WO2003074993A1 - Dispositif de mesure de concentration - Google Patents
Dispositif de mesure de concentration Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003074993A1 WO2003074993A1 PCT/JP2003/002534 JP0302534W WO03074993A1 WO 2003074993 A1 WO2003074993 A1 WO 2003074993A1 JP 0302534 W JP0302534 W JP 0302534W WO 03074993 A1 WO03074993 A1 WO 03074993A1
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- Prior art keywords
- concentration
- light
- component
- measurement
- measured
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
- G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
- A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
- A61B5/1455—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters
- A61B5/14558—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using optical sensors, e.g. spectral photometrical oximeters by polarisation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/21—Polarisation-affecting properties
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/21—Polarisation-affecting properties
- G01N2021/217—Measuring depolarisation or comparing polarised and depolarised parts of light
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a concentration measuring device for measuring the concentration of glucose, cholesterol, ethanol and the like.
- ATR attenuated total reflection
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 9-113343 As shown in FIG. 7, a method has been proposed in which the upper and lower lips 52 are brought into close contact with a transparent ATR element 51 having a pair of reflecting surfaces facing each other in parallel to measure a blood glucose level. According to this method, after holding the ATR element 51 in the mouth and pressing it from above and below, light is incident on the ATR element 51, and as shown by the broken line in FIG. The light that seeps out of the ATR element 51 by repeating total reflection at the boundary of is analyzed.
- the entire disclosure of the document in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-113439 is incorporated herein by reference (referring to it as it is).
- BME Vol. 5, No. 8 (Japan Society for Emulsion Studies, 1991) attached an ATR element composed of ZnSe optical crystal to the mucous membrane of the lip. Laser light with a wavelength of 9 to 11 microns enters the ATR element and is reflected multiple times inside the ATR element, and the absorbed light and the scattered reflected light are analyzed to measure the blood sugar level and blood ethanol concentration. A method of doing this has been proposed.
- BME, Vo 1.5, -No. 8 (Japan Emmie Society) -All the disclosures of the 1991 article are hereby incorporated by reference as they are.
- the concentrations of specific components such as glucose concentration, ethanol concentration, and cholesterol concentration can be measured in real time and non-invasively.
- This method applies evanescent light (so-called leaching light) to quantitative analysis. Light that travels through the ATR element penetrates slightly into the lips and is affected by the components in the body fluids present there.
- glucose has a light absorption peak at a light wave number of 1800 cm- 1 . Therefore, when light of this wave number is irradiated on a living body, it is absorbed according to a change in the concentration of dulcose in the living body. The amount will be different. Therefore, by measuring the return light of this light from the living body, it is possible to detect a change in the amount of absorption accompanying a change in the concentration of various components of the body fluid, that is, it is possible to obtain the concentration of each component.
- the measurement method shown in FIG. 8 was performed.
- the background measurement process the light emitted from the light source is incident on the ATR element, and spectroscopic measurement of a reference object such as air or pure water is performed without bringing the ATR element into contact with the sample to be measured. Is stored in the memory to measure the background (S4).
- the background measurement is performed to correct the wavelength characteristics of the light source and photodetector, and to calculate the correct absorbance and concentration even when these characteristics change over time. is there.
- the detection signal from the photodetector during background measurement was Assuming that the detection signal from the photodetector during sample measurement is Im, Logl . (I bZ lm) is calculated (S7). This value is generally called absorbance. In this way, since there is a correlation between the absorbance and the concentration of the specific component in the sample, if a calibration curve between the absorbance and the concentration is obtained in advance, the concentration of the specific component in the sample can be calculated from the calculated absorbance. Can be estimated.
- the contact position and contact area between the sample and the ATR element during the sample measurement should be set in the same way as in the background measurement. Although it is necessary, it is difficult to carry out these precisely, and the measurement accuracy has deteriorated. Especially when measuring living organisms, it was difficult to position accurately at the time of measurement. Disclosure of the invention
- the present invention has been made in consideration of the above problems, and has as its object to provide a concentration measurement device capable of performing high-accuracy concentration measurement stably without performing background measurement.
- a first present invention provides a concentration measurement contact (2) which is brought into contact with an object to be measured
- the light enters the measurement object from the concentration measurement contact (2), and A polarizer (7) for extracting a P-polarized component and an S-polarized component of the light that has returned to the concentration measuring contact (2) after propagating in the fixed object;
- a photodetector (6) that measures at least the amount of the extracted P-polarized component and the amount of the S-polarized component;
- the calculating means (8) uses the correspondence information (9) obtained in advance, which associates the measured result with the concentration of the specific component, and calculates the specific component.
- 1 is a first concentration measuring device of the present invention for calculating a concentration.
- the contact for concentration measurement (2) is an attenuated total reflection element, and the light incident on the object to be measured is evanescent light exuding from the attenuated total reflection element.
- 1 is a concentration measuring apparatus of the present invention.
- the method for measuring the concentration of a specific component according to the first present invention wherein the object to be measured is a biological tissue, and the specific component is gnorecose, ethanol, cholesterol, or cholesterol derivative It is.
- the calculating means (8) is configured such that when the measured value of the light amount of the P-polarized component is Ip and the measured value of the light amount of the S-polarized component is Is, o gl . (I sZ I p) or 1 og 1 ( > (I p / I s)), and the concentration of the specific component is determined based on the calculated value. .
- the calculating means (8) is configured such that when the measured value of the light amount of the P-polarized component is Ip and the measured value of the light amount of the S-polarized component is Is, A concentration measuring apparatus according to a first aspect of the present invention, which calculates pZIs or IsZIP and obtains the concentration of the specific component based on the calculated value.
- the photodetector (6) is characterized in that the P-polarized component light The amount and the light amount of the s-polarized component are measured alternately at least once each, and the calculating means (8) determines that the measured time is close to each other among the measured values measured by the photodetector.
- the measurement value I p of the light amount of the P-polarized component and the measurement value I s of the light amount of the S-polarized component are selected, and an operation is performed using the I p and the I s, based on the obtained value.
- a first concentration measuring device of the present invention for determining the concentration of the specific component.
- the first invention includes a contacting step of contacting the contact for concentration measurement with the object to be measured;
- the light amount of the P-polarized light component and the light amount of the S-polarized light component of the light that is incident on the object to be measured from the contact for density measurement, propagates through the object to be measured, and returns to the contact for concentration measurement are returned.
- the present invention may be the first invention.
- a second invention provides a concentration measurement contact (2) which is brought into contact with a measurement object
- This is a contact device for concentration measurement in which the concentration of a specific component contained in the measurement object is calculated by calculation means based on the measured result.
- Departure Akira may be the second invention.
- a third invention is a contact for concentration measurement (2) which is brought into contact with an object to be measured
- the object to be measured is determined based on a result measured by a concentration measuring contact device including a photodetector (6) for measuring at least the amount of the extracted P-polarized component and the amount of the S-polarized component.
- a concentration measuring contact device including a photodetector (6) for measuring at least the amount of the extracted P-polarized component and the amount of the S-polarized component.
- This is a calculating device for measuring the concentration, comprising calculating means (8) for calculating the concentration of the specific component contained in the water.
- the present invention may be the third invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a contact for concentration measurement used in a method for measuring the concentration of a specific component according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a measurement flow of a method for measuring the concentration of a specific component in the embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a characteristic diagram showing the dependence of I p Z I s on the incident light wave number, obtained by the method for measuring the concentration of a specific component in the embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the value of I p / I s and the glucose concentration obtained by the method for measuring the concentration of a specific component in the embodiment.
- FIG. 5 shows a light source in which the light amount is reduced by 10% from the light amount of the light source when the relation between the value of I p ZIs and the sparse density shown in FIG. The relationship between the value of I p Z ls and the glucose concentration FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a contact for concentration measurement used in a method for measuring the concentration of a specific component when an interference filter type polarizer is used as the polarizer in the same embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a conventional concentration measurement method using an ATR element.
- C FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a measurement flow of the conventional concentration measurement method.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a contact for concentration measurement used in a method for measuring the concentration of a specific component in one embodiment of the present invention.
- the light source 1 for example, a light source that generates mid-infrared light is used.
- a SiC light source is used as the light source 1.
- the S i C light source is particularly suitable for measuring the concentration of a substance such as dalcos, whose absorption wave number is in the fingerprint region (middle infrared region) such as 180 cm ⁇ 10 33 cm 1. It is suitable for such cases.
- the contact 2 for concentration measurement As a material of the contact 2 for concentration measurement, a material that transmits mid-infrared light, is chemically stable, and has excellent mechanical strength is preferable. In this embodiment, the contact 2 for concentration measurement is used.
- the material used is germanium.
- the object to be measured is brought into contact with the contact part 4.
- a glucose solution is dropped on this portion, and the entire surface of the contact portion 4 is covered. Due to the effect of surface tension, an appropriate amount of glucose required for measurement is held in the contact portion 4 without spilling from the contact portion 4, so that stable measurement can be performed.
- the living body When the measurement object is a living body, the living body is brought into close contact with the contact portion 4.
- the area of the part in contact with the living body is 2 cm 2 or less. By reducing the area to 2 cm 2 or less, the penetration into the living body is increased, the adhesion is improved, and stable measurement can be performed.
- the part of the living body to be adhered to the contact part 4 is preferably a thin part of the stratum corneum, and is preferably at the base of the fingernail, the posterior nail lip, or the mouth.
- the shape of the contact portion 4 is not particularly limited, it is preferable that the contact portion 4 has a substantially circular shape when the measurement target is a living body, since pain during measurement is small. Further, providing a chamfered portion or a rounded portion on the outer peripheral portion is preferable because pain can be further reduced.
- an MCT photodetector is used in the present embodiment.
- the polarizer 7 has a function of extracting light of a specific polarization component.
- a wire grid polarizer provided with a plurality of fine slits is used. By rotating the polarizer 7, the polarization of the light reaching the photodetector 6 is increased.
- the light component can be arbitrarily set to S-polarized light or P-polarized light.
- the polarizer ⁇ is not limited to the position shown in FIG. 1, and may be on the optical path between the light source 1 and the photodetector 6.
- the solid line direction of the polarizer 7 indicates the vibration direction of the S-polarized light component
- the broken line direction indicates the vibration direction of the P-polarized light component. Since the polarizer 7 allows only light in the same vibration direction to pass through, for example, after measuring the S-polarized component while setting it to the direction of the solid line in the figure, to measure the P-polarized component, the polarizer 7 must be 90 degrees. Need to rotate.
- the wavelength spectral characteristics of the specific component can be measured, so that absorption characteristics at various wavelengths can be obtained. Therefore, it is preferable.
- the spectroscopic FT-IR method using an interferometer is preferable because it can perform highly sensitive measurement.
- the calculating means 8 calculates the concentration of the glucose solution from the result measured by the photodetector 6 using the correspondence information 9.
- a microphone port computer or a personal computer configured from a CPU and a memory is used.
- the calibration curve 9 is information in which a glucose solution having a known concentration is measured by the method for measuring the concentration of a specific component according to the present embodiment, and the glucose solution concentration and the measurement result are associated with each glucose solution concentration. .
- the calibration curve 9 is stored in advance in, for example, the microphone port computer or the hardware computer.
- the calibration curve 9 of the present embodiment is an example of the correspondence information of the present invention.
- a glucose solution to be measured is set on the contact portion of the contact for concentration measurement (S1).
- the polarization spectral characteristics of the glucose solution are measured (S 2).
- the polarization spectral characteristics for example, the spectral characteristics of S-polarized light and the spectral characteristics of P-polarized light are measured.
- the calculating means 8 performs an operation using the measured value of the obtained polarized light component, and calculates the concentration of dalcose in the glucose solution based on the obtained value (S3).
- the calculation for example, when the measured value of the S-polarized light component is Is and the measured value of the P-polarized light component is Ip, IpZIs is calculated.
- a glucose solution to be measured is dropped on the contact section 4 and the entire contact section 4 is filled with the solution.
- Light emitted from the light source 1 is incident on the contact portion 4 at an incident angle; L, and is totally reflected.
- the evanescent light exudes from the contact part 4 and propagates in the glucose solution, returns to the contact part 4, then exits from the light output part 5, and reaches the photodetector 6 via the polarizer 7. .
- the polarizer 7 is set so that light having a vibrating surface in the direction of the solid line in the drawing, that is, S-polarized light passes therethrough, and the spectral characteristics of the S-polarized component of the glucose solution are measured. Next, the polarizer 7 is rotated 90 degrees to measure the spectral characteristics of the P-polarized component, and the measurement is completed. Ip / Is is calculated from Ip and Is for each wave number, and the glucose concentration is calculated using this value and the calibration curve 9 obtained in advance.
- the incident angle 0 of the light to be incident on the contact portion 4 is set so that ⁇ ⁇ obtained by the following Expression 1 is 0.25 or more.
- ⁇ is the penetration depth (microns)
- ⁇ is the wavelength of light incident on the contact (microns)
- nf is the refractive index of the contact
- 0 is the incident angle of light incident on the contact
- nc Represents the refractive index of the object to be measured.
- the refractive index nc at a wavelength of about 9.6 microns of the glucose solution to be measured is 1.24
- the incident angle 0, which is 25, is about 45 degrees.
- S-polarized light does not protrude to the shallower part of the measurement target, but ⁇ -polarized light does not protrude to the deeper part of the measurement target.
- S-polarized light is hardly affected by the concentration of a specific component contained in the object to be measured.
- measuring the amount of S-polarized light corresponds to performing background measurement in the conventional technology
- measuring the amount of S-polarized light corresponds to measuring the sample in the conventional technology. I do. Therefore, the concentration of a specific component can be detected by measuring the amount of S-polarized light and the amount of ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ -polarized light.
- the incident angle is effective if it is smaller than 45 degrees, but is preferably larger than the critical angle.
- the angle is smaller than the critical angle, the light does not satisfy the condition of total reflection, so that the amount of light that diffuses into the object to be measured and returns is reduced, and the optical path difference between the ⁇ -polarized light and the S-polarized light is reduced. It is because it decreases.
- Favorable results were obtained.
- the wavelength is scanned, the measurement operation is repeated several times, and the average measurement value is calculated. Often.
- the present invention is also effective for such a measuring method. For example, it is preferable to calculate the average measured value by averaging the measured values after measuring several times for each polarized light component.
- the operation of measuring the p-polarized component may be performed alternately.
- I p Z ls, I s / I p, 1 og io (I p / I s) or 1 o gl It is particularly preferable to calculate (Is ZIP) because the influence of the aging of the light source and the photodetector can be minimized.
- the fingerprint region such as glucose
- the fingerprint region having an absorption wave number of about 180 cm- 1 or 103 cm- 1 is used. It is suitable for measuring the concentration of a substance in the mid-infrared region.
- germanium is used as the material of the concentration measurement contact 2, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- silicon that transmits mid-infrared light is chemically stable, and has excellent mechanical strength can be used.
- a transparent silicon single crystal substrate having a wavelength of 1.1 to 10 microns is used.
- those having a small impurity content such as boron-phosphorus and a resistivity of 100 ⁇ cm or more are preferable.
- the resistivity is 150 ⁇ cm or more.
- Silicon having a high resistivity has a high transmittance at an infrared wavelength of about 9 to 10 microns, and is preferable when measuring a substance such as glucose having an absorption region in these wavelength bands.
- As a material for the antireflection film for example, diamond-like carbon (DLC) or ZnSe is used.
- the thickness is preferably about 1.1 to 1.3 microns, and more preferably about 1.2 microns.
- an antireflection film on the light output unit 5 as in the light input unit 3.
- a pyroelectric sensor may be used as the light detector 6.
- the calibration curve 9 may be a table for associating the concentration of the glucose solution with the measurement result, or may be a mathematical expression for associating the concentration of the glucose solution with the measurement result.
- the wire grid polarizer is described as the polarizer 7, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the polarizer 7 an interference filter-type polarizer that transmits a P-polarized component and reflects an S-polarized component can also be used.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a contact for concentration measurement used in a method for measuring the concentration of a specific component when a polarizer 7a which is an interference filter type polarizer is used instead of the polarizer 7.
- FIG. 6 the same components as those in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and detailed description is omitted.
- the polarizer 7a has a function of extracting light having a specific polarization component, similarly to the polarizer 7 of FIG.
- the polarizer 7a is different from the polarizer 7 in that the polarizer 7a reflects the S-polarized component and transmits the P-polarized component as described above.
- the photodetector 6a for detecting the amount of P-polarized light component, that is, the amount of transmitted light of the polarizer 7a, and the S-polarized light component
- a photodetector ⁇ b for detecting the quantity, that is, the quantity of reflected light from the polarizer 7a.
- a pyroelectric sensor is used as the light detectors 6a and 6b.
- An MCT light detector may be used as the light detectors 6a and 6b. According to the concentration measuring contact of FIG. 6, the S-polarized light component and the P-polarized light component can be simultaneously measured by the two photodetectors 6a and 6b.
- a glucose solution is used as a measurement target and glucose is a specific component of the measurement target.
- the present invention is not limited to this. It is useful not only for measuring glucose solution as an object to be measured, but also for measuring glucose concentration in plasma, glucose concentration in living body, and the like.
- the present embodiment can be effectively applied to a case where the specific component of the measurement target is cholesterol, ethanol, a cholesterol derivative, or the like, in addition to glucose.
- the specific component of the measurement object changes, the wavelength of the light to be measured also changes.
- the absorption wavelength of cholesterol is 1500 ⁇ m or 1700 nm.
- a light source that emits light or a photodetector that detects light of such a wavelength may be used.
- the absorption wave number of Etanoru is 1 2 4 0 cm- 1 and 1 4 0 0 cm at which the at 1, emits light of such wavenumber source Or a photodetector that detects light of such a wave number may be used.
- the present embodiment it is possible to provide a method for measuring the concentration of a specific component, which is capable of performing stable and accurate concentration measurement without performing background measurement.
- the method for measuring the concentration of a specific component according to the present invention is useful not only for measuring a glucose solution but also for measuring a glucose concentration in plasma, a dalcos concentration in a living body, and the like.
- FIG. 3 is a characteristic diagram showing the dependence of I p / I s on the incident light wave number obtained for glucose solutions of different concentrations.
- Darcos solutions having different glucose concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 mg Zd1 were used. Further, 1 1 3 5 cm- 1 and 1 0 0 0 cm- 1 of I p / I s at wavenumbers so that zero, before taking a baseline correction.
- FIG. 4 shows the relationship between the value of IpZIs at 1033 cm- 1 and the glucose concentration. From the figure, it can be seen that the two have a linear relationship and have a good correlation. Therefore, without performing the conventional background measurement, the glucose concentration could be easily calculated by obtaining I p / I s using the measured values I p and I s. Then, for example, the relationship between the value of IIs and the glucose concentration shown in FIG. 4 can be used as a calibration curve 9 obtained in advance.
- FIG. 5 shows the case where the light source whose light intensity is reduced by 10% from the light intensity of the light source when the relationship between the value of I pZ I s and the glucose concentration shown in FIG. 4 is obtained is used.
- FIG. 3 shows the relationship between the value of p / Is and the glucose concentration.
- FIG. 4 shows that the linear relationship is substantially the same. Therefore, it can be seen that by calculating I pZ I s as in the present embodiment, even if the light amount of the light source decreases due to aging of the light source or the like, the glucose concentration can be accurately obtained.
- the glucose concentration was determined using I p / I s, but the present invention is not limited to this, and I s / I p, 1 og 10 (I ⁇ / I s) or 1 og io (I The same effect can be obtained by using s / I p).
- the present invention can provide a concentration measuring device capable of performing high-accuracy concentration measurement stably without performing background measurement.
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Description
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Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP03710237A EP1482300A4 (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2003-03-05 | CONCENTRATION MEASURING DEVICE |
JP2003573404A JPWO2003074993A1 (ja) | 2002-03-06 | 2003-03-05 | 濃度測定装置、濃度測定用接触装置、濃度測定用算出装置、及び濃度測定方法 |
US10/479,758 US7110112B2 (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2003-03-05 | Concentration measuring instrument, concentration measuring contact apparatus, concentration measuring calculating apparatus, and concentration measuring method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2002059915 | 2002-03-06 | ||
JP2002-59915 | 2002-03-06 |
Publications (1)
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WO2003074993A1 true WO2003074993A1 (fr) | 2003-09-12 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP2003/002534 WO2003074993A1 (fr) | 2002-03-06 | 2003-03-05 | Dispositif de mesure de concentration |
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US (1) | US7110112B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1482300A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2003074993A1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1243965C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2003074993A1 (ja) |
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JP2005530986A (ja) * | 2002-04-03 | 2005-10-13 | ヨハン ヴォルフガング ゲーテ−ウニヴェルジテート フランクフルト アム マイン | 特に水性系、好ましくは多成分系の分光測定法のための赤外線測定装置 |
JP2006266839A (ja) * | 2005-03-23 | 2006-10-05 | Sumitomo Rubber Ind Ltd | 接触界面積の評価方法および接触界面積評価装置 |
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JP2005530986A (ja) * | 2002-04-03 | 2005-10-13 | ヨハン ヴォルフガング ゲーテ−ウニヴェルジテート フランクフルト アム マイン | 特に水性系、好ましくは多成分系の分光測定法のための赤外線測定装置 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPWO2003074993A1 (ja) | 2005-06-30 |
CN1243965C (zh) | 2006-03-01 |
US20040233433A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 |
EP1482300A1 (en) | 2004-12-01 |
CN1533502A (zh) | 2004-09-29 |
EP1482300A4 (en) | 2007-04-25 |
US7110112B2 (en) | 2006-09-19 |
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