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WO1997024361A1 - Nucleotide analogs - Google Patents

Nucleotide analogs Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997024361A1
WO1997024361A1 PCT/US1996/020226 US9620226W WO9724361A1 WO 1997024361 A1 WO1997024361 A1 WO 1997024361A1 US 9620226 W US9620226 W US 9620226W WO 9724361 A1 WO9724361 A1 WO 9724361A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
compound
alkyl
compounds
carbon atoms
chpmpc
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/020226
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Murty N. Arimilli
Norbert W. Bischofberger
Robert J. Jones
William A. Lee
Ernest J. Prisbe
Original Assignee
Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US08/581,147 external-priority patent/US5886179A/en
Application filed by Gilead Sciences, Inc. filed Critical Gilead Sciences, Inc.
Priority to BR9612317-6A priority Critical patent/BR9612317A/pt
Priority to NZ325704A priority patent/NZ325704A/en
Priority to AU14270/97A priority patent/AU1427097A/en
Priority to EP96944469A priority patent/EP0874858A1/en
Publication of WO1997024361A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997024361A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6571—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/657163—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms the ring phosphorus atom being bound to at least one carbon atom
    • C07F9/657181—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms the ring phosphorus atom being bound to at least one carbon atom the ring phosphorus atom and, at least, one ring oxygen atom being part of a (thio)phosphonic acid derivative

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to nucleotide analog esters, their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, processes for their production, and to their use.
  • a characteristic of nucleotide analogs or nucleotides having a phosphonate or a phosphate group is the presence of one or two negative charges associated with the phosphorus group at physiologic pH. Workers believe the charge associated with moieties such as phosphate or phosphonate groups generally limit oral bioavailability by limiting passive diffusion through the intestine membrane (Liebman, et al, T. Biol. Chem.. (1955) 216:823-830; Roll, et al., T Biol Chem. (1956) 22Q:439-444; Srivastava, et al., Bioorg Chem (1984) 12:118- 129; Palu. et al.. Antiviral Res (19911 16:115-119: Sastry. et al.. Mol Pharmacol (1992) 4J,:441-445). Workers often administer these compounds parenterally to obtain therapeutic serum or intracellular levels.
  • the invention provides one or more compounds that meet one or more of the following objects.
  • a principal object of the invention is to provide phosphonate esters of cyclic nucleotide analogs. These compounds can have improved pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic properties compared to the parent nucleotide analog that lacks the ester moiety.
  • the nucleotide phosphonate esters (hereafter "NPEs") usually have increased oral bioavailability in humans and animals.
  • Another object is to provide NPEs with reduced toxicity and/or increased potency compared to the parent compound lacking the ester moiety.
  • the invention provides NPEs that increase the therapeutic window for the parent nucleotide phosphonate by supplying it in a form that is less toxic in vivo while substantially retaining the parent nucleotide phosphonate antiviral activity.
  • Another object is to provide NPEs that deesterify while permitting subsequent biochemical or enzymatic conversion of the cyclic nucleotide analog to a desired ring opened derivative.
  • nucleotide analogs comprising a phosphonate moiety and a hydrolyzable ester linkage at the phosphonate phosphorus atom are objects of this invention.
  • the NPEs hydrolyze in vivo to the corresponding nucleotide phosphonate and are thus precursors of the corresponding nucleotide phosphonate.
  • Principal invention embodiments are NPEs of formula (1) and a salt, solvate or racemate thereof where B is a protected or unprotected heterocyclic base;
  • R is hydrogen (H), alkyl, O-alkyl, -CHO, -C(0)OR 2 , -C(0)R 2 , -C(O)N(R 3 ) 2 or -S(0) 2 N(R3) 2 ;
  • each R 1 is independently hydrogen, cyano (CN), nitro (N0 2 ), halogen, alkyl, O-alkyl, -C(O)OR 3 , -C(O)R 3 , -S(O) 2 OH, -N(R ) 2/ -CHO or -OH;
  • each R 2 and each R 3 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, phenyl, alkyl substituted phenyl, -CH 2 C6Hs or -CH 2 CH C Hs.
  • Atoms designated with (*) mean that the designated atom has constituents that are in the (R), (S) or (RS) configuration.
  • Invention embodiments include stereochemically enriched or resolved or substantially resolved NPEs and the carbon or the phosphorus atom chiral center * is as the (R) or (S) enantiomer.
  • NPEs where R is -C(0)OR 2 , R 1 and B have the meanings defined above, and R 2 is n-butyl or an alkyl group having more than 4 carbon atoms, e.g., an alkyl group having 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms.
  • inventions include methods comprising orally administering to a subject an antivirally effective dose of an invention NPE.
  • Other embodiments include methods to prepare the invention stereochemically enriched NPEs at the phosphorus atom chiral center *.
  • Embodiments of the NPEs and their intermediates of the instant invention include the corresponding salts, which may be base salts of the phosphonic acid moiety, an acid addition salt of the base, their zwitterionic forms, their unionized forms, and/or any organic or aqueous solvate. Salts will typically be suitable for pharmaceutical or veterinary purposes, but also include salts that are useful for other purposes, e.g., NPE synthesis.
  • non-toxic salts of these compounds may include those derived by combination of appropriate cations such as alkali and alkaline earth metal ions or ammonium and quaternary amino ions with the acid anion moiety of the phosphonic acid group.
  • NPEs also include acid addition salts of certain organic and inorganic acids that result from reaction with basic centers of the purine, specifically guanine, or pyrimidine base.
  • the compounds of the present invention can comprise diastereomeric mixtures that may exist.
  • Compounds of formula (1) will usually be in the S configuration at the chiral carbon and will be in the R, S or RS configuration at the chiral phosphorus. Both chiral centers are designated * herein. While one can separate the diastereomeric mixtures into their individual isomers through well-known techniques such as, for example, HPLC, in most instances, for compounds of the present invention, one can usually synthesize the preferred optical isomer by means of stereospecific reactions (usually at the phosphorus atom) and/or by using the appropriate stereoisomer of the desired starting material (usually at the carbon atom).
  • NPE embodiments include NPEs labeled with a detectable tag such as a radioisotope (including 3 P, 35 S, 1 C, 3 H, 125 I), a fluorescent moiety, an enzyme (including peroxidase, phosphatase) or the like.
  • a detectable tag such as a radioisotope (including 3 P, 35 S, 1 C, 3 H, 125 I), a fluorescent moiety, an enzyme (including peroxidase, phosphatase) or the like.
  • Embodiments also include immunogens for raising antibodies that are capable of binding to the invention NPEs and /or their dihydroxy phosphonate hydrolysis products.
  • alkyl means linear, branched or cyclic saturated hydrocarbon moieties and includes all positional isomers, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n- hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like, unless the disclosure or context specifies otherwise.
  • Alkyl when used, e.g., to define the scope of formula (1) compounds can comprise about 1-20 carbon atoms and generally will comprise about 2-16 or about 2-12 carbon atoms.
  • Halogen means F (fluorine), Cl (chlorine), Br (bromine) and I (iodine).
  • Substantially resolved means a compound enriched for a particular chiral species.
  • a substantially resolved compound, such as a NPE substantially resolved at the chiral phosphorus atom will often consist of at least about 65% or at least about 80% or at least about 90% of the (R) or (S) isomer.
  • a resolved compound such as a formula (1) NPE resolved at a chiral carbon atom means that the compound exists as 100% of a given configuration at the chiral atom, within the detection limits of conventional measurements.
  • Racemate or racemic mixture means any mixture containing 2 or more optical isomers of a given compound.
  • a formula (1) NPE racemate containing two positional or stereochemical isomers linked to or at the phosphorus atom may contain exactly 50% of each isomer or it may contain any amount above 50% and below 100% of a particular isomer.
  • the NPEs optionally exclude the following compounds from formula (1):
  • R and all R 1 together are not one C ⁇ -i 2 O-alkyl group and 3 hydrogen atoms and R and all R 1 together are not two Ci-i 2 O-alkyl groups and 2 hydrogen atoms;
  • R and all R 1 together are not one O-ethyl group and one OH group when the remaining R and R 1 groups are hydrogen;
  • R and all R 1 together are not one -C(0)0-Ci- 4 -alkyl group and three hydrogen atoms;
  • R and all R 1 together are not two -C(O)O-C 2 Hs groups and two hydrogen atoms;
  • R and all R 1 together are not one C ⁇ - alkyl group and three hydrogen atoms; 10. R and all R 1 together are not four hydrogen atoms;
  • R and all R 1 together are not one -C(O)0-C 2 Hs group, one hydroxyl and two hydrogen atoms.
  • NPE compounds excluded from the formula (1) NPEs by provisos 1-12 as the "excluded NPEs.”
  • One exemplary group of formula (1) NPEs optionally comprises species where the NPEs differ from the excluded NPEs by the presence in the excluded NPEs of additional 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 ethyl or ethylene groups, i.e., the excluded NPEs include not only the enumerated exclusions, but as well an added methyl or methylene group inserted at any site in the excluded compounds.
  • NPEs optionally comprise species where all R 1 are hydrogen, species where two R 1 are hydrogen and one R 1 is any single defined R 1 group and species where more than one R 1 is a defined R 1 group other than hydrogen.
  • Formula (1) NPEs optionally also comprise species where two R 1 are hydrogen and one R 1 is any single defined R 1 group other than hydrogen, e.g., two R 1 are H and the remaining R 1 is -C(0)OR 2 where R 2 is alkyl having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 carbon atoms or R 2 is -C6H4-p-C(CH3)3.
  • Exemplary formula (1) compounds can comprise species where R is -C(0)OR 2 , R 2 is alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms and at least 1 R 1 is not hydrogen or methyl.
  • Exemplary formula (1) compounds can comprise species where R is -C(0)OR 2 , R 2 is alkyl having 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms and two R 1 are hydrogen and the remaining R 1 is, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl or -N(R 3 ) 2 where each R 3 is the same or different.
  • Exemplary formula (1) compounds can comprise species where R is hydrogen, two R 1 are hydrogen and the remaining R 1 is, alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms, or the remaining R 1 is O-alkyl, -C(O)OR 3 , -C(O)R 3 , -S(O) 2 OH, -CHO, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl or -N(R 3 ) 2 where each R 3 is the same or different.
  • Exemplary formula (1) compounds can comprise species where R is hydrogen, one R 1 is hydrogen and the remaining R 1 are independently, alkyl having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms, or the remaining R 1 are independently O-alkyl, -C(0)OR 3 , -C(0)R 3 , -S(0) 2 OH, -CHO, halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl or -N(R 3 ) 2 where each R 3 is the same or different.
  • R when R is alkyl or O-alkyl comprise alkyl or O-alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more carbon atoms.
  • R can comprise methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2- methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, 2- ethylpentyl, n-octyl, 1-ethylhexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 3-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl
  • R 2 when R contains R 2 , i.e., R is -C(O)OR 2 or -C(0)R 2 , and R 2 is alkyl, R 2 can comprise the alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more carbon atoms. R 2 can comprise alkyl having 1-12, 3-6, 3-10, 5-10, 6-12 or 6-10 carbon atoms.
  • R 2 can comprise methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3- ethylbutyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, 2-ethylpentyl, n-octyl, cyclooctyl, 1-ethylhexyl, 2- ethylhexyl, 3-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like.
  • Embodiments of R 1 and R 3 when they are alkyl or O-alkyl can comprise alkyl groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or more C atoms.
  • R 1 or R 3 can comprise alkyl having 1-12, 3-6, 3-10, 5-10, 6-12, 6-10, 2-10, 3-10, 4-10, 2-6, 3-6 or 4-6 carbon atoms.
  • R 2 is alkyl having 1-4 carbon atoms
  • one or more R 1 is alkyl R 1 can comprise alkyl having 2-10, 3-10, 4-10, 2-6, 3-6 or 4-6 carbon atoms.
  • R 1 can comprise methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3- ethylbutyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, 2-ethylpentyl, n-octyl, 1-ethylhexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 3-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like when R 1 is alkyl or -O-alkyl.
  • R 3 can comprise methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2- ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, cyclohexyl, n-heptyl, 2-ethylpentyl, n-octyl, cyclooctyl, 1- ethylhexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 3-ethylhexyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like when R 3 is alkyl.
  • each R 3 is the same or different.
  • Embodiments of such compounds include species where one R 3 is hydrogen and the other R 3 is a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon alkyl group.
  • Embodiments of such compounds also include species where both R 3 are the same and can both be hydrogen or a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon alkyl group.
  • R 2 and R 3 include alkyl substituted phenyl and this can comprise para- alkyl substituted phenyl where the alkyl group consists of 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl groups include isopropyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, 2-ethylbutyl and the like.
  • Embodiments of formula (1) include NPEs stereochemically resolved or enriched as the (S) or (R) enantiomer at the carbon atom chiral center *.
  • Embodiments of formula (1) include NPEs stereochemically resolved or enriched as the (S) or (R) enantiomer at the phosphorus atom chiral center *.
  • NPEs enriched at the phosphorus atom chiral center * consists of 55% to about 99.9% of the (S) or (R) enantiomer.
  • NPEs undergo a multistep chemical alteration that results in the biochemical or enzymatic formation of the acyclic nucleotide phosphonate parental compound.
  • the NPEs of cHPMPC l-[((S)-2-hydroxy-2-oxo- l,4,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl]cytosine; cyclic HPMPC; formula (3) below
  • R x is the residue of a formula (1) NPE ester moiety in the formula (2) structure. The inventors believe that the final step, conversion of (3) to (4), is an intracellular event.
  • NPEs where R comprises an amide as follows.
  • NPEs with R comprising a sulfonyl or sulfonamide as follows.
  • NPEs with R comprising a keto group as follows.
  • the synthesis schemes for (K) can use R 3 instead of R 2 if desired.
  • the compounds of this invention comprise any naturally occurring heterocycle found in nucleic acids, nucleotides or nucleosides, or analogs thereof.
  • the radicals of such heterocyclic bases, designated herein as B, are generally the purine, pyrimidine or related heterocycles shown in formulas (a) - (d):
  • R 7 is Ci - C alkyl
  • R 8 is a protecting group; each R 9 is independently N or CH;
  • R 10 is OH, NH 2 , NHR 7 or NHR 8 ;
  • R 11 is H, NH 2 , NHR 7 or NHR 8 ;
  • R 12 is NH or CH 2 .
  • B includes both protected and unprotected forms of the heterocyclic bases.
  • Protecting groups for exocyclic amines and other groups are known (T. W. Greene et al., eds., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, 2nd ed.) and include N-benzoyl, isobutyryl, 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl (DMT) and the like.
  • DMT 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl
  • the selection of a protecting group will be apparent to the ordinary artisan and will depend on the nature of the labile group and the chemistry that the protecting group may encounter, e.g., acidic, basic, oxidative, reductive or other conditions.
  • B is a 9-purinyl residue selected from guanyl, 3-deazaguanyl, 1- deazaguanyl, 8-azaguanyl, 7-deazaguanyl, adenyl, 3-deazaadenyl, 1-dezazadenyl, 8-azaadenyl, 7-deazaadenyl, 2,6-diaminopurinyl, 2-aminopurinyl, 6-chloro-2- aminopurinyl and 6-thio-2-aminopurinyl, or a B is a 1-pyrimidinyl residue selected from cytosinyl, 5-halocytosinyl, 6-azacytosinyl and 5-(C ⁇ -C3- alkyl)cytosinyl such as 5-methylcytosinyl.
  • NPEs of formula (1) where B is cytosin-1-yl and two R 1 are hydrogen is as follows.
  • Table 1 shows NPEs having specific R and R 1 substituents linked to formula (1) structures where two R 1 are both hydrogen.
  • the designations A3, A4, A5, A6, A7 and A8 mean an alkyl group having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 carbon atoms respectively. These designations include all positional isomers of these alkyl groups, e.g., linear, branched and cyclic isomers.
  • Table 1 assigns a number to each listed R and R 1 substituent.
  • the convention R.R ! .X designates individual formula (1) compounds and the number assigned to a listed R or R 1 structure corresponds to its assigned structure.
  • Formula (1) links R 1 to the aromatic ring at X which designates the position 3, 4, 5 or 6 shown in the formula (1) structure below.
  • a formula (1) compound designated 4.19.5 has the structure
  • B is cytosin-1-yl and each A4 is independently an alkyl group containing 4 carbon atoms, e.g., n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, etc.
  • B is cytosin-1-yl.
  • Exemplary compounds are 1.1.3, 2.1.3, 3.1.3, 4.1.3, 5.1.3, 6.1.3, 7.1.3, 8.1.3, 9.1.3, 10.1.3, 11.1.3, 12.1.3, 13.1.3, 14.1.3, 15.1.3, 16.1.3, 17.1.3, 18.1.3, 19.1.3, 20.1.3, 21.1.3, 22.1.3, 23.1.3, 24.1.3, 25.1.3, 26.1.3, 27.1.3, 28.1.3, 29.1.3, 30.1.3, 31.1.3, 32.1.3, 33.1.3, 34.1.3, 35.1.3, 36.1.3, 37.1.3, 38.1.3, 39.1.3, 40.1.3, 41.1.3, 42.1.3, 43.1.3, 44.1.3, 45.1.3, 46.1.3, 47.1.3, 48.1.3, 49.1.3, 50.1.3, 51.1.3., 52.1.3, 53.1.3, 54.1.3, 1.2.3, 2.2.3, 3.2.3, 4.2.3, 5.2.3, 6.2.3, 7.2.3, 8.2.3, 9.2.3, 10.2.3, 11.2.3, 12.2.3, 13.2.3,
  • Additional exemplary compounds include the same compounds the numbered designations listed above represent, except that the base adenin-9-yl replaces cytosin-1-yl.
  • B adenin-9-yl.
  • the artisan uses screens with cells from particular tissues to identify precursors that are released in organs susceptible to a target viral infection, e.g. in the case of liver, precursor drugs that the liver hydrolyzes.
  • the assays used can be those known in the art including intestinal lumen stability, cell permeation, liver homogenate stability and plasma stability assays. One uses these assays to determine the bioavailability characteristics of particular active nucleotide phosphonate esters according to routinely used methods.
  • the hydrolysis products of the nucleotide phosphonate esters have activity against viruses, malignant cells and/or parasitic protozoans.
  • HPMP 9-(3- hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl
  • A purine
  • G guanine
  • DAP 2,6-diaminopurine
  • MAP 2-monoaminopurine
  • Hx hypoxanthine
  • pyrimidine cytosine (C), uracil (U), thymine (T) were evaluated for antiviral properties.
  • (S)-HPMPA, (S)-cyclic HPMP A, (S)-HPMPC, (S)-HPMPG and (S)-HPMPDAP were active against herpes simplex virus, type 1 or 2 (HSV-1 and -2).
  • (S)-HPMPA and (S)-cyclic HPMPA were active against varicella zoster virus (NZN).
  • (S)-HPMPC was active against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in both humans and animals.
  • (S)-HPMPA and (S)- cyclic HPMPA were shown to be active against adenovirus and vaccinia virus.
  • (S)-HPMPA has potent and selective activity against a broad spectrum of D ⁇ A viruses, including HSV-1 and 2, VZV, thymidine kinase-deficient (TK " ) mutants of herpes simplex virus, HCMV, phocid herpesvirus type 1 (seal herpesvirus, SeHV), simian herpesvirus type 1 (SHV-1), or pseudorabies virus or Aujeszky's disease virus), bovid herpesvirus type 1 (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, BHV-1), equid herpesvirus type 1 (equine abortion virus, EHV-1), African swine fever (ASF) virus, vaccinia virus; and human adenoviruses, and retroviruses such as murine sarcoma virus (MSV).
  • HSV-1 and 2 VZV
  • TK " thymidine kinase-deficient mutants of herpes simplex virus
  • mice and rabbits in vivo the compound is effective against both local and systemic infections with herpes simplex virus type 1, including herpetic keratitis caused by a TK" mutant which is resistant to the classical antiherpes drugs (DeClercq, E., et al., Antiviral Res (1987) 8_:261-272;
  • Microbial infections include infection by viruses, parasites, yeasts and fungi.
  • Exemplary viral infections that may be treated include infections mediated by DNA or RNA viruses including herpesviruses (CMV, HSV 1, HSV 2, EBV, varicella zoster virus , bovid herpesvirus type 1, equid herpesvirus type 1), papilloma viruses (HPV types 1-55), flaviviruses (including African swine fever virus and Japanese encephalitis virus), togaviruses (including Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus), influenza viruses (types A-C), retroviruses (HIV 1, HIV 2, HTLV I, HTLV II, SIV, HBV, FeLV, FIV, MOMSV), adenoviruses (types 1-8), poxviruses (vaccinia virus), enteroviruses (polio virus),
  • nucleotide phosphonates such as HPMPC exert antimicrobial activity, at least in part, by a two step enzyme-mediated conversion to a diphosphate, followed by incorporation of the diphosphorylated nucleotide analog into nucleic acids.
  • Virus-mediated or microbe-mediated incorporation of the diphosphates into nucleic acid uses viral or other microbial DNA or RNA polymerases (bacterial, retroviral, etc).
  • protozoa includes those members of the subphyla Sarcomastigophora and
  • protozoa as used herein includes those genera of parasitic protozoa which are important to man because they either cause disease in man or in his domestic animals. These genera are for the most part found classified in the superclass Mastighphora of the subphylum Sarcomastigophora and the class Telosporea of the subphylum Sporozoa in the classification according to Baker (1969). Illustrative genera of these parasitic protozoa include Histomonas, Pneumocystis, Trypanosoma, Giardia, Trichomonas, Eimeria, Isopora, Leishmania, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma and Plasmodium.
  • Parasitic protozoans include Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Pneumocystis carinii, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis and the like (de Vries, E., et al., Mol Biochem Parasitol (1991) 47:43-50).
  • NPEs of the invention and/or their corresponding nucleotide analogs can also be used to treat yeast or fungal infections caused by Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, and other Candida species Cryptococcus species including Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces species including Blastomyces dermatidis, Torulopsis species including Torulopsis glabrata, Coccidioides species including Coccidioides immitis, Aspergillus species and the like.
  • Compounds of the invention and their physiologically acceptable salts may be administered by any route appropriate to the condition to be treated, suitable routes including oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including ocular, buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural).
  • suitable routes including oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including ocular, buccal and sublingual), vaginal and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural).
  • the preferred route of administration may vary with for example the condition of the recipient.
  • the formulations, both for veterinary and for human use, of the present invention comprise at least one active ingredient, as above defined, together with one or more acceptable carriers therefor and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.
  • the carrier(s) must be "acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • the formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural) administration.
  • the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e. an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane 1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol (including PEG 400) and mixtures thereof.
  • the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethyl sulphoxide and related analogs.
  • the oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
  • Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the present invention include Tween® 60, Span® 80, cetostearyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulfate.
  • the choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations is very low.
  • the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers.
  • Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di- isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active ingredient.
  • the active ingredient is preferably present in such formulations in a concentration of 0.5 to 20%, advantageously 0.5 to 10% particularly about 1.5% w/w.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges comprising the active ingredient in a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • Formulations for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising for example cocoa butter or a salicylate.
  • Formulations suitable for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid include a coarse powder having a particle size for example in the range 20 to 500 microns (including particle sizes in a range between 20 and 500 microns in increments of 5 microns such as 30 microns, 35 microns, etc), which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
  • Suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration as for example a nasal spray or as nasal drops include aqueous or oily solutions of the active ingredient.
  • Formulations suitable for aerosol administration may be prepared according to conventional methods and may be delivered with other therapeutic agents such as pentamidine for treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia.
  • Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets of the kind previously described.
  • Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or unit daily sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient.
  • formulations of this invention may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.
  • the present invention further provides veterinary compositions comprising at least one active ingredient as above defined together with a veterinary carrier therefor.
  • Veterinary carriers are materials useful for the purpose of administering the composition and may be solid, liquid or gaseous materials which are otherwise inert or acceptable in the veterinary art and are compatible with the active ingredient. These veterinary compositions may be administered orally, parenterally or by any other desired route.
  • Controlled release formulations adapted for oral administration in which discrete units comprising one or more compounds of the invention can be prepared according to conventional methods.
  • Controlled release formulations may be employed for the treatment or prophylaxis of various microbial infections particularly human bacterial, human parasitic protozoan or human viral infections caused by microbial species including Plasmodium, Pneumocystis, herpesviruses (CMV, HSV 1, HSV 2, VZV, and the like), retroviruses, adenoviruses and the like.
  • the controlled release formulations can be used to treat HIV infections and related conditions such as tuberculosis, malaria, pneumocystis pneumonia, CMV retinitis, AIDS, AIDS- related complex (ARC) and progressive generalized lymphadeopathy (PGL), and AIDS-related neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis, and tropical spastic paraparesis.
  • Other human retroviral infections that may be treated with the controlled release formulations according to the invention include Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-I, -II and -IV, HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections.
  • HTLV Human
  • the invention accordingly provides pharmaceutical formulations for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of the above-mentioned human or vetrinary conditions and microbial infections.
  • a suitable, effective dose will be in the range 0.1 to 250 mg per kilogram bodyweight of recipient per dose (including active ingredient(s) in a range between 0.1 mg and 250 mg/Kg/dose in increments of 0.5 mg/Kg/dose such as 2.5 mg/Kg/dose, 3.0 mg/Kg/dose, 3.5 mg/Kg/dose, etc), preferably in the range 0.5 to 50 mg per kilogram body weight per dose and most preferably in the range 1 to 15 mg per kilogram body weight per dose; an optimum dose is about 3.0 mg per kilogram body weight per dose.
  • the desired dose is preferably presented as one dose or two sub-doses administered at appropriate intervals throughout a period of one to seven days. It is preferred to administer a dose once every 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 days.
  • the doses may be administered in unit dosage forms.
  • the desired dose is may be presented as one, two, or three sub-doses administered at appropriate intervals throughout the one to seven day period. These sub-doses may be administered in unit dosage form, for example, containing 10 to 1000 mg, and or 100 to 500 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form.
  • the formulations should be desirably administered to achieve peak plasma concentrations of the active compound of from about 1 to about 100 ⁇ M, preferably about 2 to 50 ⁇ M, most preferably about 3 to about 30 ⁇ M.
  • nucleotide phosphonate esters will generally (1) have a higher oral bioavailability than the corresponding uncyclized nucleotide analog (e.g., cHPMPC compared to HPMPC) and/or (2) will exibit reduced toxicity when compared with the same dose of the corresponding uncyclized nucleotide analog, and/or (3) will have greater efficacy when compared with the same dose of the corresponding uncyclized nucleotide analog.
  • cHPMPC compared to HPMPC
  • the compounds of the invention may be employed in combination with other therapeutic agents for the treatment or prophylaxis of the infections or conditions indicated above.
  • further therapeutic agents include agents that are effective for the treatment or prophylaxis of viral, parasitic or bacterial infections or associated conditions or for treatment of tumors or related conditions include 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (zidovudine, AZT), 2'-deoxy-3'- thiacytidine (3TC), 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydroadenosine (D4A), 2',3'-dideoxy- 2',3'-didehydrothymidine (D4T), carbovir (carbocyclic 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'- didehydroguanosine), 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, 5-fluorothymidine, (E)-5-(2- bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine
  • the compounds of this invention or the biologically active substances produced from these compounds by hydrolysis in vivo, are used as immunogens to prepare antibodies capable of binding specifically to the compounds or their hydrolysis products.
  • the immunogenic compositions therefore are useful as intermediates in the preparation of antibodies for use in diagnostic or quality control assays for the compounds or their hydrolysis products.
  • the antibodies are useful for measuring the presence, absence or amounts of the compounds by any convenient homogenous or heterogenous procedure such as fluorescence polarization immunoassay, fluorescence immunoassay (using fluorescent labels such as fluorescein and the like), radioimmunoassay, enzyme immunoassay (using enzyme indicators such as alkaline phosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase, urease and the like) and nephelometric inhibition assay by described methods (WO 92/22639, incorporated herein by reference).
  • Such assays usually require a tracer (such as a fluorescent or radiolabeled labeled invention compound), an antibody and the sample to be analyzed containing the compound.
  • the immunogens of this invention contain the precursor or hydrolytic products in association with an immunogenic substance such as a protein or peptide.
  • Immunogenic substances include adjuvants such as Freund's adjuvant, immunogenic proteins such as viral, bacterial, yeast, plant and animal polypeptides, in particular keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin or soybean trypsin inhibitor, and immunogenic polysaccharides.
  • the precursor or a compound having the structure of a precursor hydrolytic product is covalently conjugated to an immunogenic polypeptide or polysaccharide by the use of a polyfunctional (ordinarily bifunctional) cross- linking agent.
  • hapten immunogens are conventional per se, and any of the methods previously used for conjugating haptens to immunogenic polypeptides or the like are suitably employed here as well, taking into account the functional groups on the precursors or hydrolytic products which are available for cross-linking.
  • the polypeptide is conjugated to a site on the heterocyclic base functionality of the compound or hydrolysis product rather than to a site on the alkyl or substituted-alkyl phosphonate moiety.
  • the site will be an amino group located on the purine or pyrimidine moiety of the nucleoside phosphonate, at the 5 position of pyrimidines (such as cytosine or uracil), at the 1 position of purines (such as adenosine or guanine) or, for compounds having a cyclic structure corresponding to a sugar or sugar analog and having a free hydroxyl group, through the hydroxyl group (usually at the 3' or 2' positions).
  • the precursor compound is cross-linked through the phosphonate, typically by amidation or esterification of the phosphonate by the polypeptide itself or by a cross-linking functionality covalently bonded to the polypeptide.
  • the conjugates contain a precursor, its hydrolysis product, or both. Ordinarily, the conjugates will comprise the hydrolysis product, i.e., the biologically active drug.
  • the conjugates are separated from starting materials and byproducts using chromatography or the like, and then are sterile filtered and vialed for storage.
  • Animals are typically immunized against the immunogenic conjugates or derivatives by combining 1 mg or 1 ⁇ g of conjugate (for rabbits or mice, respectively) with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites.
  • the animals are boosted with 1/5 to 1/10 the original amount of conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant (or other suitable adjuvant) by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites.
  • 7 to 14 days later animals are bled and the serum is assayed for the desired antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus.
  • the animal is boosted with the conjugate in which the precursor or product is linked to a different protein, through a different cross-linking agent or both.
  • aggregating agents such as alum are used to enhance the immune response.
  • monoclonal antibodies are prepared by recovering immune lymphoid cells (typically spleen cells or lymphocytes from lymph node tissue) from immunized animals and immortalizing the cells in conventional fashion, e.g., by fusion with myeloma cells or by Epstein-Barr virus transformation and screening for clones expressing the desired antibody.
  • immune lymphoid cells typically spleen cells or lymphocytes from lymph node tissue
  • immortalizing the cells in conventional fashion, e.g., by fusion with myeloma cells or by Epstein-Barr virus transformation and screening for clones expressing the desired antibody.
  • the hybridoma technique described originally be Kohler and Milstein, Eur. T. Immunol. (1976) 6_:511 has been widely applied to produce hybrid cell lines that secrete high levels of monoclonal antibodies against many specific antigens. It is possible to fuse cells of one species with another. However, it is preferably that the source of the immunized antibody producing cells and the myelo
  • the hybrid cell lines are maintained in culture in vitro.
  • the cell lines of this invention are selected or maintained in a hypoxanthine-aminopterin thymidine (HAT) medium.
  • HAT hypoxanthine-aminopterin thymidine
  • the secreted antibody is recovered from culture by conventional methods such as precipitation, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like.
  • the antibodies described herein are also recovered from hybridoma cell cultures by conventional methods for purification of IgG or IgM as the case may be that heretofore have been used to purify immunoglobulins from pooled plasma, e.g., ethanol or polyethylene glycol precipitation procedures.
  • the purified antibodies are sterile filtered, and optionally are conjugated to a detectable marker such as an enzyme or spin label for use in diagnostic assays of test samples.
  • the antibodies of this invention are obtained from any animal species, but ordinarily are murine or rat. Once a monoclonal antibody having the desired specificity and affinity is obtained, other conventional modifications of the antibodies are within the scope of this invention. For example, the complementarity determining regions of an animal antibody, together with as much of the framework domain as is needed, are substituted into an antibody of another animal species or class to produce a cross-class or cross-species chimeric antibody. Fragments or other amino acid sequence variants of monoclonal antibodies also are encompassed within the meaning of antibody as that term is used herein, for example, Fab, Fab' or (Fab')2 fragments, single chain antibodies, bi or polyspecific antibodies, and the like.
  • the antibodies of this invention are from any suitable class or isotype, e.g. IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD or IgE. They may or may not participate in complement binding or ADCC.
  • hybridomas which are capable of binding to the immunogen are screened for the ability to bind to the hapten itself in typical test samples (plasma, serum and the like) with the requisite degree of affinity.
  • the desired affinity will depend upon the use intended for the antibody, but should be adequate to function in a conventional competitive-type ELISA or radioimmunoassays, or in conventional EMIT immunoassays.
  • the antibodies of this invention are used in such assays together with a labeled from of the precursor or its hydrolytic product. Alternatively, the antibody is labeled.
  • Suitable labels are well-known and include radioisotopes, enzymes, stable free radicals, fluorophors, chemiluminescent moieties and other detectable groups heretofore employed to prepare covalent conjugates for use in assays.
  • Methods for linking the labels to ligand amino groups, or amino acid side chains or termini of polypeptides, are known and are suitable for use herein. Other suitable linking methods will be apparent to the ordinary artisan.
  • a nucleophile preferably at low temperature, e.g. lower than about -20 C C
  • the product of steps (a) or (b) are subject to hydrolysis or protonolysis (typically acid protonolysis) respectively to yield the cHPMP (treatment of the product of step (a)) or its intermediate (treatment of the product of step (b)).
  • Vilsmeier's reagent is advantageously produced in situ by combining SOCI2, PCI5, POCI3, COCI2 or the like with DMF.
  • the product of step (a) is not purified or separated from the reaction mixture before being reacted with the nucleophile, a distinct economic advantage for this synthetic route.
  • the compounds of structure (Ia) and (Va) are readily made from their uncyclized counterparts by the same methods, e.g. treatment with DCC in DMF.
  • Substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkyl and heteroarylalkyl esters of cHPMPs typically are made by reacting the appropriate HPMP compound with SOCI 2 /DMF to yield the activated phosphonylchloride (see Scheme 1), followed by treatment with the corresponding nucleophile (e.g. alkoxide, phenolate, amine, etc.) to yield the protected intermediate formamidine which is subsequently hydrolyzed to the target compound.
  • nucleophile e.g. alkoxide, phenolate, amine, etc.
  • esters can also be prepared as depicted in Scheme 2.
  • the N-,0- protected intermediate phosphonate diester is obtained from the three building blocks by known methods.
  • a third method for the synthesis of cHPMP esters entails alkylation of the cHPMP using common alkylating agents R 15 L (where L is a leaving group) such as alkyl halides, tosylates, diazoalkanes and the like (see Scheme 3). This method is particularly useful for preparing acyloxyalkyl esters by treatment of the cHPMP with the corresponding acyloxyalkylhalide.
  • R 16 is H or is C3- 2 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, O, N and halogen, C 3 -C aryl which is unsubstituted or substituted by substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, O, N and halogen or C 3 -C 9 aryl-alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, O, N and halogen.
  • Each of the following schemes exemplify HPMPC as the nucleotide analog.
  • any B is employed in place of cytosine, provided that any exocyclic oxo or amino groups are protected as required. Also, step 3 of scheme 1 will be omitted when B contains no exocyclic amine.
  • a third method for the synthesis of cyclic HPMP esters entails alkylation of the cyclic HPMP ester as shown in Scheme 3 using common alkylating agents R 15 Lv such as alkyl halides, tosylates, diazoalkanes and the like. This method is particularly useful for preparing acyloxyalkyl esters by treatment of the cyclic HPMP (cHPMP) with the corresponding acyloxyalkylhalide.
  • R 15 Lv such as alkyl halides, tosylates, diazoalkanes and the like.
  • R 15 is defined as the following groups and species: H, alkyl (e.g., Ci-20 or C4-12) which is unsubstituted or substituted by substituents independently selected from the group consisting of OH, O, N and halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), aryl (e.g., C4-12 or C3-20) which is unsubstituted or substituted by substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl (e.g., Ci-Cs or alkoxy (e.g., Ci-Cs or C1- ), haloalkyl (e.g., C1-C8 or C1-6, 1 to 3 halogen atoms), cyano, nitro, OH, O, N and halogen, or R 15 is C4-20 aryl-alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted in the aryl moiety by substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -6 alkyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy,
  • C3-C6 aryl including phenyl, 2- and 3-pyrrolyl, 2- and 3-thienyl, 2- and 4- imidazolyl, 2-, 4- and 5-oxazolyl, 3- and 4-isoxazolyl, 2-, 4- and 5-thiazolyl, 3-, 4- and 5-isothiazolyl, 3- and 4-pyrazolyl, 2-, 3- and 4-pyridinyl and 2-, 4- and 5- pyrimidinyl) substituted by 3, 4 or 5 halogen atoms or 1 or 2 atoms or groups selected from halogen, C 1 -12 alkoxy (including methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, butyloxy, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- and 3,5-dimethoxy and 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- and 3,5-diethoxy substituted phenyl), cyano, nitro, OH, Ci-12 haloalkyl (1 to 6 halogen atom
  • ester compounds have the formulas (R 15 0)2P(0)-Z 1 -B where Z 1 is defined to mean the substructure in the following representative structures; (R 15 0)2- P(0)-CH2-0-CH2-CH2-B, (R i 5 ⁇ )2-P(O)-CH2-0-C H(CH 2 OH)-CH2-B, (R 1 5 ⁇ )2-P(0)- CH 2 -0-C#H(CH 3 )-CH2-B, (R 1 5 ⁇ )2-P(0)-CH2-0-C#H(CH2F)-CH2-B, (Rl5 ⁇ )2-P(0)- -C#H(CH 2 N3)-CH2-B and
  • C # and # includes linked substituents in the (R), (S) or (RS) configurations and where each R 15 is the same or different and each R 15 is independently chosen.
  • Table 2 lists a group of exemplary bis esters of compounds having the structure (OR 15 ) 2 P(O)-Z-B. TABLE 2
  • OC6H3-(OCH3)2 4 P(0)-CH 2 -0-C # H(CH 2 F)-CH 2 -B
  • Monosubstituted phenyl and benzyl compounds include 2-, 3- and 4-substituted compounds and disubstituted phenyl compounds (i.e., R 15 numbers 2, 4, 6, etc) include 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- and 3,5-substituted compounds.
  • 15.2.3. 16.2.3. 1.3.3, 2.3.3, 3.3.3, 4.3.3, 5.3.3, 6.3.3, 7.3.3, 8.3.3, 9.3.3, 10.3.3, 11.3.3, 12.3.3, 13.3.3, 14.3.3, 15.3.3, 16.3.3, 1.4.3, 2.4.3, 3.4.3, 4.4.3, 5.4.3, 6.4.3, 7.4.3, 8.4.3, 9.4.3, 10.4.3,
  • the present invention includes NPEs that comprise a protected heterocyclic base. These compounds are useful as synthetic intermediates and/or, as therapeutic agents per se. Protected heterocyclic base compounds structures, their isomers, tautomers and the salts of such compounds having the formula (5)
  • B 1 is a protected heterocyclic base.
  • R 17 is Ci-io alkyl. Either procedure is readily adapted to synthesizing compounds containing protected heterocyclic bases other than cytosine, e.g., adenine, guanine, 2,6-diaminopurine or 2-aminopurine.
  • R 15 and/or R 17 which can be the same or different, include phenyl, substituted phenyl, -C 10 H 1 5 (where C 10 H 15 is adamantoyl), -CH 2 -C H5, -C ⁇ Hs, -C(CH3)3, -CH(CH3)2, -CH 2 CH 3 , methyl, ethyl, butyl, t-butyl, heptanyl, nonanyl, undecanyl, lauryl, steryl, undecenyl and the like.
  • the amide linkage is conveniently formed by reaction of the acyl chloride with the exocyclic amine linked to the base.
  • the resulting ester When R 15 is linked to the free phosphonate the resulting ester will comprise a single isomer or a racemic mixture at the phosphorus atom.
  • Low temperature reaction conditions (lower than about -20°, e.g., about -20° to about -40°C or about -40° to about -80°C) tend to favor single isomer products, while reaction at higher temperatures ( above about -20°, e.g. -20° to 40°C) generally results in a racemic mix.
  • the isomers can be conveniently separated by, for example, HPLC, although the mixture can be used, for example, as a synthetic intermediate or as an active antimicrobial agent, without resolution.
  • This method can be used to convert one isomer of cHPMP-B or cHPMP-B 1 (such as cHPMPC or cHPMPA) aryloxy or alkoxy ester to the other isomer with catalytic amounts of the corresponding aryloxide ion or alkoxide ion, typically yielding about 90% of isomer.
  • cHPMP-B or cHPMP-B 1 such as cHPMPC or cHPMPA
  • the cHPMPC pivaloyloxymethyl ester synthesis yields a racemic mixture at the phosphorus atom.
  • the mixture was separated by HPLC into the two isomers which were then exposed to an rat intestinal homogenate or to a rat intestinal wash.
  • One of the isomers was converted to cHPMPC after incubation in the homogenate while the other isomer was converted to HPMPC pivaloyloxymethyl monoester. Both isomers were converted to HPMPC pivaloyloxymethyl monoester after incubation in the intestinal wash.
  • enzyme activity can have a differential effect on the metabolic fate of a cHPMPC ester depending on which phosphorus isomer is present and (2) chemical activity (i.e., the acidity of the intestinal wash) can affect the metabolic fate of a given compound in a manner that differs from enzyme activity.
  • a method to obtain heterocyclic bases comprising the C(0)R 17 protecting group is accomplished as follows using the acyl chloride (R 17 C(0)C1) using HPMPC and cHPMPC as an example
  • Tr is the hydroxyl protecting group trityl.
  • the detritylation step is accomplished by acid treatment, such as 80% acetic acid at about 10° to 60°C for 1- 2 hours.
  • the R 15 moiety is removed using a Lewis acid such as TMSBr to yield the free phosphonate.
  • Phosphonate compounds comprising B 1 and a C 2 - 2 0 1-acyloxy-l-alkyl or a C 4 - 20 1-acyloxy-l-alkyl-l-aryl ester group are prepared as follows wherein R 18 is Ci-20 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C ⁇ .(, alkyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy, C 1 -6 haloalkyl (1 to 3 halogen atoms), cyano, nitro, OH, O, NH and halogen (including ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, t-butyl, isobutyl and adamantoyl), or C3.
  • R 18 is Ci-20 alkyl which is unsubstituted or substituted by substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C ⁇ .(, alkyl, C 1 -6 alkoxy, C 1 -6 haloalkyl (1
  • aryl which is unsubstituted or substituted by substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 - alkyl, C ⁇ .(, alkoxy, C1-6 haloalkyl (1 to 3 halogen atoms), cyano, nitro, OH, O, N and halogen (including phenyl, and 3- or 4- pyridyl).
  • the amine protecting group CR 19 N(R 20 )2, where R 19 is hydrogen or CH3 and R 20 is C ⁇ - 0 alkyl, or both R 20 together are 1-morpholino, 1-piperidine or 1- pyrrolidine, is incorporated into an exocyclic amine to yield protected heterocyclic base compounds as follows
  • R 20 alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl and cyclobutyl. In general, both R 20 alkyl groups will be the same.
  • the reaction can be carried out in dry DMF at room temperature (about 20-30'C) as previously described (Kerr et al 1. Pharm. Sci. (1994) 22:582; Kerr et al T. Med. Chem. (1992) 25:1996), or DMF can be substituted with CH3CN and 4 A molecular sieves.
  • Protected heterocyclic bases where R 19 is hydrogen are stable under neutral anhydrous conditions and are generally labile under acidic aqueous conditions. When R 19 is methyl, the protecting group is more stable to aqueous acidic or basic conditions.
  • Table 3 lists R 15 ester and other moieties that can be incorporated into the phosphorus atom of both cyclic moieties (such as cHPMPC comprising a protected heterocyclic base or cHPMPC) or linear moieties (such as HPMPC comprising a protected heterocyclic base or PMEA comprising a protected heterocyclic base or PMEA).
  • cyclic moieties such as cHPMPC comprising a protected heterocyclic base or cHPMPC
  • linear moieties such as HPMPC comprising a protected heterocyclic base or PMEA comprising a protected heterocyclic base or PMEA.
  • Esters of Table 3 structures 1-5, 8-10 and 16, 17, 19-22 are synthesized by reacting a nucleotide analog (such as cHPMPC) the corresponding halide (chloride or acyl chloride and the like) and N ,N- dicylohexyl-N-morpholine carboxamidine (or another base such as DBU, triethylamine, CSCO3, N,N-dimethylaniline and the like) in DMF (or other solvent such as acetonitrile or N-methylpyrrolidone).
  • a nucleotide analog such as cHPMPC
  • the corresponding halide chloride or acyl chloride and the like
  • N ,N- dicylohexyl-N-morpholine carboxamidine or another base such as DBU, triethylamine, CSCO3, N,N-dimethylaniline and the like
  • DMF or other solvent such as acetonitrile or N-methylpyr
  • Esters of structures 5-7, 11, 12, 21, and 23-26 are synthesized by reaction of the alcohol or alkoxide salt (or the corresponding amines in the case of compounds such as 13, 14 and 15) with a nucleotide analog monochlorophosphonate or dichlorophosphonate (such as cHPMPC monochlorophosphonate or PMEA dichlorophosphonate) or another activated phosphonate.
  • a nucleotide analog monochlorophosphonate or dichlorophosphonate such as cHPMPC monochlorophosphonate or PMEA dichlorophosphonate
  • another activated phosphonate such as cHPMPC monochlorophosphonate or PMEA dichlorophosphonate
  • R D is C ⁇ -20 alkyl, including C4- 1 6 alkyl.
  • Each RC is the same or different (includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and t-butyl).
  • Example 1 Synthesis of phosphonate amidate compounds.
  • the compounds of structural formula Id shown are in Table 6 (bis(glycyl benzyl ester)PMEA (compound Ex 4), bis(alanyl benzyl ester)PMEA (Ex 1), bis (pheny lalanyl benzyl ester)PMEA (Ex 5), etc.
  • Compounds Ex 1 - Ex 12 were synthesized by the following procedure.
  • Example 2 Antiviral activity. Compounds were individually tested for activity against HSV-1 and/or HSV-2. HSV-2 (strain 414-92) was tested using MA 104 cells in the following assay protocol. 96-Well plates were seeded with 1 x IO 4 MA 104 cells per well using 200 ⁇ L minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 10% calf serum per well, and incubated overnight at 37°C. The compounds were dissolved in MEM Earle's Salts without serum. The medium was removed by aspiration and 100 ⁇ L MEM Earle's Salts without serum was added to the wells. Serial 3-fold dilutions of the compounds were prepared by serial transfer of 50 ⁇ L of medium from wells containing compound to wells lacking compound.
  • MEM minimal essential medium
  • the plates were incubated 15 minutes at 37 ⁇ C followed by addition of 100 PFU /well of virus in MEM Earle's Salts with 2% fetal bovine serum. The plates were then incubated at 37 * C for three days until approximately 90% of the cells in virus infected control wells containing no compound were killed. Following incubation, medium was aspirated and the wells were washed with sterile PBS. 100 ⁇ L 0.5°/. crystal violet in 20% methanol was then added to the wells for 5 minutes, aspirated and the wells were washed two or three times with distilled water. 200 ⁇ L of 0.01 N HCl was added to the wells and the absorbance of each well at 595 nm was determined.
  • ICso the concentration ( ⁇ M) that inhibits cell killing mediated by HSV-2 by 50%.
  • IC50 values varied from 2 ⁇ M to >100 ⁇ M compared to an IC50 for PMEA of 21 ⁇ M. Thus, some of the compounds were more active against HSV-1 than PMEA.
  • the toxicity of the compounds were expressed as the CCso, the concentration that kills 50% of uninfected cells.
  • the compounds were also tested for activity against the KOS strain of HSV-1 in VERO cells.
  • the results, shown in Table 7, were expressed as the EC50, the concentration ( ⁇ M) that inhibits cell killing mediated by HSV-2 by 50%.
  • EC50 values varied from 2 ⁇ M to >200 ⁇ M compared to an EC50 for PMEA of 138 ⁇ M. Thus, some of the compounds were more active against HSV-2 than PMEA.
  • HSV-1 HSV-2 compound EC50 IC50 CC50
  • Example 3 PMEA. monophenyl ester, mono N-ethylmorpholino- phenylalanyl phosphoroamidate.
  • Bis(phenyl)PMEA is selectively hydrolyzed to the monophenyl ester of PMEA using NaOH in THF.
  • the reaction mixture is neutralized with acid (1 N HCl), and the monophenyl PMEA is isolated by filtration.
  • Example 4 Antiviral activity of PMEA esters.
  • PMEA and PMEA esters were tested for inhibition of cytopathic effects by HSV II in MA 104 cells as described except that CPE was determined after incubation with virus by addition of lOO ⁇ L XTT, 1 mg/mL in deficient DME containing 25 ⁇ M PMF followed by measuring absorbance.
  • esters tested were bis(POM)PMEA, bis(phenyl)PMEA, monophenylPMEA, bis(3-dimethylaminophenyl)PMEA, bis(3- methoxyphenyl)PMEA, bis(2-carboethoxyphenyl)PMEA, bis(adamantoyl oxymethyl)PMEA, bis(4-fluorophenyl)PMEA and bis(2-ethoxyphenyl)PMEA. All of the compounds tested were active, which indicated that the ester groups were removed, thereby allowing free PMEA to inhibit virus replication and /or cytopathic effects.
  • the IC50 and CC50 of PMEA in the assay was 19.3 ⁇ M and 2000 ⁇ M respectively and the IC50 and CC50 of bis(POM)PMEA in the assay was 0.5 ⁇ M and >10 ⁇ M respectively.
  • IC50 values for the mono and bis esters ranged from 1.1 ⁇ M to 67.5 ⁇ M and the CC50 values ranged from 70 ⁇ M to 500 ⁇ M.
  • Example 5 Oral bioavailability of nucleotide analog amidates and PMEA esters. Nucleotide analog amidates and nucleotide analogs are tested for their bioavailabililty when administered to cynomologous (or rhesus) monkeys by oral, subcutaneous or intramuscular routes.
  • Bioavailability is determined by measuring PMEA levels in plasma or urine at different times after administering the drug using radiolabeled ( 3 H, 14 C, etc) compound or, for compounds having adenine, essentially as described (Naesens, et al., Clin Chem (1992) 3_8_:480-485; Russell, et al., I Chromatogr (Netherlands ⁇ (1991) 572:321-326).
  • Radiolabeled compounds are obtained commercially (Moravek Biochemicals, Brea, CA) or by standard procedures, such as catalytic hydrogen exchange for 3 H labeling.
  • Oral bioavailability of the tested compounds is 2 - 80% (or any value between 2% and 80% in 1% increments), preferably 10 - 80% and more preferably 15 to 80%.
  • the oral bioavailability of bis(POM)PMEA by this type of assay is typically about 25% in monkeys and PMEA is about 2 - 4% (Balzarini et al., Animal Models in AIDS (1990) p. 131-138, Schellekens, H.
  • nucleotide analog amidates and nucleotide analogs can have oral bioavailabilities of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% or 80%.
  • Total radioactivity in plasma is determined by mixing about 200 ⁇ L of plasma with a scintillation counting cocktail (such as 10 mL of Scinti-Safe plus LSC cocktail) and counting in a scintillation counter (usually for about 5 - 30 minutes).
  • a scintillation counting cocktail such as 10 mL of Scinti-Safe plus LSC cocktail
  • Detailed analysis of the radiochemical composition is accomplished using about 350 ⁇ L of plasma, denaturing proteins in the serum (using about 700 ⁇ L 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile for example), drying the resulting sample under reduced pressure, suspending the sample in an appropriate buffer (for example using about 100 ⁇ L of 2% acetonitrile in 25 mM potassium phosphate buffer with 10 mM tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen phosphate
  • an appropriate buffer for example using about 100 ⁇ L of 2% acetonitrile in 25 mM potassium phosphate buffer with 10 mM tetrabut
  • Radiolabel detection is accomplished using means such as commercially available radioactive flow detection systems or scintillation counting systems (Packard, Meridian, CT).
  • Fluorescence detection of PMEA in plasma is accomplished by measuring fluorescence emission (420 nm, with excitation at about 236 nm) with a detector (model F2000, Spectra Physics, San Jose, CA) from the HPLC gradient essentially as described above (2 to 65% acetonitrile).
  • Samples for analysis are prepared from plasma (200 ⁇ L) by protein precipitation with TFA (400 ⁇ L 0.1% in acetonitrile), drying and conversion of adenine to N6-ethenoadenine in 200 ⁇ L of reaction buffer (0.34% chloroacetaldehyde, 100 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5) for 40 minutes at 95°C followed by HPLC analysis using 50 ⁇ L.
  • Example 6 Bisfadamantoyl oxymethynPMEA ester.
  • DBU (1,8- diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene; 1.53 g, 10 mmol
  • PMEA 1.365 g, 5 mmol
  • Adamantoyl oxymethyl chloride (5.72 g, 25 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) was added to the reaction mixture which was then stirred for four days at room temperature and the volatiles were removed under vacuum.
  • the crude product obtained after removal of the solvent was loaded onto a silica gel column and washed with 3% MeOH/CH2 ⁇ 2 to remove nonpolar impurities.
  • Example 7 Bis phenynPMEA and bisf2-ethoxyphenynPMEA esters.
  • PMEA 2.0 g, 7.3 mmol
  • acetonitrile (20 mL)
  • thionyl chloride (20 mL)
  • N,N- dimethylformamide (2 drops) were added to a 250 mL single neck round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer, water cooled condenser and N2 atmosphere.
  • the flask was immersed in a 85°C oil bath and the resulting suspension was stirred for two hours.
  • the resulting solution was then concentrated to dryness and acetonitrile (50 mL) was added to redissolve the crude chloridate.
  • Example 8 (RV9-(2-Di-2 ethoxyphenylphosphonvlmethoxvpropvn adenine.
  • 2-ethoxyphenol 45 mmol, 6.22 g
  • pyridine 75 mL
  • PMPA 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl adenine
  • a separate solution of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide (45 mmol, 9.91 g) and triphenyl phosphine (45 mmol, 11.81 g) in pyridine (75 mL) was added at 22°C in a single portion to the white suspension.
  • Example 9 cHPMPU.
  • cHPMPU was synthesized by adding thionyl chloride (60 mL, 0.812 mmol, 2.02 eq) dropwise to a suspension of disodium HPMPU (131 mg, 0.404 mmol) in N,N-dimethylformamide (1.25 mL) at ambient temperature. The resulting light-yellow solution was stirred for 20 min at ambient temperature and then concentrated to dryness (in vacuo, 45 °C). H 2 O (2 mL) was added and the resulting solution was concentrated to dryness. Methanol (4 mL) was added and the resulting solution was concentrated to dryness to afford the crude product as a light-yellow solid.
  • Example 1 cHPMPC ethyl ester.
  • diethyl HPMPC l.lg
  • DMF dimethyl methyl
  • NaH 115 mg
  • acetic acid 1 eq
  • the solvents were removed under reduced pressure.
  • the crude mixture was dissolved in CH2CI2 and water.
  • the organic layer was washed with NaCl solution and the crude material obtained was purified on a silica gel column (elution with 57.-107. MeOH in CH 2 CI 2 ) to get cyclic ethyl HPMPC (950 mg) as a diastereomeric mixture (approximately 707.).
  • Example 11 cHPMPC esters.
  • Example 12 cHPMPC esters.
  • cHPMPC esters were synthesized using appropriate reactants essentially as described in Example 12 for ester moieties corresponding to structure numbers 8, 9, 10, 16 and 17 in Table 3. Melting point data for cHPMPC esters of compound numbers 6, 8, 9, 11, 24, 25 and 26 was as follows: cHPMPC 3-pyridyl ester (#6) - 268- 273°C (decomposes); cHPMPC N-ethylmorpholino ester (#7) - 241 °C; cHPMPC -CH 2 -0-C(O)-C 6 H 5 ester (#8) - 198-201'C; cHPMPC #9 ortho ester - 176°C; cHPMPC #11 ester - 100-250°C (decomposes); cHPMPC phenyl ester (#12) - 190°C; cHPMPC #24 ester - 218-225°C (waxy liquid); cHPMPC
  • Example 15 NA-benzoyl cHPMPC.
  • the title compound was synthesized using N -benzoyl HPMPC diethyl ester tritylated at the hydroxyl group as a starting material. The starting material was detritylated using acetic acid and then converted to N 4 -benzoyl HPMPC using TMSBr. The resulting compound was converted to N -benzoyl cHPMPC using DCC and morpholine in pyridine. The title compound was tested for activity against HCMV in tissue culture (NHDF cell line) and was found to be active with an IC50 of 22 ⁇ M compared with 0.4 ⁇ M for HPMPC.
  • Example 16 cHPMPC esters.
  • NPE esters by one of three methods.
  • “method A” we added HPMPC (6.74 g, 0.024 mol) to a stirred suspension of Vilsmeier reagent (7.7 g, 0.060 mol) in CH3CN (250 mL) and continued stirring the reaction mixture for three hours.
  • Method A we added a solution of a formula (6) sodium salicylate (0.120 mol; freshly made from the corresponding salicylate and NaH in DMF or in a DMF- tetrahydrofuran (THF) 1:1 (v/v) mixture) to the chloridate reaction mixture at once.
  • NPEs by "method B” as follows. We slowly added oxalyl chloride (3.1 mL, 0.0357 mol) to an ice cold HPMPC suspension (4 g, 14.3 mmol) in CH3CN (40mL) and DMF (2.8 mL). We warmed the reaction mixture to room temperature and stirred it for 3 hours. A solution of formula (6) sodium salicylate (100 mmol, freshly made from NaH and the corresponding salicylic acid ester in DMF or in a DMF-THF mixture) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred overnight at room temperature. Glacial acetic acid (7.2 mL) was added to the reaction mixture and stirring was then continued for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the crude residue was suspended in hexane or diethyl ether or a hexane-diethyl ether mixture for 20 minutes.
  • the solids were collected by filtration and dissolved in dioxane:lN HCl (80 mL:20 mL).
  • the mixture was stirred for 2 hours at r.t. and the solvents were then removed under reduced pressure.
  • the crude residue was then dissolved in 300 mL CH2CI2 and washed twice with 200 mL water.
  • the milky organic layer was dried and concentrated on a rotary evaporator.
  • the crude product was a mixture of about 6:4 of axia(axphosphorus atom.
  • NPEs by "method C” as follows. We slowly added oxalyl chloride (7.75 mL, 89.3 mmol) to an ice cold HPMPC suspension (10 g, 35.7 mmol) in CH3CN (150mL) and DMF (6.9 mL). We warmed the reaction mixture to room temperature and stirred it for 3 hours.
  • a solution of formula (6) sodium salicylate (178.6 mmol, freshly made from NaH and the corresponding salicylic acid ester in THF or DMF or in a DMF-THF mixture) was slowly added to the reaction mixture over a 30 minute period and the mixture was then stirred for 3 hours at r.t. and the solvents were then removed under reduced pressure.
  • the crude residue was then dissolved in 300 mL CH2CI2 and washed twice with 100 mL water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated on a rotary evaporator.
  • the crude product was subjected to silica gel chromatography to obtain the salicylate ester of cHPMPC, i.e., the formula (1) compound, in about a 9:1 isomer ratio at the phosphorus atom with the equatorial isomer predominating.
  • the following formula (1) cHPMPC compounds were synthesized - all R 1 were hydrogen and R is as designated.
  • the desigantion (eq) means the equatorial isomer at the phosphorus atom was present in about a 9:1 ratio over the axial isomer.
  • the desigantion (ax) means the axial isomer at the phosphorus atom was present in about a 9:1 ratio over the equatorial isomer.
  • Example 17 Oral bioavailability of cHPMPC and cHPMPC esters.
  • This study examined the oral bioavailability of cHPMPC and cHPMPC esters in Beagle dogs. The study design obtained bioavailabilities of cHPMPC and cHPMPC esters in dogs by comparing the AUC, the area under the plasma concentration time curve, after orally administering cHPMPC or a cHPMPC ester to the AUC obtained with cHPMPC after intravenous administration.
  • the study used an aqueous solution of cHPMPC for oral administration containing 10 mg/mL cyclic HPMPC in 0.97,. NaCl.
  • the dose was 1.0 mL/kg (10 mg/kg).
  • Formulations for the cHPMPC esters (10 mg/kg solutions) are described below.
  • Each formulation was administered as a single dose.
  • the study provided for individual vials of each formulation for each animal.
  • the oral solutions were administered by gavage, followed by two 10 mL water washes. Animals remained conscious throughout the sample collection period.
  • Blood samples (4.0 mL) were collected by direct jugular vein access from each animal into heparinized tubes. Blood was processed immediately for plasma by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 10 minutes. Plasma samples were frozen and maintained at ⁇ -20°C until analyzed. Pooled normal dog plasma was used to prepare standard samples.
  • Plasma concentrations of cHPMPC and the tested esters were determined using reverse-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection (Excitation 305 nm, Emission 370 nm) of the fluorescent cytosine base 3,N 4 -etheno derivative.
  • Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-CMP) (Sigma, Cat.# C-1006) was an internal standard for the HPLC analysis. Plasma (100 ⁇ L) was mixed with 400 ⁇ L of protein precipitation solution (10 mL glacial acetic acid, 190 mL water, 800 mL acetonitrile containing 5'-CMP) and the solution was then centrifuged at 20,000 g for 5 min.
  • the supernatant was transferred to another tube and mixed with 100 ⁇ L phenacyl bromide (Fluka), 0.25 g/mL in acetonitrile to generate the cytosine etheno derivative by incubation at 65°C for 40 min.
  • the tubes were then put on ice to quench the reaction.
  • the samples were then evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure for ⁇ 2.5 hours.
  • the residue was dissolved in 100 ⁇ L of reconstitution solution (6 mM dodecyltrietylammonium phosphate (Bodman), 30 mM phosphoric acid in water) and filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ M filtration unit (Z-spin).
  • the filtrate was then transferred to autosampler vials (Chromacol) for HPLC analysis.
  • the HPLC system comprised a Model P4000 (Thermo Separations, San Jose, CA) solvent delivery system with a Model AS3000 autoinjector (Thermo Separations) and a Model F-1080 fluorescence detector (Hitachi).
  • a Peak Pro data acquisition system (Beckman, Palo Alto, CA) acquired and stored data from the study.
  • the column was an Intersil ODS-2, 4.6 x 150 mm, 5 ⁇ M HPLC column (Metachem) operated at 45°C.
  • the mobile phase was degassed 6 mM dodecyltrietylammonium phosphate (Bodman), 30 mM phosphoric acid, pH 2.85 in 307o acetonitrile. A flow rate of 2.0 mL/min and an injection volume of 20 ⁇ L was used.
  • HPLC grade water was used to prepare all solutions and standards for HPLC analysis.
  • the following formula (1) compounds were tested for oral bioavailability in the same manner as that used for cHPMPC measurements.
  • the tested esters all consisted of about a 90:10 (w/w) racemic mixture at the phosphorus atom and for all compounds, the same isomer predominated.
  • the R group in compound #7 was cyclohexyl and the R group in compound #8 was phenethyl.
  • the formulations that were used to deliver cHPMPC compounds consisted of the following: Formulation #1 0.9% NaCl, #2 PEG 400, #3 20% PEG 400 and 807> aqueous citric acid buffer (50 mM, pH 2.2).
  • the compounds were orally bioavailable as cHPMPC follows: Compound #1, 22.5% ⁇ 11.0; compound #2, 18.57 ⁇ 5.8; compound #3, 46.37. ⁇ 9.0; compound #4, 30.5% ⁇ 4.8; compound #5, 34.4% ⁇ 4.8; compound #6, 27.87. ⁇ 6.2; compound #7, 22.7% ⁇ 4.4; compound #8, 35.3% ⁇ 3.4.
  • Bioavailability of the compounds as HPMPC ranged from 12.07> ⁇ 2.6 to 1.4% ⁇ 1.2, with the latter value coming from cHPMPC.

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7390791B2 (en) 2000-07-21 2008-06-24 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Prodrugs of phosphonate nucleotide analogues
CN102485229A (zh) * 2010-12-02 2012-06-06 中国人民解放军军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所 抗病毒药物
CN103923124A (zh) * 2013-01-15 2014-07-16 中国人民解放军军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所 结晶态的抗乙肝病毒药物
US9908908B2 (en) 2012-08-30 2018-03-06 Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Tenofovir prodrug and pharmaceutical uses thereof

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EP0343133A1 (en) * 1988-05-06 1989-11-23 Medivir Aktiebolag Derivatives of purine, process for their preparation and a pharmaceutical preparation
EP0405748A1 (en) * 1989-05-30 1991-01-02 Beecham Group p.l.c. Phosphonoderivative of purine with antiviral activity
EP0481214A1 (en) * 1990-09-14 1992-04-22 Institute Of Organic Chemistry And Biochemistry Of The Academy Of Sciences Of The Czech Republic Prodrugs of phosphonates
WO1995007920A1 (en) * 1993-09-17 1995-03-23 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Nucleotide analogs

Patent Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0343133A1 (en) * 1988-05-06 1989-11-23 Medivir Aktiebolag Derivatives of purine, process for their preparation and a pharmaceutical preparation
EP0405748A1 (en) * 1989-05-30 1991-01-02 Beecham Group p.l.c. Phosphonoderivative of purine with antiviral activity
EP0481214A1 (en) * 1990-09-14 1992-04-22 Institute Of Organic Chemistry And Biochemistry Of The Academy Of Sciences Of The Czech Republic Prodrugs of phosphonates
WO1995007920A1 (en) * 1993-09-17 1995-03-23 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Nucleotide analogs

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7390791B2 (en) 2000-07-21 2008-06-24 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Prodrugs of phosphonate nucleotide analogues
US7803788B2 (en) 2000-07-21 2010-09-28 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Prodrugs of phosphonate nucoleotide analogues
CN102485229A (zh) * 2010-12-02 2012-06-06 中国人民解放军军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所 抗病毒药物
US9908908B2 (en) 2012-08-30 2018-03-06 Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Tenofovir prodrug and pharmaceutical uses thereof
CN103923124A (zh) * 2013-01-15 2014-07-16 中国人民解放军军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所 结晶态的抗乙肝病毒药物

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