US9228633B2 - Engine balance system - Google Patents
Engine balance system Download PDFInfo
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- US9228633B2 US9228633B2 US12/401,146 US40114609A US9228633B2 US 9228633 B2 US9228633 B2 US 9228633B2 US 40114609 A US40114609 A US 40114609A US 9228633 B2 US9228633 B2 US 9228633B2
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- counterbalance weight
- crankshaft
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- balance system
- counterbalance
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F15/00—Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
- F16F15/22—Compensation of inertia forces
- F16F15/26—Compensation of inertia forces of crankshaft systems using solid masses, other than the ordinary pistons, moving with the system, i.e. masses connected through a kinematic mechanism or gear system
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B75/00—Other engines
- F02B75/06—Engines with means for equalising torque
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C3/00—Shafts; Axles; Cranks; Eccentrics
- F16C3/04—Crankshafts, eccentric-shafts; Cranks, eccentrics
- F16C3/20—Shape of crankshafts or eccentric-shafts having regard to balancing
Definitions
- the present invention relates to single cylinder internal combustion engines such as those used to power lawnmowers, sump pumps, portable generators and other devices.
- the present invention relates to a balance system within such an engine that nullifies or reduces vibration of the engine resulting from reciprocation of the piston within the engine.
- a major cause of vibration in a single cylinder engine is piston reciprocation.
- the piston is started and stopped twice during each rotation of the crankshaft, and reactions to the forces that accelerate and decelerate the piston are imposed upon the engine body as vibration in directions generally parallel to the piston axis.
- the engine When operated in a device such as a lawn mower, the engine produces vibrations that can be transmitted through the device to the operator. This vibration is uncomfortable and could produce operator fatigue. Even when operated in a device in which there is no issue of operator fatigue (e.g., sump pumps or portable generators), engine vibration is undesirable because it causes maintenance problems and tends to reduce the useful life of the machine.
- crankshaft counterweight fixed on its crankshaft, and located at the side of the crankshaft axis directly opposite the crankpin by which the piston (through the connecting rod) is connected to the crankshaft.
- Such a crankshaft counterweight arrangement in which the counterweights rotate with the crankshaft, can be designed to cancel some or even all of the primary acceleration and deceleration forces on the piston assembly along the piston axis.
- the centrifugal force of such rotating crankshaft counterweights also has a component transverse to the piston axis that produces lateral vibration, the amount of which increases in direction proportion to the degree to which the crankshaft counterweights successfully cancel out the acceleration and deceleration forces on the piston assembly.
- crankshaft counterweights having a mass that provides a condition of about “50% overbalance”, such that the centrifugal force due to the counterweights has a component along the piston axis that is equal to about 50% of the acceleration and deceleration forces on the piston assembly. Yet the use of such counterweights having a 50% overbalance condition does not fully eliminate the undesirable vibration occurring in single cylinder engines.
- a number of these techniques employ one or more additional counterweights that, in contrast to the crankshaft counterweights discussed above, do not rotate with the crankshaft but instead either reciprocate (that is, move back and forth in a strictly linear manner) with respect to the crankshaft or alternatively move back and forth relative to the crankshaft while also rotating somewhat (in a “wobbling” motion).
- Such counterweights often are coupled to the crankshaft by way of connecting arms, which have near ends coupled to the counterweights and far ends coupled to the crankshaft.
- Certain existing designs employing this second type of counterweight are configured to produce counterweight movement that includes both movement of the counterweight back and forth relative to the crankshaft as well as additional rotational movement relative to the crankshaft.
- a pair of counterweights is not only connected to the crankshaft eccentrics by way of a pair of connecting arms, but also is connected the inside surface of one of the walls of the crankcase within which the counterweights are moving by way of a hinged arm that is rotatably coupled to both the wall of the crankcase and to the counterweights.
- the hinged arm generally serves to guide movement of the counterweights back and forth in relation to the crankshaft.
- Such motion can result in relative leading/lagging in terms of the relative positions of the connecting arms with respect to the respective eccentric journals on which they ride, something which is exacerbated by the fact that different counterweights are coupled to the different eccentrics.
- the hinged arm coupling the counterweights to the crankcase does to some extent tend to counteract gross movements by the counterweights in these directions, the hinged arm is less able to prevent small movements in these directions, and thus is incapable of preventing some of the undesirable vibrations associated with such movements.
- an improved balancing system capable of being used in a single-cylinder internal combustion engine could be developed.
- the improved balancing system was designed so that any relative leading or lagging experienced in terms of the positioning of different connecting arms on their respective eccentrics was minimized, and so that any movements of the counterweights about axes other than those parallel to the crankshaft were reduced, such that associated weight shifting, vibrations, and other undesirable effects were less likely to occur than in conventional embodiments of balancing systems. It would further be advantageous if at least some embodiments of the improved balancing system were more easily manufactured and/or assembled than many conventional balancing systems.
- the present inventors have recognized the above-described disadvantages associated with many conventional balance system designs.
- the present inventors have additionally recognized that improved performance can be achieved by a balance system if, in at least some embodiments, a counterweight of the balance system that is intended for movement back and forth with respect to the crankshaft is coupled to an inner wall of a crankcase not merely by way of a single hinged arm, but rather is coupled to an inner wall of the crankcase by way of a pair of hinged arms rotatably coupled respectively to opposite ends of the counterweight.
- the hinged arms are coupled between the counterweight and a shaft mounted on the crankcase wall, rather than directly to two pivot locations on the crankcase wall.
- the connecting arms can be made of a different material than the counterweight and coupled to the counterweight by bolts or other fastening componentry.
- the inner surfaces of the orifices formed within the connecting arms can ride directly upon the crankshaft eccentrics, and consequently no additional bearings need be provided within the orifices of the connecting arms.
- the present invention relates to a balance system for implementation within an engine crankcase.
- the balance system includes a crankshaft including a crank pin portion, at least one shaft portion, at least one crank arm portion coupling the crank pin portion to the at least one shaft portion, and at least one eccentric portion provided along the at least one shaft portion, where the crankshaft is further configured to be coupled to a piston by a connecting rod.
- the balance system also includes a counterbalance assembly having at least one connecting arm and a counterbalance weight with first and second ends, where each of the at least one connecting arm includes a respective circular orifice that is positioned around and supported by a respective one of the at least one eccentric portion.
- the balance system further includes first and second hinged arms rotatably coupled proximate the first and second ends of the counterbalance weight, respectively, where the first and second hinged arms at least indirectly link the first and second ends of the counterbalance weight to a portion of the engine crankcase and guide movement of the counterbalance weight.
- the present invention relates to a single cylinder internal combustion engine.
- the engine includes a piston positioned within a cylinder for reciprocating movement therewithin, and a crankshaft including a crank pin connected to the piston by way of a connecting rod, and further including first and second eccentric portions provided on opposite sides of the crank pin.
- the engine further includes a counterbalance assembly having first and second connecting arms, a counterbalance weight, and means for coupling the connecting arms with the counterbalance weight, where each of the connecting arms includes a respective circular orifice that is positioned around and supported by a respective one of the eccentric portions.
- the engine additionally includes first and second hinged arms each having a respective first end and a respective second end, where the respective first ends of the first and second hinged arms are rotatably coupled proximate the first and second ends of the counterbalance weight, respectively, and means for coupling the second ends of the hinged arms to a portion of the engine crankcase, whereby the hinged arms guide movement of the counterbalance weight.
- the present invention relates to a method of balancing forces provided by a piston to a crankshaft within a single cylinder internal combustion engine.
- the method includes rotating an eccentric portion supported by the crankshaft as the crankshaft rotates, and guiding a counterbalance assembly that is supported by the eccentric portion toward and away from the crankshaft along a path determined at least in part by first and second hinged arms linking a counterbalance weight of the counterbalance assembly to an engine crankcase of the engine.
- the first and second hinged arms are respectively coupled between the engine crankcase and first and second ends of the counterbalance weight taken along a counterbalance weight axis that is substantially parallel to a crankshaft axis, respectively, whereby rotational movements of the counterbalance weight about at least one rotational axis perpendicular to the crankshaft are substantially constrained by the hinged arms.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an engine within which can be employed a balance system in accordance with at least one embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 2 shows a partially exploded perspective view of components of the balance system of the engine of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 shows an assembled perspective view of the balance system of FIG. 2 .
- a single cylinder, 4-stroke, internal combustion engine 100 designed by Kohler Co. of Kohler, Wis. includes a crankcase 110 and a blower housing 120 , inside of which are a fan 130 and a flywheel 140 .
- the engine 100 further includes a starter 150 , a cylinder 160 , a cylinder head 170 , and a rocker arm cover 180 . Attached to the cylinder head 170 is an air exhaust port 190 .
- a piston moves back and forth in a linear manner (that is, reciprocates) within the cylinder 160 towards and away from the cylinder head 170 .
- the movement of the piston in turn causes rotation of a crankshaft 220 (see FIG.
- the engine 100 further includes a balance system 200 that serves to fully or largely balance forces experienced by the engine due to reciprocation of the engine piston.
- the engine 100 in the present embodiment is a vertical crankshaft engine, that is, the crankshaft 220 of the engine extends vertically (or substantially vertically) between a top side of the engine at which are positioned the fan 130 and flywheel 140 , and a bottom side of the engine out of which the crankshaft extends such that the crankshaft can output power to a load.
- the engine 100 is a vertical crankshaft engine capable of outputting 15-20 horsepower for implementation in a variety of Small Off-Road Engines (SORE) including Class 1 and Class 2 small off-road engines such as, lawn mowers, lawn tractors and the like.
- the engine 100 can be an engine from the Courage Single family of engines available from the Kohler Company of Kohler, Wis.
- the engine 100 can take a variety of other forms.
- the engine 100 can also be implemented as a horizontal crankshaft engine, be designed to output greater or lesser amounts of power, and/or be implemented in a variety of other types of machines, e.g., snow-blowers.
- the particular arrangement of parts within the engine 100 can vary from those shown and discussed above. Additional components not shown, such as an air intake port, oil and air filters etc., can also be present in the engine 100 in other embodiments.
- the engine 100 is a single-cylinder engine, and while a balance system such as that described below with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3 is most highly suited for use in single-cylinder engines, in still other alternate embodiments of the present invention, the engine can be a muiticylinder engine.
- the balance system 200 includes both the crankshaft 220 and a balance assembly, which includes a counterweight 210 (which also can be referred to as a balance weight, counterbalance weight or brick) and a pair of upper and lower connecting arms (which also can be referred to as connecting arms or brackets) 230 that are capable of coupling the counterweight 210 to the crankshaft 220 .
- a counterweight 210 which also can be referred to as a balance weight, counterbalance weight or brick
- connecting arms which also can be referred to as connecting arms or brackets
- the crankshaft 220 includes a pair of spaced apart crank arms 240 extending transversely (radially outward) from a longitudinal axis of rotation 250 of the crankshaft, the crank arms being connected together by a crankpin 260 .
- a connecting rod 270 connects an engine piston (not shown) with the crankshaft 220 via the crankpin 260 , the piston being positioned within the cylinder 160 .
- the crankshaft 220 includes a pair of eccentrics 280 having eccentric journals or rims 282 that are positioned adjacent to outer portions 290 of the respective crank arms 240 .
- Each of the eccentrics 280 and their respective eccentric journals/rims 282 are positioned onto the crankshaft 220 such that the eccentrics 280 have a central axis of rotation that is slightly offset from the longitudinal axis of rotation 250 of the crankshaft.
- each of the connecting arms 230 has a cavity (or orifice) portion 300 defining therein a respective circular (or substantially circular) cavity, where the circular cavity portion of each of the connecting arms can be slidingly fitted over a respective one of the eccentrics 280 of the crankshaft 220 .
- the connecting arms 230 are mounted over the eccentrics 280 in a manner such that a lower of the two connecting arms 230 is positioned within or directly above an oil level along the bottom of the engine 100 .
- the eccentrics 280 are separate pieces that are positioned onto the crankshaft 220
- the eccentrics or the eccentric journals/rims 282 can be integrally formed with the crankshaft.
- the various components of the crankshaft 220 can be integrally formed or formed from multiple separate pieces such as the crank pin 260 and the crank arms 240 .
- each of the connecting arms 230 is further connected to upper and lower ends of the counterweight 210 .
- each of the connecting arms 230 further includes end portions 310 projecting downwardly from its respective circular cavity portion 300 that are connected to respective end portions 320 of the counterweight 210 by respective pairs of screws 330 , thereby connecting the counterweight to the crankshaft 220 .
- Upper and lower ends 332 of the counterweight 210 (e.g., proximate the end portions 320 of the counterweight) additionally have a generally U-shaped contour that is suitable for receiving therein the circular cavity portions 300 of the connecting arms 230 .
- Assembly of the counterweight 210 to each of the connecting arms 230 involves placing the screws 330 for each connecting arm through corresponding pilot holes in the counterweight, and rotating the screws so as to engage threads provided within the connecting arms with respect to which the screws are inserted (albeit in alternate embodiments the screw connections can be reversed, such that the screws pass through holes in the connecting arms and the threads enter the counterweight). While in the present embodiment the pairs of screws 330 are employed to connect the connecting arms 230 with the counterweight 210 , in other embodiments, a variety of other fasteners and engaging mechanisms including bolts, nuts and pins can be used (and other numbers of fasteners, rather than two per connecting arm, can also be used).
- the counterweight 210 is also coupled to an inner surface of a sidewall of the crankcase 110 (see FIG. 1 ), specifically in a hinged manner by way of a pair of hinged arms 340 .
- a first end portion 350 of each of the hinged arms 340 is rotatably coupled to a respective projected portion 360 at a respective one of the ends 332 of the counterweight 210 by way of a respective bolt (or screw) 370 .
- Other fastening and/or engaging mechanisms for linking the hinged arms 340 to the counterweight 210 can be employed as well in alternate embodiments.
- a second end portion 380 of each of the hinged arms 340 is rotatably connected to a hollow shaft 390 that extends within, and is supported by, the inner surface of the sidewall of the crankcase 110 .
- the shaft 390 can be supported within the crankcase in a variety of manners.
- ends of the shaft 390 are positioned and fixed within (e.g., snapped into) corresponding slots within the crankcase wall.
- the shaft 390 can be positioned to extend between a top of the crankcase 110 , which can be a crankcase cover, and the bottom of the crankcase, at which oil sits.
- each of the hinged arms 340 are rotatably supported upon the same shaft 390
- the hinged arms can be directly or indirectly coupled to the crankcase (or other appropriate support fixture) in other manners as well.
- the respective second end portions 380 of the hinged arms 340 are rotatably coupled to respective pivot extensions formed on the crankcase wall.
- the counterweight 210 in the present embodiment is a single integral piece of metal, which is separate from the connecting arms 230 .
- Manufacturing the counterweight 210 separately from the connecting arms 230 can in some cases simplify the manufacturing of both the counterweight and the connecting arms, in comparison with the manufacturing a balance system in which the counterweight and the connecting arms were integrally formed.
- Providing the counterweight 210 as a separate element distinct from the connecting arms 230 also can simplify the assembly procedure for the balance system 200 .
- the counterweight 210 is constructed out of metal, such as, steel and iron. In other embodiments, other metals and potentially rigid non-metals can be employed as well.
- the material selected for the counterweight 210 in particular should be of a density (and consequent mass) such that the counterweight can provide the desired piston reciprocation balancing.
- the connecting arms 230 can be manufactured from a different, lighter material than the counterweight itself, such that the connecting arms 230 do not as significantly impact the balancing properties of the engine and also so that the connecting arms 230 are suitable for acting as the main bearings of the counterweight relative to the eccentrics 280 and crankshaft 220 .
- the connecting arms 230 can be made out of aluminum or an aluminum alloy to avoid or alleviate any negative consequences associated with the weight of counterweight 210 .
- the connecting arms 230 can be made from an aluminum and silicon alloy.
- the connecting arms 230 thus can be mounted directly onto the eccentrics 280 , such that the inner surfaces of the cavity portions 300 directly interface the eccentric journals/rims 282 of the eccentrics, without any additional intermediate bearings.
- oil or other lubricant will be provided to the interfacing surfaces of the eccentrics 280 and the cavity portions 300 to facilitate proper relative sliding/rotational movement of those surfaces.
- the counterweight 210 and the connecting arms 230 are separate elements connected in operational association to each other and also to the crankshaft 220 , this need not always be the case.
- the counterweight 210 and the connecting arms 230 can be integrally formed with one another and/or with the crankshaft 220 .
- other types of bearing materials such as, magnesium alloy or other cast iron with press-in bearings can potentially be used for manufacturing the connecting arms 230 .
- FIG. 3 the balance system 200 of FIG. 2 is shown to be assembled.
- the connecting arms 230 are shown to be mounted onto the eccentric journals/rims 282 of the eccentrics 280 , and also are shown to be connected to the counterweight 210 , such that the counterweight is assembled to the crankshaft 220 (the connecting rod 270 is also shown to be coupled to the crankpin 260 ).
- the hinged arms 340 are coupled both to the counterweight 210 and to the hollow shaft 390 , which is understood in turn to be coupled to the crankcase 110 .
- the two connecting arms 230 move towards and away from the crankshaft in largely the same manner, due to the interaction of the eccentrics 280 with the circular cavity portions 300 of the connecting arms.
- the motion of the connecting arms 230 in turn causes the counterweight 210 to move towards and away from the crankshaft 220 at the same frequency as the rotation of the crankshaft.
- the counterweight has a momentum in a direction that is 180 degrees out of phase with the direction of motion of the piston.
- the hinged arms 340 perform several significant roles.
- the hinged arms 340 guide movement of the counterweight 210 so that it generally involves movement toward and away from the crankshaft 220 but does not rotate around the crankshaft (e.g., due to friction between the connecting arms 230 and the eccentrics 280 ).
- the hinged arms 340 generally are synchronized with one another in their movements and how they guide the counterweight 210 .
- the movement of the counterweight 210 is not strictly linear as it moves toward and away from the crankshaft 220 but rather follows (and, in particular, the axis of the bolts 370 follows) an arc path that maintains a constant radial distance (e.g., the length of the hinged arms 340 ) relative to the hollow shaft.
- the counterweight 210 experiences some rotational or “wobbling” movement in addition to movement toward and away from the crankshaft 220 .
- the balancing capability of the counterweight is still substantial.
- the use of the pair of hinged arms 340 is particularly advantageous in additional respects.
- the alignment of the counterweight 210 relative to the crankshaft and the eccentrics 280 is more perfect than it would otherwise be if only a single hinged arm was used.
- the relative positioning of the connecting arms 230 with respect to their respective eccentrics 280 is maintained identical or substantially identical, such that the two connecting arms (and thus the ends of the counterweight 210 ) avoid experience leading or lagging behavior relative to one another.
- embodiments of the present invention achieve a balance system that is capable of effectively balancing piston forces and eliminating undesirable engine vibrations associated therewith. This is true not only in terms of how the balance system guides a counterweight toward and away from a crankshaft, but also insofar as embodiments of the present invention employing two hinged arms more perfectly guide and position the counterweight so as to avoid or reduce the introduction of other vibrations that could otherwise occur due to undesirable shifting or rotating of the counterweight in response to torques and other stresses experienced during engine operation.
- the dual linkage system with the hinged arms 340 improves the guidance of the counterweight 210 relative to conventional designs employing a single hinged arm/link, particularly insofar as leading or lagging of the different ends of the counterweight associated with the different eccentrics is avoided.
- the balance system employs only a single integral counterweight rather than two separate counterweight halves, thereby eliminating the possibility of any movement between the counterweight halves (which itself can produce undesirable vibrations or cause less perfect balancing). Also, by using connecting arms that are separate from the counterweight, materials that are lighter and more appropriate for directly contacting the eccentrics can be used to form the connecting rods.
- the present invention is intended to encompass numerous variations of the embodiments described above.
- the hinged arms 340 are shown to be coupled to opposite ends of the counterweight 210 , in alternate embodiments, the hinged arms need not be at absolute endpoints of the counterweight but rather could merely be positioned proximate the ends of the counterweight. In still other embodiments, more than two hinged arms could be provided to connect different points along the length of the counterweight to the crankshaft.
- the shaft 390 is described as being hollow, this need not always be the case.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US12/401,146 US9228633B2 (en) | 2008-03-11 | 2009-03-10 | Engine balance system |
CN2009801019144A CN101910674A (en) | 2008-03-11 | 2009-03-11 | Engine balance system |
PCT/US2009/001547 WO2009114144A1 (en) | 2008-03-11 | 2009-03-11 | Engine balance system |
EP09721013A EP2250393A1 (en) | 2008-03-11 | 2009-03-11 | Engine balance system |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US3567708P | 2008-03-11 | 2008-03-11 | |
US12/401,146 US9228633B2 (en) | 2008-03-11 | 2009-03-10 | Engine balance system |
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US20090229559A1 US20090229559A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
US9228633B2 true US9228633B2 (en) | 2016-01-05 |
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US12/401,146 Active 2034-02-12 US9228633B2 (en) | 2008-03-11 | 2009-03-10 | Engine balance system |
Country Status (4)
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US (1) | US9228633B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2250393A1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN101910674A (en) |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US11466615B2 (en) * | 2018-06-07 | 2022-10-11 | Chongqing Zongshen General Power Machine Co., Ltd. | Engine balancing system |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US8668457B2 (en) | 2010-10-29 | 2014-03-11 | United Technologies Corporation | Gas turbine engine trim balance |
JP5582325B2 (en) * | 2011-04-12 | 2014-09-03 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Crankshaft, crankshaft manufacturing method, and crankshaft manufacturing apparatus |
CN103527709A (en) * | 2013-01-24 | 2014-01-22 | 江门市永泰精密机械制造有限公司 | Balancing mechanism internally arranged in engine |
TWI547655B (en) * | 2014-10-28 | 2016-09-01 | Kwang Yang Motor Co | Engine |
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- 2009-03-11 EP EP09721013A patent/EP2250393A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-03-11 CN CN2009801019144A patent/CN101910674A/en active Pending
- 2009-03-11 WO PCT/US2009/001547 patent/WO2009114144A1/en active Application Filing
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11466615B2 (en) * | 2018-06-07 | 2022-10-11 | Chongqing Zongshen General Power Machine Co., Ltd. | Engine balancing system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO2009114144A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
CN101910674A (en) | 2010-12-08 |
EP2250393A1 (en) | 2010-11-17 |
US20090229559A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
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