KR101171762B1 - Electronic paper display - Google Patents

Abstract

According to the present invention, in a structure in which two thin film transistors are formed on the same substrate, upper and lower substrates face each other at a predetermined distance by driving particles inside the fluid by a horizontal / vertical electric field method, and dark particles are disposed on inner surfaces between the upper and lower substrates. The present invention relates to an electronic paper display element filled with a transparent fluid containing (black particles; hereinafter referred to as dark particles). A gate line is formed on a lower substrate, and a data line is formed to intersect the gate line. The line and the data line are insulated from each other, and two thin film transistors having three terminals of a gate electrode, a source electrode, and a drain electrode are formed in the pixel region where they intersect, and the first and second pixel electrodes are formed, respectively. In this case, the first thin film transistor of the two thin film transistors is for switching the first pixel electrode, and the second thin film transistor is for switching the second pixel electrode. In such a method, it is possible to vary the magnitudes of the voltages of the two pixel electrodes, thereby providing an electronic paper display device capable of expressing gray scale according to a switching method and enabling low voltage driving.

Electronic paper, thin film transistor, electrophoresis

Description

Electronic paper display element {Electronic paper display}

The present invention is a display using electrophoretic particles driven by a horizontal / vertical electric field in the implementation of an electronic paper display device, which is used for expressing gray scales and implementing low voltage driving by varying the magnitudes of voltages of two pixel electrodes. The present invention relates to an electronic paper display element using two transistors.

Display device technology is becoming more important with the development of the information society as a communication medium between humans and machines or between humans and humans. Recently, due to the rapid progress of the computer and media industries, consumers of lightweight and thin flat panel display devices Their demands are increasing. In particular, the concept of electronic paper has recently been considered as a new display device having advantages of the existing display device and printed paper. Electronic paper is a kind of reflective display that can be implemented in a large area, so it can be applied to a larger area than any other display. Therefore, e-paper is a new display element that replaces paper prints and existing display media. It is expected to be applied to the concept of e-newspapers, e-magazines, and e-books that replace newspapers, magazines, books, etc. In addition, it is expected to replace information display media of mobile communication devices such as mobile phones, PDAs and web pads, and the ripple effect of the technology is expected to be enormous. However, despite these advantages, the driving voltage is high and the gray scale is limited because the information is expressed using charged particles.

 The present invention relates to an electronic paper display device capable of reducing the driving voltage of electronic paper and expressing gray scale by a switching method.

In order to achieve the above object, the common electrode in the form of a cylindrical electrode is placed on the upper part and two thin film transistors are placed on the lower substrate to drive the charged dark particles dispersed in the transparent fluid. An electronic paper display device capable of expressing gray scales by controlling the magnitude of a voltage and enabling low voltage driving is proposed.

 In the present invention, by applying voltages of different magnitudes between two pixel electrodes through two thin film transistors, the high driving voltage of the conventional electronic paper is greatly reduced, thereby driving the movement of particles at low voltage. In addition, since two transistors are used, gradation can be easily expressed by using a potential difference between pixel electrodes, and high contrast ratio can be obtained by implementing dark and white in the gradation stage.

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.

Example 1

A first embodiment of the present invention is a reflective electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field, in which upper and lower substrates 1 and 8 are opposed to each other at a predetermined distance, and a transparent fluid 5 is disposed on an inner surface between the upper and lower substrates. ) Is a reflective electronic paper display device filled with a mixed liquid in which charged dark particles 4 are dispersed, and information is inputted by thin film transistors in which the first pixel electrode 3 and the second pixel electrode 3 'are different from each other. .

1 is a reflective electronic paper display device driven by a horizontal / vertical electric field proposed in the present invention, wherein a polymer reflective film 7 is present on an upper surface of a lower substrate 8 and two thin film transistors are disposed on an upper surface thereof. The first and second pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'are driven with the insulator 6 interposed therebetween. In this case, both the transparent electrode and the non-transparent electrode may be used as the pixel electrode, and only one of the first and second pixels may use the transparent electrode to increase the reflectance. Below the upper substrate 1, there is a common electrode 2 in the form of a cylindrical electrode. In this case, the upper substrate 1 and the lower substrate 8 may use flexible plastic, metal foil, or thin glass. As the transparent fluid 5, a liquid crystal, a silicone oil, an aromatic compound, or the like may be used, and as the charged dark particles 4, fullerene, toner, carbon black, and particles having a surface treatment of such particles may be used. Since these dark particles can be moved by a horizontal / vertical electric field, their movement can be controlled by an electric field.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a black display state by applying a vertical electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'and the lower pixel electrode is applied to the upper common electrode 2. When a value different from the magnitude of the potential applied to is applied, a vertical electric field 10 is formed in the cell, so that the charged dark particles move upward. Therefore, the light incident from the outside is absorbed by the charged dark particles 4 present in the upper portion to have a black display state.

3 is a state in which gray levels are expressed by applying a vertical electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention, and potentials having the same magnitude are applied to the lower pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'and applied to the lower pixel electrode to the upper common electrode 2. When a value different from the magnitude of the potential is applied, a vertical electric field 11 is formed in the cell, and when the electric field is formed in a direction different from that of the black display state of FIG. 2, the dark particles 4 move downward. Therefore, charged dark particles are present on the upper surfaces of the first and second pixel electrodes 3 and 3 ', and the incident external light source is absorbed by the dark particles on the upper surface of the electrode 17, and between the pixel electrode and the pixel electrode. Light is incident only at 16 to be reflected by the lower reflective film 7 to express gray scale.

4 illustrates a bright state by applying a horizontal electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower first pixel electrode 3 and the upper common electrode 2, and the second pixel electrode 3 ′ is applied. When a potential different from the magnitude of the potential applied to the first pixel electrode and the upper common electrode is applied to), a horizontal electric field 12 is formed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. Therefore, the dark particles are present only in one pixel electrode of the first pixel or the second pixel electrode and have a maximum reflectance. In this case, when the pixel electrode without dark particles is used as the transparent electrode, the brightness state may be improved.

5 is a plan view illustrating a unit pixel of a reflective electronic paper display device according to the present invention. As shown, a plurality of gate bus lines 14 and 14 'are arranged parallel to each other in the horizontal direction of the drawing on the lower insulating substrate 15, and the plurality of data bus lines 13 and 13' are gate buses. Arranged in parallel to each other in a direction perpendicular to the lines 14 and 14 'directions, the unit pixel space is defined. In this case, a pair of gate bus lines 14 and a pair of data bus lines 13 and 13 'are shown to show one unit pixel space. The gate bus lines 14 and 14 'and the data bus lines 13 and 13' are insulated with an insulating film (not shown) interposed therebetween. In order to apply voltages of different intensities between the two pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'which are separated from each other, the data bus line 13 and the source / drain layers 12 and 12' are applied to the gate bus line 14. The insulating film is formed in two pairs, respectively, to form the first pixel electrode 3 and the second pixel electrode 3 'on the insulating film. The pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'are formed of a transparent electrode or an opaque metal film.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken from A to A 'of FIG. 5, and when a potential having a different magnitude is applied between the first pixel electrode 3 and the second pixel electrode 3', a horizontal electric field may be formed. In addition, the common electrode 2 in the form of a cylindrical electrode exists on the upper substrate, and when a potential having a different magnitude is applied to the common electrode and the pixel electrode, a vertical electric field may be formed.

7 is an overall schematic block diagram of a reflective electronic paper display device using two thin film transistors used in the present invention. It is shown that it consists of one common signal line for forming a capacitor capacitor. As shown, one pixel includes one gate line and two different data lines, and the positions of the gate line and the transistor may vary according to the structure of a single pixel, and the two data lines may each be pixels. Determine the magnitude of the voltage delivered to the electrode.

Example 2

A second embodiment of the present invention is a reflective electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field, in which upper and lower substrates 1 and 8 are opposed to each other at a predetermined distance, and a transparent fluid 5 is disposed on the inner surface between the upper and lower substrates. Filled with a mixture of dark particles 4 and white particles 21 charged thereon. In this case, the charged dark particles and the white particles are formed to have different sizes, and the first pixel electrode 3 and the second pixel electrode 3 'are reflective electronic paper display elements in which information is input by different thin film transistors. .

FIG. 8 is a reflective electronic paper display device driven by a horizontal / vertical electric field proposed by the present invention, wherein a polymer reflective film 7 is present on the upper surface of the lower substrate 8 and two thin film transistors are disposed on the upper surface. The first and second pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'are driven with the insulator 6 interposed therebetween. In this case, both the transparent electrode and the opaque electrode may be used as the pixel electrode, and only one of the first and second pixels may use the transparent electrode to increase the reflectance. Below the upper substrate 1, there is a common electrode 2 in the form of a cylindrical electrode. In this case, the upper substrate 1 and the lower substrate 8 may use flexible plastic, metal foil, or thin glass. As the transparent fluid 5, a liquid crystal, a silicone oil, an aromatic compound, or the like may be used, and as the charged dark particles 4, fullerene, toner, carbon black, and particles having a surface treatment of such particles may be used. As the white particles 21, particles such as TiO ₂ and the particles can be used by surface treatment. Since the dark and white particles can be moved by a horizontal / vertical electric field, their movement can be controlled by an electric field.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a black display state by applying a vertical electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'and the lower pixel electrode is applied to the upper common electrode 2. If a value different from the magnitude of the potential applied to the electric field is applied, a vertical electric field 10 is formed in the cell. Thus, the charged dark particles move upwards, and the charged white particles have a different size from the dark particles. Will be moved in the direction. Therefore, the light incident from the outside is absorbed by the charged dark particles 4 present in the upper portion to have a black display state.

FIG. 10 illustrates a gray scale by applying a horizontal electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower first pixel electrode 3 and the upper common electrode 2, and the second pixel electrode 3 ′ is applied. When a potential different from the magnitudes of the potentials applied to the first pixel electrode and the upper common electrode is applied, a horizontal electric field 12 is formed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. Therefore, the charged dark particles are present only in one pixel electrode of the first pixel or the second pixel electrode, and the charged white particles are present on the upper surface of the dark particle and the other driving electrode, so that both dark and white particles are exposed. Will be represented.

FIG. 11 illustrates a bright state by applying a vertical electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'and the lower common pixel is applied to the lower pixel electrode. When a value different from the magnitude of the potential is applied, a vertical electric field 11 is formed in the cell, and when the electric field is formed in a direction different from that of the black display state of FIG. 9, the charged dark particles 4 move downward. Then, the charged white particles 21 move upward. Therefore, charged white particles are present on the lower surface of the upper common electrode, and the incident external light source is reflected by these white particles to realize a bright state.

Example 3

A third embodiment of the present invention is a reflective electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field, in which upper and lower substrates 1 and 8 face each other at a predetermined distance, and a transparent capsule 20 is disposed on an inner surface between the upper and lower substrates. ) Is filled in the transparent capsule 20 is filled with a mixed liquid in which the dark particles (4) charged in the transparent fluid 5 is dispersed, and the first pixel electrode 3 and the second pixel electrode 3 'are different from each other. A reflective electronic paper display element into which information is input by a thin film transistor.

12 is a reflective electronic paper display device driven by a horizontal / vertical electric field proposed by the present invention, wherein a polymer reflective film 7 is present on the upper surface of the lower substrate 8 and two thin film transistors are disposed on the upper surface. The first and second pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'are driven with the insulator 6 interposed therebetween. In this case, both the transparent electrode and the non-transparent electrode may be used as the pixel electrode, and only one of the first and second pixels may use the transparent electrode to increase the reflectance. Below the upper substrate 1, there is a common electrode 2 in the form of a cylindrical electrode. In this case, the upper substrate 1 and the lower substrate 8 may use flexible plastic, metal foil, or thin glass. Transparent capsules 20 are present in the upper and lower substrates, and dark particles charged in the transparent fluids 5 are dispersed in the transparent capsules, and liquid crystals, silicone oils and aromatic compounds may be used as the transparent fluids 5. The charged dark particles 4 may be particles having a surface treatment of fullerene, toner and carbon black. Since the charged dark particles can be moved by a horizontal / vertical electric field, their movement can be controlled by an electric field.

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram illustrating a black display state by applying a vertical electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'and the lower pixel electrode is applied to the upper common electrode 2. Applying a value different from the magnitude of the potential applied to the cell forms a vertical electric field 10 in the cell, and thus dark particles move upward. Therefore, the light incident from the outside is absorbed by the dark particles 4 present in the upper portion to have a black display state.

FIG. 14 illustrates a gray scale by applying a vertical electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention, applying potentials having the same magnitude to the lower pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'and applying the lower common electrode 2 to the lower pixel electrode. When a value different from the magnitude of the potential is applied, a vertical electric field 11 is formed in the cell, and when the electric field is formed in a direction different from that of the black display state of FIG. 13, the dark particles 4 move downward. Therefore, dark particles are present on the upper surfaces of the first and second pixel electrodes 3 and 3 ', and the incident external light source absorbs light by the dark particles on the upper surface 17 of the electrode, and between the pixel electrode and the pixel electrode (16). ), Only light is incident and is reflected by the lower reflective film 7 to express gray scale.

FIG. 15 illustrates a bright state by applying a horizontal electric field to the structure proposed by the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower first pixel electrode 3 and the upper common electrode 2, and the second pixel electrode 3 ′ is applied. When a potential different from the magnitude of the potential applied to the first pixel electrode and the upper common electrode is applied to), a horizontal electric field 12 is formed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. Therefore, the dark particles are present only in one pixel electrode of the first pixel or the second pixel electrode and have a maximum reflectance. In this case, when the pixel electrode without dark particles is used as the transparent electrode, the brightness state may be improved.

Example 4

A fourth embodiment of the present invention is a reflective electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field, wherein upper and lower substrates 1 and 8 are opposed to each other at a predetermined distance, and a transparent capsule 20 is disposed on an inner surface between the upper and lower substrates. ) Is filled in the transparent capsule 20 is filled with a mixed liquid in which the dark particles 4 charged to the transparent fluid 5 and the charged white particles 21 are dispersed, and the first pixel electrode 3 and the second pixel. A reflective electronic paper display device in which information is input by thin film transistors having different electrodes 3 '.

FIG. 16 is a reflective electronic paper display device driven by a horizontal / vertical electric field proposed in the present invention, wherein a polymer reflective film 7 is present on an upper surface of a lower substrate 8 and two thin film transistors are disposed on an upper surface thereof. The first and second pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'are driven with the insulator 6 interposed therebetween. In this case, both the transparent electrode and the non-transparent electrode may be used as the pixel electrode, and only one of the first and second pixels may use the transparent electrode to increase the reflectance. Below the upper substrate 1, there is a common electrode 2 in the form of a cylindrical electrode. In this case, the upper substrate 1 and the lower substrate 8 may use flexible plastic, metal foil, or thin glass. Transparent capsules 20 are present in the upper and lower substrates, and dark particles 4 and white particles 21 charged in the transparent fluid 5 are dispersed in the transparent capsules, and the transparent fluid 5 is dispersed therein. As the liquid crystals, silicone oils and aromatic compounds, and the like, the charged dark particles 4 may be particles which are surface-treated with fullerene, toner, and carbon black. The charged white particles 21 may include TiO ₂ and TiO. _The particle | grains which surface-treated ₂ can be used. Since the charged dark particles can be moved by a horizontal / vertical electric field, their movement can be controlled by an electric field.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram showing a black display state by applying a vertical electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'and the lower pixel electrode is applied to the upper common electrode 2. When a value different from the magnitude of the potential applied to the device is applied, a vertical electric field 10 is formed in the cell, and the charged dark particles 4 move upwards, whereas the charged white particles 21 move downwards. do. Therefore, the light incident from the outside is absorbed by the dark particles 4 present in the upper portion to have a black display state.

FIG. 18 illustrates a gradation state by applying a horizontal electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower first pixel electrode 3 and the upper common electrode 2 and the second pixel electrode 3 'is shown in FIG. When a potential different from the magnitude of the potential applied to the first pixel electrode and the upper common electrode is applied to), a horizontal electric field 12 is formed between the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. Therefore, the charged dark particles 4 are present in only one pixel electrode of the first pixel or the second pixel electrode, and the charged white particles 21 are present on the upper surface of the driving particle different from the dark particles, and thus dark. Both particles and white particles can be revealed to represent the gradation state.

19 illustrates a bright state by applying a vertical electric field to the structure proposed in the present invention. The potential of the same magnitude is applied to the lower pixel electrodes 3 and 3 'and the lower common pixel is applied to the lower pixel electrode. When a value different from the magnitude of the potential is applied, a vertical electric field 11 is formed in the cell, and when the electric field is formed in a direction different from that of the black display state of FIG. 17, the charged dark particles 4 move downward. On the contrary, the charged white particles 21 move upward. Accordingly, the light incident from the outside is reflected by the white particles 21 present on the lower surface of the upper common electrode, thereby representing the bright state.

Example 5

A fifth embodiment of the present invention is a transmissive electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field, and in all the driving methods shown in Examples 1 to 4, a light source (back light unit; It is a method of driving in the transmission type.

 20 is a schematic diagram showing a lower substrate of a transmissive electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. The BLU 22 is present at the bottom, the flexible substrate 8 is present on the upper surface of the BLU, the insulator 6 is present on the upper surface of the substrate, and the driving electrodes 3, 3 'are present on the insulator. Structure. In this case, the driving electrode may use a transparent electrode to improve transmittance.

1 is a cross-sectional view of a reflective electronic paper display driven by a horizontal / vertical electric field according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

2 is a schematic diagram of a black display state by a vertical electric field according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

3 is a schematic diagram showing gray scale expression by a vertical electric field according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 4 is a schematic diagram showing the bright state by the horizontal electric field according to the first embodiment of the present invention

5 is a unit pixel of a reflective electronic paper display device according to a first embodiment of the present invention;

6 is a cross-sectional view from A to A 'of FIG. 5 according to the first embodiment of the present invention;

7 is an overall schematic block diagram of a reflective electronic paper display device using two thin film transistors according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

8 is a cross-sectional view of a reflective electronic paper display driven by a horizontal / vertical electric field according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

9 is a schematic diagram of a black display state by a vertical electric field according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

10 is a schematic diagram showing gradation representation by a horizontal electric field according to a second embodiment of the present invention;

11 is a schematic diagram showing a bright state by the vertical electric field according to the second embodiment of the present invention.

12 is a cross-sectional view of a microcapsule type reflective electronic paper display driven by a horizontal / vertical electric field according to a third embodiment of the present invention.

13 is a schematic diagram of a black display state by a vertical electric field according to a third embodiment of the present invention;

14 is a schematic diagram showing the gradation representation by the vertical electric field according to the third embodiment of the present invention.

15 is a schematic diagram showing a bright state by a horizontal electric field according to a third embodiment of the present invention

16 is a cross-sectional view of a microcapsule type reflective electronic paper display driven by a horizontal / vertical electric field according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.

17 is a schematic diagram of a black display state by the vertical electric field according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.

18 is a schematic diagram showing the gradation representation by the horizontal electric field according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.

19 is a schematic diagram showing a bright state by the vertical electric field according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.

20 is a schematic diagram of a lower substrate for implementing a transmissive electronic paper display device according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.

Claims (7)

In an electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field, The upper and lower substrates face each other at a predetermined distance; The inner surface between the upper and lower substrates is filled with a mixed liquid in which dark particles charged in a transparent fluid are dispersed; A common electrode in the form of a through electrode is patterned under the upper substrate; Covering an insulating film on the common electrode and forming a data bus line on the insulating film; In forming the pixel electrode, a voltage having a different magnitude is applied to the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode through a thin film transistor connected to each pixel electrode by separating the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. ; An electronic paper display device in which a driving voltage is low and gray scales can be expressed because an in-plane electric field can be formed between a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode, that is, two groups of pixel electrodes. The electronic paper display device of claim 1, wherein the dark particles present in the transparent fluid can use particles such as carbon black, toner, and fullerene. The electronic paper display device of claim 1, wherein materials such as silicone oil, aromatic compounds, and liquid crystal may be used as the transparent fluid. In an electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field, The upper and lower substrates face each other at a predetermined distance; The inner surface between the upper and lower substrates is filled with a mixed liquid in which dark particles charged in a transparent fluid and charged white particles are dispersed; A common electrode in the form of a through electrode is patterned under the upper substrate; Covering an insulating film on the common electrode and forming a data bus line on the insulating film; In forming the pixel electrode, a voltage having a different magnitude is applied to the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode through a thin film transistor connected to each pixel electrode by separating the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. ; An electronic paper display device in which a driving voltage is low and gray scales can be expressed because an in-plane electric field can be formed between a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode, that is, two groups of pixel electrodes. In an electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field, The upper and lower substrates face each other at a predetermined distance; Transparent capsules exist on the inner surface between the upper and lower substrates; The inside of the transparent capsule is filled with a mixed liquid in which dark particles charged in a transparent fluid are dispersed; A common electrode in the form of a through electrode is patterned under the upper substrate; Covering an insulating film on the common electrode and forming a data bus line on the insulating film; In forming the pixel electrode, a voltage having a different magnitude is applied to the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode through a thin film transistor connected to each pixel electrode by separating the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. ; An electronic paper display device in which a driving voltage is low and gray scales can be expressed because an in-plane electric field can be formed between a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode, that is, two groups of pixel electrodes. In an electronic paper display device driven by a vertical / horizontal electric field, The upper and lower substrates face each other at a predetermined distance; Transparent capsules exist on the inner surface between the upper and lower substrates; The inside of the transparent capsule is filled with a mixed liquid in which dark particles charged in a transparent fluid and charged white particles are dispersed; A common electrode in the form of a through electrode is patterned under the upper substrate; Covering an insulating film on the common electrode and forming a data bus line on the insulating film; In forming the pixel electrode, a voltage having a different magnitude is applied to the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode through a thin film transistor connected to each pixel electrode by separating the first pixel electrode and the second pixel electrode. ; An electronic paper display device in which a driving voltage is low and gray scales can be expressed because an in-plane electric field can be formed between a first pixel electrode and a second pixel electrode, that is, two groups of pixel electrodes. The method according to claim 1 or 4 or 5 or 6, As the lower substrate, Put the BLU at the bottom, A flexible substrate on the top surface, And a substrate having an insulator and a driving electrode on the upper surface of the flexible substrate, wherein light of the lower portion is transmitted to display information.

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