JP7547330B2 - 3d印刷の方法 - Google Patents
3d印刷の方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7547330B2 JP7547330B2 JP2021523639A JP2021523639A JP7547330B2 JP 7547330 B2 JP7547330 B2 JP 7547330B2 JP 2021523639 A JP2021523639 A JP 2021523639A JP 2021523639 A JP2021523639 A JP 2021523639A JP 7547330 B2 JP7547330 B2 JP 7547330B2
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000997 High-speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001037 White iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001214 P-type tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(chloromethyl)-4-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(CCl)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(CCl)C=C1 INZDTEICWPZYJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium carbide Chemical compound [Cr]#C[Cr]C#[Cr] UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001030 Iron–nickel alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 229910000760 Hardened steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010137 moulding (plastic) Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000619 316 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JVERADGGGBYHNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-phenylbenzene-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1C(O)=O JVERADGGGBYHNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- GTDPSWPPOUPBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ac1mqpva Chemical compound CC12C(=O)OC(=O)C1(C)C1(C)C2(C)C(=O)OC1=O GTDPSWPPOUPBNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009760 electrical discharge machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 ferrous metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
- C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
- B05B7/14—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas designed for spraying particulate materials
- B05B7/1481—Spray pistols or apparatus for discharging particulate material
- B05B7/1486—Spray pistols or apparatus for discharging particulate material for spraying particulate material in dry state
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B7/00—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas
- B05B7/16—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed
- B05B7/1606—Spraying apparatus for discharge of liquids or other fluent materials from two or more sources, e.g. of liquid and air, of powder and gas incorporating means for heating or cooling the material to be sprayed the spraying of the material involving the use of an atomising fluid, e.g. air
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/25—Direct deposition of metal particles, e.g. direct metal deposition [DMD] or laser engineered net shaping [LENS]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/50—Means for feeding of material, e.g. heads
- B22F12/53—Nozzles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B13/00—Machines or plants for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces of objects or other work by spraying, not covered by groups B05B1/00 - B05B11/00
- B05B13/02—Means for supporting work; Arrangement or mounting of spray heads; Adaptation or arrangement of means for feeding work
- B05B13/04—Means for supporting work; Arrangement or mounting of spray heads; Adaptation or arrangement of means for feeding work the spray heads being moved during spraying operation
- B05B13/0431—Means for supporting work; Arrangement or mounting of spray heads; Adaptation or arrangement of means for feeding work the spray heads being moved during spraying operation with spray heads moved by robots or articulated arms, e.g. for applying liquid or other fluent material to 3D-surfaces
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B15/00—Details of spraying plant or spraying apparatus not otherwise provided for; Accessories
- B05B15/14—Arrangements for preventing or controlling structural damage to spraying apparatus or its outlets, e.g. for breaking at desired places; Arrangements for handling or replacing damaged parts
- B05B15/18—Arrangements for preventing or controlling structural damage to spraying apparatus or its outlets, e.g. for breaking at desired places; Arrangements for handling or replacing damaged parts for improving resistance to wear, e.g. inserts or coatings; for indicating wear; for handling or replacing worn parts
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
- B05B15/00—Details of spraying plant or spraying apparatus not otherwise provided for; Accessories
- B05B15/50—Arrangements for cleaning; Arrangements for preventing deposits, drying-out or blockage; Arrangements for detecting improper discharge caused by the presence of foreign matter
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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Description
本発明は、方法の一部として使用されるスプレーノズルの劣化を回避又は低減するように調整される、3D印刷によって物品を生産する方法に関する。
典型的には、3Dプリンタは、基材に印刷材料を徐々に付加することにより物品を作成する。このようなプリンタは、材料が配置される場所を指示することができるモーション制御システムを有し得る。制御システムは、プリントヘッド(例えば、スプレー材料を吐出する部分)又は基材(例えば、物品を作成する際に一部形成済みの物品を保持する)のいずれか又は両方に取り付けられ得る。
本発明の好ましい一実施形態の目的は、上記の問題の1つ以上への対処に少なくともある程度役立つことである。しかしながら、本発明の目的は、本質的に、単に有用な選択肢を提供することであることが理解されるべきである。したがって、任意の好適な実施形態に適用可能なあらゆる目的又は利点は、より広く表現される請求項の範囲を限定するものと解釈すべきではない。
本発明の一態様によれば、物品を3D印刷する方法であって、
a)酸素を含むキャリアガス中に同伴された粉末を含むスプレー材料は、スプレーノズルから放出され、
b)ノズルは、
i)10W/mkを超える熱伝導率、及び
ii)10を超えるスケールCのロックウェル硬さ(HRC)
を有する絞られたスロートを含み、
c)スロート部の温度は、250℃を超えず、好ましくは200℃を超えない、方法が提供される。
a)炭化クロム、
b)炭化鉄、
c)炭化バナジウム、又は
d)これらの任意の組み合わせ
を含む。
a)冷間加工鋼、
b)プラスチックモールド鋼、
c)高速度鋼、及び
d)白鋳鉄
の1つ以上を含む。
i)D2又は商用均等物、
ii)A2、A6又は商用均等物、
iii)P20又は商用均等物、
iv)O1、O2又は商用均等物、
v)S2、S6若しくはS7又は商用均等物、及び
vi)M2、M42又は商用均等物
の1つ以上を含む。(例えば、https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6138;及びhttp://www.westyorkssteel.com/steel-specifications/international-standards/tool-steel/;及びhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_alloyを参照されたい。)
ここで、本発明の幾つかの好適な実施形態は、例として添付の図面を参照して説明される。
図1を参照すると、3Dプリンタは、ロボットアーム2を組み込むグリップ1を有し、グリップの少なくとも一部は、ロボットアーム2によって移動させることができる。プリンタは、コールドスプレーヘッド3も有する。グリップ1は、基材上に3D物品を作成するために、基材を保持し、基材をスプレーヘッド3から噴霧される印刷材料に曝露させる。
a)スロートは、10W/mkを超える熱伝導率を有し、
b)スロートは、10を超える(及び任意選択的に20を超える)スケールCのロックウェル硬さ(HRC)を有し、
c)スロートは、少なくとも1S/mの導電率を有し、
d)スロートは、約5体積パーセント、好ましくは約10体積パーセント、より好ましくは約20体積パーセントの、
i)炭化クロム、
ii)炭化鉄、
iii)炭化バナジウム、又は
iv)これらの任意の組み合わせ
を含み、
e)スロートの温度は、50℃~250℃であり、かつ
f)キャリアガスは、0.5~24体積パーセントの酸素を有する。
a)スロートは、10W/mkの熱伝導率を有し、
b)スロートは、20を超えるスケールCのロックウェル硬さ(HRC)を有し、
c)スロートは、少なくとも5,000S/mの導電率を有し、
d)スロートは、ニハード(ニッケル及びクロムで合金化した鋳鉄)から形成され、
e)スロートの温度は、100~200℃であり、かつ
f)キャリアガスは、圧縮空気である。
a)冷間加工鋼、例えば、
i)D2及びその商用均等物、
ii)A2及びその商用均等物、
iii)O2及びその商用均等物、
iv)S2及びその商用均等物、又は
v)Bohler K390などの冷間加工用粉末鋼、
b)プラスチックモールド鋼、例えばP20、
c)高速度鋼、例えばM2又はM42、及び
d)白鋳鉄、例えばEN-JN2049。
Claims (13)
- 物品を3D印刷する方法であって、
a)酸素を含むキャリアガス中に同伴された粉末を含むスプレー材料は、スプレーノズルから放出され、
b)前記ノズルは、
i)少なくとも10W/mkの熱伝導率、及び
ii)少なくとも10のスケールCのロックウェル硬さ(HRC)
を有し、合金材料により形成された絞られたスロートを含み、
前記スロートは、5体積パーセント~30体積パーセントの、
i)炭化クロム、
ii)炭化鉄、
iii)炭化バナジウム、又は
iv)これらの任意の組み合わせ、を含み、
c)前記スロートの温度は、250℃を超えない、方法。 - 前記スケールCのロックウェル硬さは、少なくとも20のロックウェル硬さ(HRC)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記ステップc)において、前記スロートの前記温度は、200℃を超えない、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記スロートは、1S/mを超える導電率を有する、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 前記キャリアガスは、少なくとも1%の酸素を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記キャリアガスは、圧縮空気を含む、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記スロートは、鉄-ニッケル合金を前記合金材料として含む、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記スロートは、ニハードを前記合金材料として含む、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記スロートは、
a)冷間加工鋼、
b)プラスチックモールド鋼、
c)油焼入れ鋼、
d)耐衝撃性鋼、
e)高速度鋼、及び
f)白鋳鉄
の1つ以上を前記合金材料として含む、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記冷間加工鋼は、冷間加工用粉末鋼を前記合金材料として含む、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 請求項9の項目a)~e)の前記鋼は、
i)JIS G4404規格におけるSKD11又は商用均等物、
ii)JIS G4404規格におけるSKD12、UNS番号T30104又は商用均等物、
iii)DIN規格にける2311又は商用均等物、
iv)JIS G4404規格におけるSKS3、JIS G4404規格におけるSKS93又は商用均等物、
v)UNS番号T41902、UNS番号T41906、UNS番号T41907又は商用均等物、及び
vi)JIS G4403規格におけるSKH52、JIS G4403規格におけるSKH59又は商用均等物
の1つ以上を含む、請求項9に記載の方法。 - 請求項9に記載の方法であって、
a)前記冷間加工鋼は、1%超の炭素及び5%超のクロムを有する組成物を含む、
又は
b)前記冷間加工鋼は、2%超の炭素及び6%超のバナジウムを有する組成物を含む、
又は
c)前記プラスチックモールド鋼は、少なくとも0.35%の炭素、少なくとも2%のクロム及び少なくとも1%のニッケルを有する組成物を含む、
又は
d)前記高速度鋼は、0.8%超の炭素、3.5%超のクロム、4%超のモリブデン及び1%超のバナジウムを有する組成物を含む、
又は
e)前記白鋳鉄は、ISO 21988規格におけるHBW555XCr13を含む、請求項9に記載の方法。 - 前記スロートの前記温度を制御するために用いられる冷却システムを含む、請求項1~12のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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