hydrazone was prepared from 2-chlorophenyl hydrazine and 1 ,2-diphenyl-ethane- 1,2-dione according to the procedure of Step 1 Example 2. MS m/z 335;
Step 2: The title compound was prepared from 1,2-diphenyl ethane- 1,2-dione (2- chlorophenyl)hydrazone according to the procedure of Step 2 Example 2. MS m/z 317; HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 317.0833.
Example 6 [4-({[3-(8-Methyl-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid
Step 1: 2-Methyl phenylaniline (2.39 g, 23 mmol) in 25 mL of 1 ,2-dichloroethane was added dropwise to a solution of 25.3 mL (25.3 mmol) OfBCl3 in xylene at 0~5 ° C. 5.38 g (46 mmol) of benzyl cyanide and 3.37 g (25.3 mmol) OfAlCl3 were added to the suspension, and the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 ° C for 20 hours and cooled to 0 ° C; 2 N HCl was added to the mixture. The mixture was then refluxed for 30 min at 80 0 C and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic phase was washed with 1 M NaOH, dried, and evaporated to yield 1.0 g of l-(2-amino-3-methylphenyl)-2- phenylethanone as a gray solid. MS (ESI) m/z 226;
Step 2: A solution of sodium nitrite (0.20 g, 2.8 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) was added dropwise, to a solution of l-(2-amino-3-methylphenyl)-2-phenylethanone (0.42 g, 1.9 mmol) in acetic acid (9 mL) and sulfuric acid (1.5 mL). After the solution was stirred for 20 min at 80 * C, the solution was poured into iced water. After the pH was adjusted to 6 with 2 N sodium hydroxide. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The material was purified via column chromatography using 5 ~50% ethyl actetate in hexane as the eluent to yield 0.10 g of 8-methyl-3-phenylcinnolin-4-ol as a gum. MS (ESI) m/z 237; HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 237.102;
Step 3: 2 Drops of DMF was added to a suspension of 8-methyl-3 -phenyl cinnolin-4-ol (60 mg) in SOCl2 (10 mL) and the reaction was refluxed for 0.5 hours. The reaction was concentrated, dilute with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The organic layer was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated to give crude 4-chloro-8-methyl-3-phenyl- cinnoline which was used for the next reaction without further purification. MS (ESI) m/z 255, 257;
Step 4: Crude 4-chloro-8-methyl-3-phenyl-cinnoline was taken into DME/EtOH (5 mL/1 mL). Then 3-aminophenylboronic acid (0.078 g, 0.5 mmol) was added followed by 2 M Na2CO3 (0.5 mL, 1.0 mmol) and finally Pd(PPh3)4 (0.06 g, 0.05 mmol). The reaction was refluxed for 2 hours. The solvent was removed and the resulting material was purified via column chromatography using 5~50% ethyl acetate in hexane to elute out 0.03 g of 3-(8-methyl-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylamine. MS (ESI) m/z 312 ([M+H]+);
Step 5: 3-(8-Methyl-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylamine (0.031 g, 0.1 mmol) and (4- formyl-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester (0.07 g, 0.4 mmol) were mixed in DMF (4 mL) and then treated with NaBH(OAc)3 (0.43 g, 2.0 mml) and acetic acid (0.4 mL). After stirring at 40 0C for 4 hours the mixture was quenched with water and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using 5-50% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent to provide (4-{[3-(8-methyl-3- phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylamino]-methyl}-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester as a gum which was used for the next reaction. MS (EI) m/z 474; Step 6: To a stirred solution of (4-{[3-(8-methyl-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamino]-methyl}-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester in THF/methanol/water (2:1 :1, 10 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (0.1 g). The reaction was stirred at 4O 0 C for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was made acidic (pH 6) with glacial acetic acid, and the solid was collected and dried over P2O5 to give the title compound as an orange solid (0.02 g, 43% for Step 5 and Step 6). MS (ESI) m/z 460; HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 460.2012.
I l l Example 7 3-(8-Chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylamine
Step 1 : l-(2-Amino-3-chlorophenyl)-2-phenylethanone was prepared from 2- chlorophenylaniline and benzyl cyanide according to the procedure of Step 1 Example
6.
MS m/z 246 [M+H]+;
Step 2: 8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-ol was prepared from l-(2-amino-3- chlorophenyl)-2-phenylethanone according to the procedure of Step 2 Example 6. MS m/z 257, 259 [M+H]+;
Step 3: A solution of 8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-ol (2.40 g, 9.3 mol) and POBr3 (10.0 g, 35 mmol) in DMF (100 mL) was heated to 50 0C for 2 hours. The reaction was poured into ice-water, adjusted to pH to ~10 by diluted ammonium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organics were concentrated to yield 4- bromo-8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnoline (1.40 g) as a pale yellow solid. MS m/z 321, 323
[M+H]+;
Step 4: The title compound was prepared from 4-bromo-8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnoline according to the procedure of Step 4 Example 6 as a pale yellow solid. MS m/z 332,
334.
Example 8
(4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylainino]-methyl}-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS m/z 494, 496.
Example 9
[4-({ [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] amino}methyl)phenyl] acetic acid
The title compound was prepared from (4-{[3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamino]-methyl}-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester according to the procedure of Step 6 Example 6 as a yellow solid. MS (ES) m/z 477.9; HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 480.1462. Example 10 iV-[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]-iV-phenylurea
Phenyl isocyanate (0.075g, 0.63 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 3-(8-chloro- 3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-plienylamine (0.025 g, 0.076 mmol) in 5 mL of ACN at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using 5-50% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent to provide 0.025g of the title compound as a gray solid. HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 451.1310.
Example 11
3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenol
The title compound was prepared from 4-bromo-8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnoline according to the procedure of Step 4 Example 6 as a pale yellow solid. MS (ES) m/z 330.9; HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 333.0805.
Example 12
(4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetic acid
A mixture of 3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenol (0.05 g, 0.15 mmol), 4- bromomethylphenyl acetic acid (0.10 g, 0.44 mmol), sodium carbonate (0.50 g, 4.7 mmol), and potassium iodine (0.50 g, 3.0 mmol) in DMF (5 mL)/water (1 mL) was heated to 40 ° C for 2 hours. The mixture was then poured into water, acidified with acetic acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic residue was purified by semi- preparative HPLC (Column: Phenomenex Cl 8 Luna 21.6 mm x 60 mm, 5 μM; Solvent A: Water (0.1% TFA buffer); Solvent B: Acetonitrile (0.1 % TFA buffer); Solvent Gradient: Time 0: 0% B; 10 min: 100% B; Hold 100% B 5 min. Flow Rate: 22.5 mL/min). The product was collected based on UV absorption and concentrated to give the title compound as a colored solid. MS (ESI) m/z 481; HRMS (ESI, [M+H]4) 481.1329.
Example 13 3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenol Step 1: 8-Chloro-3 -methyl cinnolin-4-ol was prepared from 2-chloroaniline and propionitrile according to the procedures of Step 1 Example 6 and Step 2 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 195.0;
Step 2: 4-Bromo-8-chloro-3 -methyl cinnoline was prepared from 8-chloro-3- methylcinnolin-4-ol according the procedure of step 3 Example 7. MS (ES) m/z 256.8; HRMS (ESI, [M+Hf) 256.9467;
Step 3: The title compound was prepared from 4-bromo-8-chloro-3- methylcinnoline according to the procedure of Step 4 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 268.9; HRMS (ESI5 [M+H]+) 271.0631.
Example 14
Methyl (4-{[3-(8-chloro-3-methyIcinnolin-4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetate
A mixture of 3 -(8-chloro-3 -methyl cinnolin-4-yl)phenol (0.21 g, 0.78 mmol), 4- bromomethylphenyl acetic acid methyl ester (0.42 g, 1.64 mmol), and cesium carbonate (1.70 g, 5.2 mmol) in acetone (15 mL) was refluxed for 2 hours. The reaction was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic residue was purified by silica gel chromatography using 5-50% EtOAc/hexanes as eluent to provide the title compound (0.28 g) as a gum. MS (ESI) m/z 433; HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 433.1335.
Example 15
(4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcmnolin-4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetic acid
The title compound was prepared from methyl (4-{[3-(8-chloro-3- methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetate according to the procedure of Step 6 Example 6. MS (ESI) m/z 419.
Example 16
[4-({ [3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] thio}methyl)phenyl] acetic acid
Step 1: 3-(4-Carboxymethyl-benzylsulfanyl)-phenylboronic acid was prepared from 3-mercaptophenylboronic acid and 4-bromomethylphenyl acetic acid according to the procedure of Example 12;
Step 2: The title compound was prepared from 3-(4-carboxymethyl- benzylsulfanyl)-phenylboronic acid and 4-bromo-8-chloro-3-methylcinnoline according to the procedure of Step 4 Example 6. MS (ESI) m/z 435; HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+ 435.0924.
Example 17
2-(4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)-2- methylpropanoic acid
NaH (0.12 g, 60% in dispersion in mineral oil, 3 mmol) was added in 3 portions to a stirred solution of methyl (4-{[3-(8-chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4 yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetate (0.25 g, 0.58 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was heated to reflux and iodomethane (1.5 mL, 24 mmol) was added in 3 potions. After 14 hours the reaction was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The hydrolysis of crude ester followed by semi-preparative HPLC purifications gave the title compound as a pale yellow solid. MS (ESI) m/z 447.
Example 18
8-Chloro-4-{3-[(2,5-dimethylbenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-3-methylcinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 2,5-dimethylbenzyl bromide according the procedure of Example 14. MS (ES) m/z 389.1; HRMS (ESI, [M+H]+) 389.1411.
Example 19 [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcmnolin-4-yl)phenyl](2,3-dimethylbenzyl)amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 2,3-dimethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 450.2.
Example 20 [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](2,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 450.2. Example 21 [3-(8-ChIoro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](l-naphthylmethyl)amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and naphthalene- 1-carbaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 473.
Example 22 [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](3,4-dichlorobenzyl)amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 3,4-chlorobenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 490.
Example 23
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 5-fiuoro-2-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ESI) m/z 506.
Example 24
[3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-chloro-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 2-chloro-3-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ESI) m/z 522.
Example 25
Methyl 2-[4-({[3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]-2- methylpropanoate
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 2-(4-formyl-phenyl)-2-methyl-propionic acid methyl ester according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 522.2.
Example 26
2-[4-({[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]-2- methylpropanoic acid
The title compound was prepared from methyl 2-[4-({[3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amino }methyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanoate according to the procedure of Step 6 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 506.2.
Example 27 4-{3-[(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-chloro-3-phenylcinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro~3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 2-bromo-5-methoxylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 531.1.
Example 28 8-Chloro-4-(3-{[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-3-phenylcinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 5-chloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 525.1. Example 29
8-Chloro-4-{3-[(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-3-phenylcinnoline The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 3,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 491.1.
Example 30
[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-fluoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from [3-(3-benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amine and 5-fluoro-3-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 522.1.
Example 31
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenyIcinnolin-4-yI)phenyl] [(I -methyl- lJf-indoI-2-yl)methyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 1 -methyl- lH-indole-2-carbaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 474.9.
Example 32 [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]amine
The title compound was prepared from 2-chlorophenylamine and hydrocinnamontrile according to the procedure of Example 7. MS (ESI) m/z 346.
Example 33
[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-chloro-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from [3-(3-benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amine and 2-chloro-3-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ESI) m/z 538.
Example 34 [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](2,3-dimethylbenzyl)amine
The title compound was prepared from [3-(3-benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amine and 2,3-dimethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ESI) m/z 464.
Example 35
[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-chloro-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from [3-(3-benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amine and 5-chloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ESI) m/z 538. Example 36 [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnoIin-4-yl)phenyl](2-naphthyImethyl)amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and naphthalene-2-carbaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 471.9.
Example 37
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-chIoro-2- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 5-chloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 523.9.
Example 38
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-fluoro-5- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 2-fluoro-5-trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 507.9.
Example 39 Λ'-(5-Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 517.9.
Example 40 iV-(5-Bromo-2-methoxybenzyl)-3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 5-bromo-2-methoxybenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 529.9. Example 41
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-fluoro-3- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 2-fluoro-3-trifluorobenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 507.9.
Example 42 Λ'-[2,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolm-4-yl)aniline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 558.0.
Example 43 [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](l-naphthylmethyl)amine
The title compound was prepared from [3-(3-benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amine and naphthalene-1-carbaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5
Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 486.1.
Example 44 iV-(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)anilme
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 2-bromo-5-methoxybenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 530.0.
Example 45 [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][(l-methyl-lH-indol-2-yl)methyl]amine
The title compound was prepared from [3-(3-benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amine and 1 -methyl- lH-indole-2-carbaldehyde according to the procedure of
Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 489.1.
Example 46 [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcmnolm-4-yl)phenyl][(l-methyl-lJy-mdol-7-yl)methyl] amine The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 1 -methyl- lH-indole-7-carbaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 474.9.
Example 47 [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyI](3,4-dichlorobenzyl)amine
The title compound was prepared from [3-(3-benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amine and 3,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 504.6.
Example 48
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][(3-methyl-l-benzothien-2- yl)methyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from [3-(3-benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4- yl)phenyl] amine and 3-methyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde according to the procedure of Step 5 Example 6. MS (ES) m/z 492.2.
Example 49 8-Chloro-4-(3-{[3-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-3-phenylcinnoline
Step 1 : 3-[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenoxymethyl]-benzoic acid methyl ester was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol and 3- bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester according to the procedure of Example 14. MS (ES) m/z 480.8;
Step 2: A solution of trimethylaluminum (2 M solution in dichloromethane, 0.5 M) was added to a solution of morpholine (0.1 g) in 5 mL of toluene at room temperature. After 30 minutes 3-[3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenoxymethyl] -benzoic acid methyl ester (50 mg) in 2 mL of toluene was added and the solution was heated to 60 0C for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with diluted HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by semi-preparative HPLC. MS (ES) m/z 536.2.
Example 49 iV-(l-Benzothien-2-ylmethyI)-3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde according the procedure of Example 5 Step 5. MS (ES) m/z 478.1.
Example 50 iV-(l-Benzothien-3-ylmethyl)-3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and benzo[b]thiophene-3-carbaldehyde according the procedure of Example 5 Step 5. MS (ES) m/z 478.0;
Example 51
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]{[4-(trifluoromethyl)-l-benzothien-2- yl] methyl} amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 4-trifluoromethyl-benzo[b]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde according the procedure of Example 5 Step 5. MS (ESI) m/z 546.
Example 52 3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenol
The title compound was prepared from 2-chloroaniline and hydrocinnamontrile according the procedure of Example 13. MS (ES) m/z 347.
Example 53 3-Benzyl-4-[3-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-8-chlorocinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol and benzyl bromide according the procedure of Example 14. MS (ES) m/z 436.8.
Example 54 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol and 5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide according the procedure of Example 14. MS (ES) m/z 539.0.
Example 55 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-{3-[(l-methyl-lJfiT-indol-7-yl)methoxy]phenyl}cinnoline
A mixture of 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol (0.045 g, 0.13 mmol), polymer supported PPh3 (0.3g, ~ lmmol) in methylenechloride (5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. (1 -Methyl- lH-indol-7-yl)-methanol (0.045 g, 0.28 mmol) and DIAD (0.045g, 0.23mmol) in 1 mL of methylenechloride was added drop wise. After lhr, the reaction was filtered, concentrated and purified by semi- preparative HPLC to give a pale yellowish solid (0.025g). MS (ESI) m/z 490.
Example 56 3-BenzyI-8-chloro-4-(3-{[2-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol and (2-chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-methanol according the procedure of Example 55. MS (ES) m/z 538.7.
Example 57
3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3- { [2-fluor o-3-(trifluoromethy l)benzyl] oxy}phenyl)cinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenol and (2-fluoro-3-(trifiuoromethyl-phenyl)-methanol according the procedure of Example 55. MS (ES) m/z 522.8.
Example 58 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-{3-[(2-chlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}cinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenol and 2-chlorobenzyl bromide according the procedure of Example 14. MS (ES) m/z 470.8.
Example 59 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol and 3-trifluoromethylbenzyl bromide according the procedure of Example 14. MS (ES) m/z 504.8.
Example 60 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline
The title compound was prepared from 3-(8-chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol and 5-fluoro-2-trifluoromethylbenzyl bromide according the procedure of Example 14. MS (ES) m/z 523.0.
Example 61 iV-[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]-iV-[(l-methyl-lJH-indol-7- yl)methyl] amine
The title compound was prepared from 3-(3-benzyl-8-chloro-cinnolin-4-yl)- phenylamine and 1 -methyl- lH-indole-7-carbaldehyde according the procedure of Example 5 Step 5. MS (ESI) m/z 489.
Example 62 3-(3-Benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol
Step 1: To a cooled (O0C) solution of 2-fluoro-N-methoxy-N-methyl-3- trifluoromethyl-benzamide(5.0g, 20 mmol) in THF (50ml) was added phenethyl magnesium chloride ( 50ml of 1.0M in THF) and the reaction was warmed to r.t. After 2hr, the reaction was poured into 2N HCl and extracted with ether. The organic layer was dried (MgSO4), and concentrated and the product was purified by column chromatography (eluent 5% EtOAc/Hexane) to give l-(2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl- phenyl)-3-phenyl-propan-l-one as a clear oil (4.8g). MS (ES) m/z 297.0.
Step 2: A solution of l-(2-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-phenyl-propan-l- one (4.8g, 16.2 mmol) and ammonium hydroxide (150ml of 30% solution) in DME (50 ml) was heated to 140 0C in a steel pressure reactor. After 3 hr, the reaction was cooled to O0C, the steel pressure reactor was opened and the reaction was partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic layer was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated to give l-(2- amino-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-phenyl-propan-l-one as a yellow oil (4.3g). MS (ES) m/z 293.9. Step 3: To a solution of l-(2-amino-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-phenyl-propan- 1-one (4.2g, 13.8 mmol) in AcOH (70 ml) and H2SO4 (10ml) was added a solution of NaNO2(1.8g in 10ml H2O). The reaction was then heated to 7O0C. After 1.5 hr, the reaction was cooled, poured into water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated to give 3-benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-ol
As a dark solid which was triturated with 20% ether/ hexane and collected by filtration (1.7g). MS (ES) m/z 305.1.
Step 4: A solution of 3-benzyl-8-trifiuoromethyl-cinnolin-4-ol (1.6g, 4.4 mmol) and POBr3 (2.5 g, 8.7mmol) in DMF ( 30 ml) was heated to 750C. After lhr, the reaction was cooled and poured into water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc which was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated to give a solid. The solid was triturated with MeOH and filtered to give 3 -benzyl -4-bromo-8-trifluoromethyl- cinnoline (1.7g). MS (ES) m/z 366.7.
Step 5: A solution of 3-benzyl-4-bromo-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline (1.7g, 4.6 mmol) and 3-hydroxyphenylboronic acid (0.84g, 6.0mmol) and Pd(PPh3 )4(300mg) and K3PO4(3.0g) in dioxane (50ml) was heated to reflux. After 6 hr, the reaction was cooled and poured into water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was concentrated and the product purified by colum chromatography (eluent 10% EtOAc/Hexane) to give a solid 1.3g. MS (ES) m/z 381.1.
Example 63 3-Benzyl-4-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoϊine
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 3-fluorophenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent. MS (ES) m/z 382.8.
Example 64 3-Benzyl-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoϊine
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 4-fluorophenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent. MS (ES) m/z 382.9
Example 65 3-Benzyl-4-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 2-fluorophenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent. MS (ES) m/z 382.8.
Example 66 3-Benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 4-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent. MS (ES) m/z 432.9.
Example 67 3-BenzyI-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 3-chloro-4-fluorophenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent. MS (ES) m/z 416.8.
Example 68 3-Benzyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 3-trifluoromethylphenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent. MS (ES) m/z 432.9.
Example 69 3-Benzyl-4-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 3-methoxyphenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent. MS (ES) m/z 394.8.
Example 70 3-Benzyl-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 3-chlorophenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent. MS (ES) m/z 398.8.
Example 71 3-Benzyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent. MS (ES) m/z 394.9.
Example 72 3-(8-Trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol
The title compound was made in the same manner as Example 62 Step 5 except using 3-hydroxyphenylboronic acid as the coupling reagent and 4-chloro-8- trifluoromethyl-cinnoline as the chloride. MS (ES) m/z 291.0.
Example 73
3-BenzyI-4-(3-{[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyI]oxy}phenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made by the method shown in scheme 6. A solution of 3-(3-benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol (190mg, 0.5mmol), 5-chloro-2- trifluorobenzyl bromide (270mg, 1 mmol) and K2CO3 (350mg) in acetone (10 ml) was heated to reflux. After 4 hr, the reaction was cooled, filtered and concentrated. The product was purified by column chromatography (eluent 10% EtOAc/ Hexane) to give a white foam (0.12g). MS (ES) m/z 573.1.
Example 74
3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 2-trifluoromethoxybenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent. MS (ES) m/z 555.1.
Example 75
3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 2-trifluoromethyl-5-fluorobenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent. MS (ES) m/z
557.2.
Example 76 3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 2,5-dichlorobenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent. MS (ES) m/z 539.0. Example 77 3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cmnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 2,6-dichlorobenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent. MS (ES) m/z 539.0.
Example 78
3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyI]oxy}phenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 3-trifluoromethyl-2-fluorobenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent. MS (ES) m/z 557.0.
Example 79
3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[2-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 3-trifluoromethyl-2-chlorobenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent. MS (ES) m/z 573.1.
Example 80 3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 3,4-dichlorobenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent. MS (ES) m/z 539.0.
Example 81 3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent. MS (ES) m/z 523.1.
Example 82 3-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(tπfluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)benzoic acid
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 3-bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester as the alkylating reagent followed by NaOH hydrolysis. MS (ES) m/z 514.8.
Example 83
4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)benzoic acid
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 4-bromomethyl-benzoic acid methyl ester as the alkylating reagent followed by NaOH hydrolysis. MS (ES) m/z 514.8.
Example 84
4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)-3-chlorobenzoic acid
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 4-bromomethyl-3-chlorobenzoic acid methyl ester as the alkylating reagent followed by NaOH hydrolysis. MS (ES) m/z 548.8.
Example 85
4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)-2- methoxybenzoic acid
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 4-bromomethyl-2-methoxybenzoic acid methyl ester as the alkylating reagent followed by NaOH hydrolysis. MS (ES) m/z 544.8.
Example 86
4-(3-{[5-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 2-trifluoromethyl-5-fluorobenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent and 3-(8- trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol. MS (ES) m/z 467.1.
Example 87
4-(3-{ [5-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl] oxy}phenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 2-trifluoromethyl-5-chlorobenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent and 3-(8- trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol. MS (ES) m/z 482.9.
Example 88 4-(3-{[2-(Trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 2-trifluoromethoxybenzyl bromide as the alkylating reagent and 3-(8-trifiuoromethyl- cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol. MS (ES) m/z 465.0.
Example 89
3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(l-methyl-lH-indol-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl}-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made by the method shown in scheme 6. To a solution of 3-(3-benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol (190mg, 0.5 mmol), (1-methyl- lH-indol-2-yl)-methanol (120 mg, 0.75mmol), PPh3 (262 mg, l.Ommol) in ether (10ml) was added DIAD( 202mg, 1.Ommol) dropwise. After 3hr, the reaction was concentrated and purified by column chromatography (eluent 10% EtOAc/ Hexane) to give a white foam (0.12g). MS (ES) m/z 524.1.
Example 90 4-(3-{[2-(Trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 89 except using (5-fluoro-l -methyl- lH-indol-2-yl)-methanol. MS (ES) m/z 542.2.
Example 91
7-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)-l-methyl-lH- indole-3-carboxylic acid
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 89 except using 7-hydroxymethyl-l -methyl- lH-indole-3-carboxylic acid methyl ester followed by NaOH hydrolysis. MS (ES) m/z 568.2. Example 92
[2,5-Dimethyl-4-({3-[8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]benzyl}amino)phenyl]acetic acid
The title compound was made in by stirring 3-(8-trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl)~ benzaldehyde (0.15g, 0.5mmol), (4-amino-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-acetic acid (0.15g, 0.8mmol) and NaHB(OAc)3(0.5g) in DMF/AcOH at r.t. After 24hr, the reaction was poured in water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layer was dried (MgSO4) and concentrated and the product was purified by HPLC to give a yellow solid (80mg). MS (ESI) m/z 464.
Example 93 [5-({3-[8-(Trifluoromethyl)cinnoIin-4-yl]benzyl}amino)-l-naphthyl]acetic acid
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 92 except using (5-amino-naphthalen-l-yl)-acetic acid as the amine. MS (ES) m/z 488.0.
Example 94 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyI)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 14 from 3-(3- benzyl-8-chloro-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol and 2-bromomethyl- 1 -chloro-4-trifluoromethyl- benzene. MS (ES) m/z 521.0.
Example 95 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 14 from 3-(3- benzyl-8-chloro-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol and 1 -bromomethyl-2-trifluoromethoxy- benzene. MS (ES) m/z 539.0.
Example 96 3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]benzaldehyde
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 13 from 3- benzyl-4-bromo-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline and 3 -formyl -phenyl boronic acid. MS (ES) m/z 393.2. Example 97
[4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyI)cinnolin-4-yI]benzyl}amino)-2,3- dimethylphenyl] acetic acid
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 92 by reductive animation between 3-[3-benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]benzaldehyde and (4- amino-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-acetic acid. MS (ES) m/z 555.8.
Exanple 98
3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(l-methyl-lH-indol-7-yl)methoxy]ρhenyl}-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline
The title compound was made in the same manner as example 73 except using 7-bromomethyl-l -methyl- lH-indole as the alkylating reagent. MS (ES) m/z 524.1.
A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are in the claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A compound having formula (I):
Figure imgf000134_0001
(I)
wherein: R1 is:
(i) hydrogen; or
(ii) C1-C20 alkyl or Ci-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or
(iii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or
(iv) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(v) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000134_0002
(vi) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or
(vii) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; or (viii) -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRsRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -
SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NRJC(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
R2 is: (i) C6-CiS aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or
(ii) C7-C2O aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R°; or (iii) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000135_0001
(iv) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000135_0002
each of R3, R4, R5, and R6 is, independently:
(i) hydrogen, halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido, hydroxy; Ci-C2O alkoxy or Ci-C20 haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-CiS aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C2O aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C20 cycloalkoxy or C3-C20 halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; mercapto; Ci-C2O thioalkoxy or C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R ; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C2O thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C20 thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C2O thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; cyano; formyl; Ci-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRsRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR'; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NR3C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); or
(ii) C1-C2O alkyl or Ci-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000135_0003
(iii) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000136_0001
(iv) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; or
(v) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rd; or
(vi) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (vii) C6-Ci8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb;
Ra at each occurrence is, independently NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 alkoxy; C1-C20 haloalkoxy; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C2O aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-Ci6 cycloalkoxy; C3-C16 halocyclo alkoxy; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy; Ci-C2O thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C2O thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6- 20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C16 thiocycloalkoxy; C3-Ci6 thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C2O thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRsRh; -C(O)R1, - C(O)OR'; -OC(O)R'; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRjC(O)Rf; - NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or - P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
Rb at each occurrence is, independently:
(i) halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; C1-C2O alkoxy or Ci-C20 haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 RD or RD ; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 RQ; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy or C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; mercapto; Cj-C20 thioalkoxy or C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-Ci8 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C16 thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C16 thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; cyano; formyl; CpC3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; -NRJC(O)OR'; -NRJC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR-1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORε)(ORh); or
(ii) Ci-C20 alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or
(iii) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or
(iv) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with
Figure imgf000137_0001
(v) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000137_0002
(vi) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(vii) C6-Ci8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb';
Rb at each occurrence is, independently, halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; Ci-C20 alkyl, C1-C20 haloalkyl, C2-C20 alkenyl; C2-C20 alkynyl; C3-C20 cycloalkyl; C3- C20 halocycloalkyl; C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms; C7-C20 aralkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C1-C20 alkoxy; C1-C20 haloalkoxy; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5- 16 atoms; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy or C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; Ci-C20 thioalkoxy or C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy; C6-CiS thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-Ci6 thiocyclo alkoxy or C3-C]6 thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, - C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; - NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(0)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRjS(O)nRj; -CQSfR^R1; or - P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
Rc at each occurrence is, independently:
(i) halo; NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 alkoxy or C1- C20 haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-CiS aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc or Rc ; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy or C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy or C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-Cj8 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-Cj6 thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C16 thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; cyano; formyl; Ci-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -N^C(O)R1; -NRJC(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRk(O)nR1; -C(NR1^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh);or
(ii) C1-C2O alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or (iii) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or
(iv) C3-C20 cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; or (v) C2-C20 alkenyl or Cs-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from l-10 Rd; or
(vi) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc or Rc ; or
(vii) C6-C1S aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 - 10 Rb;
Rd at each occurrence is, independently, halo, NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; Ci-C20 alkoxy; C1-C20 haloalkoxy; C6-C1S aryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy; C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy; C1-C2O thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 thioaryloxy; thiohetero aryloxy including 5- 16 atoms; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-Ci6 thiocycloalkoxy; C3-C16 thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C2O thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; Ci-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRsRh; -C(O)R1, - C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; - NR^C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)πRk; -NR^(O)nR1; -C(NR1^R1; or - P(θχθRg)(ORh);;
R0' is oxo; thioxo; =NRm; or Rb';
Re at each occurrence is, independently: (i) NRgRn; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 alkoxy; Ci-C20 haloalkoxy; C6-C18 aryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy; C3-Cj6 halocycloalkoxy; C3- C20 cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; C1-C20 thioalkoxy; Ci-C20 thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 thiocyclo alkoxy; C3-C16 thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; Ci-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R*, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRJC(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); or
(ii) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000140_0001
(iii) C6-Ci 8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb;
Rf at each occurrence is, independently:
(i) halo, NRgRh; nitro; azido; hydroxy; oxo; thioxo; =NRm; C1-C20 alkoxy; C1- C20 haloalkoxy; C6-C18 aryloxy; heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 aralkoxy; heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy; C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy; C3- C20 cycloalkenyloxy; heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; mercapto; Ci-C20 thioalkoxy; Ci-C20 thiohaloalkoxy; C6-C18 thioaryloxy; thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy; thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms; C3-Ci6 thiocycloalkoxy; C3-Ci6 thiohalocycloalkoxy; C3-C20 thiocycloalkenyloxy; thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms; thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms; cyano; formyl; C1-C3 alkylenedioxy; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRS(O)nR1; -C(NRm)Rj; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh); or
(ii) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000140_0002
(iii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb;
each of Rg, Rh, R1, and R*, at each occurrence is, independently: (i) hydrogen; or
(ii) C1-C20 alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra;
(iii) C2-C20 alkenyl or C2-C20 alkynyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rd; or (iv) C3-C20 cycloalkyl or C3-C20 halocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or
(v) C3-C2O cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl including 3-16 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyl including 3-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; or (vi) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(vii) C6-C]8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb;
Rk is R1, OR^ Or NR8R11;
Rm is hydrogen; C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; C2-C20 alkenyl; C2-C20 alkynyl; C7-C20 aralkyl; heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms; C3-C20 cycloalkyl; C3-C20 cycloalkenyl; heterocyclyl including 3-20 atoms; heterocycloalkenyl including 3-20 atoms; C6-C18 aryl; heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms; NRεRh, or OR1; and
n is 0, 1 or 2; or a salt thereof.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R1 is:
(ii) C1-C20 alkyl or C1-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or (iii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or
(iv) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (viii) -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRBRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -
SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NRjC(O)R!; -NRjC(O)ORf; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NRJS(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh).
3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R1 is: (ii) C1-C20 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; or
(iii) C6-C1S aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (iv) C7-C20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or (viii) -C(O)NRεRh; -OC(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R1, -C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; - SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; -NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh; -S(O)nRk; -NR-1S(O)nR1; -C(NRm)Rf; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh).
4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is C1-C10 alkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra.
5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is CH3.
6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is C6-C)O aryl, optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb.
7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is phenyl, optionally substituted
Figure imgf000142_0001
8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R1 is phenyl.
9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is C7-C12 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rc.
10. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R1 is benzyl.
11. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R1 is hydrogen.
12. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11 , wherein R2 is: (i) C6-C18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or
(ii) C7-C20 aralkyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 R°; or (iii) C3-C2Q cycloalkyl or C3-C2O halocycloalkyl, optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rβ; or
(iv) C3-C2O cycloalkenyl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf.
13. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein R2 is C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb.
14. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein R is C6-C18 aryl optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb.
15. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein R2 is C6-C1O arylj optionally substituted with from 1-5 Rb.
16. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein R is phenyl optionally substituted with from 1 -3 Rb.
17. The compound of any one of claims 12 to 16, wherein Rb at each occurrence is, independently:
(i) halo; NO2; NR8Rh; hydroxy; C1-C2O alkoxy or C1-C20 haloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb>; C7- C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C3-C16 cycloalkoxy or C3-C16 halocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rβ; C3-C20 cycloalkenyloxy, heterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or heterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; mercapto; C1-C2O thioalkoxy or C1-C20 thiohaloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Ra; C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R°; C3-C20 thiocycloalkoxy or C3-C20 thiohalocycloalkoxy, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; C3-C2O thiocycloalkenyloxy, thioheterocyclyloxy including 3-20 atoms, or thioheterocycloalkenyloxy including 3-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rf; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -OC(O)NRεRh; -C(O)R1; - C(O)OR1; -OC(O)R1; -C(O)SR1; -SC(O)R1; -C(S)SR1; -SC(S)R1; -NR1C(O)R1; - NR1C(O)OR1; -NRjC(O)NRgRh;
-S(O)nRk; -NR-1S(O)nR1; -C(NR^R1; or -P(O)(ORg)(ORh);
(ii) C1-C2Q alkyl or Ci-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000144_0001
(vi) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 - 10 Rc; or
(vii) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb>.
18. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein R2 is phenyl.
19. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein R2 is:
Figure imgf000144_0002
wherein B is: (i) halo; NO2; NRεRh; hydroxy; Ci-C2O alkoxy optionally substituted with from
1-10 Ra; C6-C18 aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is substituted with from 1-10 Rc; C6-Cj8 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; cyano; -C(O)NRgRh; -C(O)R'; -
Figure imgf000145_0001
-NRjC(O)NRgRh; or -S(O)nRk; or (ii) C1-C2O alkyl or Ci-C20 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000145_0002
(iii) C6-Ci8 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or
(iv) C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(v) hydrogen.
20. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is hydroxy.
21. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is NH2.
22. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is halo.
23. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is C1-C6 alkoxy.
24. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is C1-C4 haloalkyl.
25. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is -C(O)R1.
26. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1 Ra.
27. The compound of claim 26, wherein Ra is NRεRh.
28. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is -NRjC(O)NRgRh.
29. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is: (i-B) NRgRh, wherein one of Rg and Rh is hydrogen, and the other is C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or C6-Qg aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb; or (ϊi-B) C6-C1S aryloxy or heteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb'; or C7-C20 aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(iii-B) C6-C18 thioaryloxy or thioheteroaryloxy including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or C7-C20 thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc; or
(vi-B) C6-C18 aryl or heteroaryl including 5-16 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rb ; or C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Rc.
30. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is:
(i-B') NRgRh, wherein one of R8 and Rh is hydrogen, and the other is C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted
Figure imgf000146_0001
(U-B') C7-C2O aralkoxy or heteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 R0; or
(iii-B!) C7-C2O thioaralkoxy or thioheteroaralkoxy including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-10 Re; or
(iv-B') C7-C20 aralkyl or heteroaralkyl including 6-20 atoms, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-1O R0.
31. The compound of claim 29 or claim 30, wherein R , Rb and Rc at each occurrence are each, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy; C1-C10 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-Ci0 alkyl or Ci-C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1 -5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
32. The compound of claim 31 , wherein Ra is -C(O)OH or -C(O)OCH3.
33. The compound of claim 19, wherein B is:
Figure imgf000147_0001
wherein:
W is NRj, O, S, or is absent; j is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and each of Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 is, independently, hydrogen, halo; NO2; hydroxy; C1-C10 alkoxy; C1-C10 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; C1-C10 alkyl or Ci-C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1.
34. The compound of claim 33, wherein W is NRJ, O, or S.
35. The compound of claim 33, wherein RJ is hydrogen.
36. The compound of any one of claims 33 to 35, wherein j is 1.
37. The compound of any one of claims 33 to 36, wherein one of Rbl, Rb2,
Rb3, RM, or Rb5 is, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 alkoxy; C1-Ci0 haloalkoxy; cyano; - C(O)R1; C1-Ci0 alkyl or C1-C10 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other four are hydrogen.
38. The compound of claim 37, wherein Rb3 is Cj-C4 alkyl substituted with l Ra.
39. The compound of claim 38, wherein Rb3 is -CH2C(O)OH5 -CH2C(O)OCH3, -C(CH3)2C(O)OH, or -C(CH3)2C(O)OCH3.
40. The compound of any one of claims 33 to 37, wherein Rbl is Ci-C6 haloalkoxy.
41. The compound of any one of claims 33 to 36, wherein two of R , R , Rb3, RM, or Rb5 are each, independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-Ci0 alkoxy; Ci-Ci0 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-Ci0 alkyl or Ci-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and the other three are hydrogen.
42. The compound of claim 41, wherein Rbl and Rb4 are each , independently, halo; NO2; hydroxy; Ci-C10 alkoxy; C1-C10 haloalkoxy; cyano; -C(O)R1; Ci-Ci0 alkyl or Ci-Ci0 haloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with from 1-5 Ra; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rb2, Rb3, and Rb5 is hydrogen.
43. The compound of claim 42, wherein Rbl and Rb4 are each , independently, halo; Ci-C6 alkyl; Ci-C4 haloalkyl; or CpC6 alkoxy.
44. The compound of claim 41, wherein Rbl and Rb2 are each , iinnddeeppeennddeently, halo; Ci-C6 alkyl; or C1-C4 haloalkyl, and each of Rb3, Rb4, and Rb5 is hydrogen.
45. The compound of claim 41 , wherein Rb2 and Rb3 are, independently, halo; C1-C6 alkoxy; or -C(O)OR1; and each of Rbl, Rb4, and Rb5 is hydrogen.
46. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 45, wherein each of R3, R4 and R5 is, independently, hydrogen or halo.
47. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 45, wherein each of R , R and
R5 is hydrogen.
48. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein R is C1-Ci0 alkyl.
49. The compound of claim 48, wherein R6 is CH3.
50. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein R6 is C1-CiO haloalkyl.
51. The compound of claim 50, wherein R6 is CF3.
52. The compound of any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein R6 is halo.
53. The compound of claim 52, wherein R6 is chloro.
54. A compound according to claim 1 which is one of the following: 3 -B enzyl-4-phenyl- 8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 8-Methyl-3 ,4-diphenylcinnoline;
3,4-Diphenyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
8-Bromo-3 ,4-diphenylcinnoline;
8-Chloro-3 ,4-diphenylcinnoline;
[4-( { [3 -(8-Methyl-3 -phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] amino }methyl)phenyl] acetic acid 3-(8-Chloro-3-ρhenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylamine;
(4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenylamino]-methyl}-phenyl)-acetic acid methyl ester;
[4-({[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid;
N- [3 -(8 -Chloro-3 -phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] -iV-phenylurea; 3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenol;
(4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetic acid;
3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenol;Methyl (4-{[3-(8-chloro-3-methylcinnolin-
4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetate;
(4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)acetic acid; [4-({[3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]thio}methyl)phenyl]acetic acid;
2-(4-{[3-(8-Chloro-3-methylcinnolin-4-yl)phenoxy]methyl}phenyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid; 8-Chloro-4-{3-[(2,5-dimethylbenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-3-methylcinnoline;
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](2,3-dimethylbenzyl)amine;
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](2,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine;
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](l-naphthylmethyl)amine; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](3,4-dichlorobenzyl)amine;
[3-(8-Chloro-3-ρhenylcirmolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amme;
[3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine;
Methyl 2-[4-({[3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]amino}methyl)phenyl]-2- methylpropanoate; 2-[4-({[3-(8 -Chloro-3 -phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] amino } methyl)ρhenyl]-2- methylpropanoic acid;
4-{3-[(2-Brorao-5-methoxybenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-chloro-3-ρhenylcinnoline;
8-Chloro-4-(3-{[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}ρhenyl)-3-ρhenylcinnoline;
8-Chloro-4-{3-[(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-3-phenylcinnoline; [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine;
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][(l-methyl-lH-indol-2-yl)methyl]amine;
[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]amine;
[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-chloro-3-(triflυoromethyl)benzyl]amine;
[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](2,3-dimethylbenzyl)amine; [3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine;
[3-(8-Chloro-3-ρb.enylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](2-naphthylmethyl)amine;
[3~(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine;
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][2-fluoro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]amine;
N-(5 -Bromo-2-fluorobenzyl)-3 -(8 -chloro-3 -phenylcinnolin-4-yl) aniline; iV-(5-Bromo-2-methoxybenzyl)-3 -(8-chloro-3 -phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline;
[3 -(8 -Chloro-3 -phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] [2-fluoro-3 -(trifluoromethyl)benzyl] amine; iV-[2,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-3-(8-chloro-3-ρhenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline;
[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](l-naρhthylmethyl)amine;
N-(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcirmolin-4-yl)aniline; [3 -(3 -Benzyl- 8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] [( 1 -methyl- 1 H-indol-2-yl)methyl] amine;
[3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl][(l-methyl-lH-indol-7-yl)methyl]amine;
[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl](3,4-dichlorobenzyl)amine;
[3 -(8-Chloro-3 -phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] [(3 -methyl- 1 -benzothien-2- yl)methyl] amine;
8-Chloro-4-(3-{[3-(morpholin-4-ylcarbonyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-3-phenylcinnoline;
-¥-(l-Benzothien-2-ylniethyl)-3-(8-chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)aniline;
^(l-Benzothien-S-ylmethy^-S-Cδ-chloro-S-phenylcinnolin^-y^aniline; [3-(8-Chloro-3-phenylcinnolin-4-yl)phenyl] {[4-(trifluoroniethyl)-l -benzothien-2- yljmethyl} amine;
3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorooinnolin-4-yl)phenol;
3-Benzyl-4-[3-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-8-chlorocinnoline;
3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4- {3 -[(1 -methyl- lH-indol-7-yl)methoxy]phenyl } cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[2-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline;
3 -Benzyl-8-chloro-4- {3 -[(2-chlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl } cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}ρhenyl)cinnoline; iV-[3-(3-Benzyl-8-chlorocinnolin-4-yl)phenyl]-7V-[(l-methyl-lH-ind.ol-7- yl)methyl] amine;
3-(3-Benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol;
3-Benzyl-4-(3-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-(2-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-8-trifluoromethyl-4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-trifluoromethyl-cinnoline;
3-(8-Trifluoromethyl-cinnolin-4-yl)-phenol;
3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[5-chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8- (trifluoromethyl)dnnoline;
3-Benzyl~4-(3-{[2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[5-fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}ρhenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(2,5-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[2-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 3-Benzyl-4-(3-{[2-cliloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(2-chloro-5-fluorobenzyl)oxy]phenyl}-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
3-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)benzoic acid; 4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)benzoic acid;
4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)-3-chlorobenzoic acid;
4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)-2-methoxybenzoic acid; 4-(3-{[5-Fluoro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
4-(3-{[5-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
4-(3-{[2-(Trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-4-{3-[(l-methyl-lH-indol-2-yl)methoxy]ρhenyl}-8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; 7-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolm-4-yl]phenoxy}methyl)-l-methyl-lH- indole-3-carboxylic acid;
[2,5-Dimethyl-4-( {3 -[8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]benzyl} amino)phenyl] acetic acid;
[5-({3-[8-(Trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]benzyl}amino)-l-naphthyl]acetic acid; 3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3~ { [2-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline;
3-Benzyl-8-chloro-4-(3-{[2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)cinnoline;
3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]benzaldehyde;
[4-({3-[3-Benzyl-8-(trifluoromethyl)cinnolin-4-yl]benzyl}amino)-2,3- dimethylphenyl] acetic acid; or 3-Benzyl-4- {3-[(l -methyl- 1 H-indol-7-yl)methoxy]ρhenyl} -8-
(trifluoromethyl)cinnoline; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
55. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 54 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
56. A method of preventing or treating a Liver X receptor-mediated disease or disorder, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of formula (I) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 54 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
57. A method of preventing or treating a cardiovascular disease, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of formula (I) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 54 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
58. The method of claim 57, wherein the cardiovascular disease is acute coronary syndrome or restenosis.
59. A method of preventing or treating Alzheimer's disease, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of formula (I) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 54 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
60. A method of preventing or treating type I or type II diabetes, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of formula (I) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 54 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
61. A method of preventing or treating an inflammatory disease, the method comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a compound of formula (I) as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 54 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
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