JP6967006B2 - 低減されたバックグラウンドの光学に基づくナノポア分析 - Google Patents
低減されたバックグラウンドの光学に基づくナノポア分析 Download PDFInfo
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- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
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Description
過去10年にわたり開発されてきたDNA配列決定技術は、生物科学に変革をもたらした、例えば、van Dijkら、Trends in Genetics, 30(9): 418−426 (2014)。しかし、本技術の潜在性を完全に実現するには、1ラン当たりの配列決定コストの削減、試料調製の単純化、ランタイムの短縮、読取り長の増大、およびデータ解析の改善などを含む、克服しなければならない多くの課題が残っている。ナノポアに基づく配列決定などの単一分子配列決定技術は、これらの課題のいくつかに対処することができるが、これらの手法には、それ自体の一連の技術的難題、例えば信頼性あるナノ構造製作、DNA移行速度の制御、不明瞭なヌクレオチド識別、およびナノスケールセンサーのラージアレイからのシグナルの検出および処理などがある、例えば、Brantonら、Nature Biotechnology、26巻(10号):1146〜1153頁(2008年)。
上記に鑑み、より簡単でより安価な顕微鏡システムを使用して単一分子解析のバックグラウンドの問題に対処できる方法およびデバイスが利用可能になれば、一般的ナノポアセンサー技術および光学に基づくナノポア配列決定などのその特定の適用例に有利であろう。
本発明は、光学標識およびナノポアを使用する単一分子解析のための方法およびデバイスを対象とする。一態様では、本発明の方法およびデバイスは、標識されたポリマー分析物がナノポアを通過する際に発生する光学シグナルの中のノイズを低減させることを対象とする。
本発明の実施形態において、例えば以下の項目が提供される。
(項目1)
ポリマーの特性を決定する方法であって、
固相膜およびそれと同一の広がりを持つ不透明層とを含むナノポアアレイを提供するステップであって、前記ナノポアアレイが複数のアパーチャーを含み、第1のチャンバーと第2のチャンバーとを分離し、各アパーチャーが前記第1のチャンバーと前記第2のチャンバーとの間の流体連通を提供し、シグナル発生領域を有し、前記不透明層が、光が前記ナノポアアレイを通過することを実質的に防止するステップと;
前記アパーチャーを通して前記第1のチャンバーから前記第2のチャンバーにポリマーを通過させるステップであって、各ポリマーが、それに取着された、前記ポリマーの特性を示す少なくとも第1の波長を有する光学シグナルを発生させることができる1つまたは複数の光学標識を有するステップと;
第2の波長を有する励起ビームで、前記ポリマーの前記光学標識を、それらが前記アパーチャーの前記シグナル発生領域を通過する際に励起するステップであって、前記検出領域における前記光学標識が、その第1の波長が前記第2の波長と異なる光学シグナルを発生するステップと;
前記シグナル発生領域における前記光学標識からの光学シグナルを検出するステップであって前記ポリマーの特性を決定するステップと
を含む方法。
(項目2)
前記不透明層が金属層である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記金属層がAl、Au、AgおよびCuからなる群から選択される金属を含む、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記ポリマーがポリヌクレオチドであり、前記特性がそのヌクレオチド配列である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記光学標識が蛍光標識であり、前記光学シグナルが蛍光シグナルである、項目4に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記アパーチャーのそれぞれの前記シグナル発生領域が、前記第2のチャンバーに最も近い前記不透明層の表面から前記第2のチャンバーに延在する、項目5に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記ポリヌクレオチドの異なる種類のヌクレオチドが、区別できる蛍光シグナルを発生する異なる蛍光標識で標識されており、前記アパーチャーのそれぞれがポリヌクレオチドのヌクレオチドを拘束して、前記シグナル発生領域を一列で通過させる、項目6に記載の方法。
(項目8)
前記シグナル発生領域の外側の励起された蛍光標識からの前記蛍光シグナルを、非蛍光消光剤を使用して消光するステップをさらに含む、項目7に記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記消光剤が前記ポリヌクレオチドに結合する、項目8に記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記消光剤が前記第2のチャンバーに配置される、項目9に記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記シグナル発生領域の外側の励起された蛍光標識からの前記蛍光シグナルを、相互に自己消光性であるように前記蛍光標識を選択することによって消光するステップをさらに含む、項目5に記載の方法。
(項目12)
前記励起ビームが前記第2のチャンバーを通して前記ナノポアアレイに向けられ、それにより前記不透明層が前記第1のチャンバーにおける光学標識の励起を実質的に防止する、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目13)
前記ナノポアアレイの前記アパーチャーのそれぞれが、その中に固定化されたタンパク質ナノポアを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記光学標識がアクセプター標識であり、前記励起ビームが前記アパーチャーのそれぞれにおいて、アクセプター標識をそれらが前記シグナル発生領域を通過する際に励起するドナー標識を励起する、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目15)
ポリヌクレオチドの配列を決定する方法であって、
固相膜およびそれと同一の広がりを持つ不透明層とを含むナノポアアレイを提供するステップであって、前記ナノポアアレイが複数のアパーチャーを含み、第1のチャンバーと第2のチャンバーとを分離し、各アパーチャーが前記第1のチャンバーと前記第2のチャンバーとの間の流体連通を提供し、シグナル発生領域を有し、前記不透明層が、光が前記ナノポアアレイを通過することを実質的に防止するステップと;
前記アパーチャーを通して前記第1のチャンバーから前記第2のチャンバーにポリヌクレオチドを通過させるステップであって、前記ポリヌクレオチドの異なる種類のヌクレオチドが、区別できる蛍光シグナルを発生する異なる蛍光標識で標識されており、前記アパーチャーのそれぞれがポリヌクレオチドのヌクレオチドを拘束して、前記シグナル発生領域を一列で通過させるステップと;
励起ビームで、前記ポリヌクレオチドの前記蛍光標識を、それらが前記アパーチャーの前記シグナル発生領域を通過する際に励起するステップと;
前記シグナル発生領域における前記蛍光標識からの蛍光シグナルを検出するステップであって前記ポリマーの特性を決定するステップと;
各アパーチャーの前記シグナル発生領域において検出された前記蛍光シグナルからヌクレオチドの配列を決定するステップと
を含む方法。
(項目16)
前記不透明層が金属層である、項目15に記載の方法。
(項目17)
前記金属層がアルミニウム層または金層を含む、項目16に記載の方法。
(項目18)
前記アパーチャーのそれぞれの前記シグナル発生領域が、前記第2のチャンバーに最も近い前記金属層の表面から前記第2のチャンバーに延在する、項目16に記載の方法。
(項目19)
前記励起ビームが前記第2のチャンバーを通して前記ナノポアアレイに向けられ、それにより前記金属層が前記第1のチャンバーにおける光学標識の励起を実質的に防止する、項目16に記載の方法。
(項目20)
前記シグナル発生領域の外側の励起された蛍光標識からの前記蛍光シグナルを、非蛍光消光剤を使用して消光するステップをさらに含む、項目16に記載の方法。
(項目21)
前記消光剤が前記ポリヌクレオチドに結合する、項目20に記載の方法。
(項目22)
前記消光剤が前記第2のチャンバーに配置される、項目21に記載の方法。
(項目23)
前記シグナル発生領域の外側の励起された蛍光標識からの前記蛍光シグナルを、相互に自己消光性であるように前記蛍光標識を選択することによって消光するステップをさらに含む、項目16に記載の方法。
(項目24)
励起および検出する前記ステップが落射照明システムとともに実施される、項目16に記載の方法。
(項目25)
前記ナノポアアレイの前記アパーチャーのそれぞれが、その中に固定化されたタンパク質ナノポアを含む、項目16に記載の方法。
(項目26)
前記タンパク質ナノポアのそれぞれが、前記アパーチャーを横断して配置された脂質二重層に固定化される、項目25に記載の方法。
(項目27)
前記蛍光標識がアクセプター標識であり、前記励起ビームが前記アパーチャーのそれぞれにおいてドナー標識を励起し、前記ドナー標識が、前記アクセプター標識を、それらが前記シグナル発生領域を通過する際に励起する、項目16に記載の方法。
本発明は、様々な修正および代替形態を受け得るが、それらの詳細を図面に例として示しており、これより詳細に記述する。しかし、本発明を、記述される特定の実施形態に限定しようとするものではないことを理解すべきである。それどころか、本発明の精神および範囲内に入る全ての修正例、均等物、および代替例を包含するものである。例えば、本発明の特定のナノポアのタイプおよび数、特定の標識、FRET対、検出スキーム、製作手法は、例示の目的で示される。しかし本開示は、その他のタイプのナノポア、ナノポアのアレイ、およびその他の製作技術を利用して本明細書で論ずるシステムの様々な態様を実現することができるので、この点に限定するものではないことを理解すべきである。本発明の態様に関する指針は、その関連ある部分が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、例えば、Cao,Nanostructures&Nanomaterials(Imperial College Press,2004);Levinson,Principles of Lithography,Second Edition(SPIE Press,2005);Doering and Nishi, Editors,Handbook of Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology,Second Edition(CRC Press,2007);Sawyer et al,Electrochemistry for Chemists,2nd edition(Wiley Interscience,1995);Bard and Faulkner,Electrochemical Methods:Fundamentals and Applications,2nd edition(Wiley,2000);Lakowicz,Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy,3rd edition(Springer,2006);Hermanson,Bioconjugate Techniques,Second Edition(Academic Press,2008);などを含む、当業者に周知の多くの入手可能な参考文献および論文に見出される。
ナノポアおよびナノポアアレイ
FRETシグナルによる光学に基づくナノポア配列決定
自己消光性色素および/または消光剤による光学に基づくナノポア配列決定
相互消光標識および自己消光標識を用いる実施形態
消光剤を用いる実施形態
本実施例では、例示的な光学に基づくナノポア配列決定法とともに本発明が使用される。例示的な光学に基づくナノポア配列決定法では、少なくとも3つの状態であることが可能な蛍光標識で、標的ポリヌクレオチドのヌクレオチドを標識する:(i)消光した状態であって、取着された蛍光標識の蛍光が、すぐ隣りに隣接したヌクレオチドの蛍光標識によって消光した状態;例えば、ポリヌクレオチドに取着された蛍光標識は、標識されたポリヌクレオチドが、水溶液中で遊離しているとき、消光している。(ii)立体的に拘束された状態であって、自由溶液の運動または取着された蛍光標識のアライメントが破壊されまたは限定されて、蛍光標識から発生する検出可能なシグナルがほとんどまたは全くなくなるように、標識されたポリヌクレオチドが、ナノポアを移行している状態。(iii)遷移状態であって、ポリヌクレオチドがナノポアを移行しながら、蛍光標識がナノポアから出て行くときに(「遷移インターバル」中)、ポリヌクレオチドに取着された蛍光標識が、立体的に拘束された状態から消光状態に遷移する状態。ポリヌクレオチドがナノポアを移行するとき取着された蛍光標識が1つずつナノポアから出て行くとき、その蛍光標識により発生したシグナルを記録することによって、ポリヌクレオチドのヌクレオチド配列が決定される。出る際に、取着された蛍光標識のそれぞれは、ナノポアにおける拘束状態から、自由溶液中のポリヌクレオチドでの消光状態へと、遷移インターバルの間に遷移する。この遷移インターバルの間、蛍光標識はそれが取着されたヌクレオチドを示す検出可能な蛍光シグナルを放出することができる。
「FRET」または「Forsterまたは蛍光共鳴エネルギー伝達」は、励起されたドナーフルオロフォアから基底状態のアクセプターフルオロフォアへの非放射性双極子−双極子エネルギー伝達メカニズムを意味する。FRET相互作用におけるエネルギー伝達の速度は、ドナーの放出スペクトルとアクセプターの吸収スペクトルとのスペクトルの重なりの程度、ドナーの量子収率、ドナーおよびアクセプターの遷移双極子の相対的な配向、ならびにドナー分子とアクセプター分子との間の距離に依存し、Lakowitz、Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy、第3版、(Springer、2006年)がある。特定の目的のFRET相互作用は、アクセプターに伝達され、次にそのドナーを励起する光の周波数よりも低い周波数で、光子としてアクセプターにより放出される、エネルギーの一部をもたらすものである(即ち、「FRETシグナル」)。「FRET距離」は、FRET相互作用を引き起こすことができ、かつ検出可能なFRETシグナルがFRETアクセプターによって生成される、FRETドナーとFRETアクセプターとの間の距離を意味する。
Claims (8)
- ポリヌクレオチドの配列を決定する方法であって、
(a)第1の側面および第2の側面と、(b)固相膜およびそれと同一の広がりを持つ不透明層と、(c)複数のアパーチャーとを含むナノポアアレイを提供するステップであって、前記固相膜は、前記ナノポアアレイの前記第1の側面上の第1のチャンバーと前記ナノポアアレイの前記第2の側面上の第2のチャンバーとを分離し、各アパーチャーが、前記第1のチャンバーと前記第2のチャンバーとの間の流体連通を提供し、シグナル発生領域を有し、前記不透明層が、光が前記ナノポアアレイを通過することを実質的に防止するステップと;
前記アパーチャーを通して前記第1のチャンバーから前記第2のチャンバーにポリヌクレオチドを通過させるステップであって、
(i)各ポリヌクレオチドは、ポリヌクレオチド鎖の異なる種類のヌクレオチドが、区別できる蛍光シグナルを発生する異なる蛍光標識で標識されたポリヌクレオチド鎖を含み、
(ii)前記アパーチャーのそれぞれが、各前記ポリヌクレオチド鎖のヌクレオチドを拘束して、各アパーチャーの前記シグナル発生領域を一列で通過させ、
(iii)各ポリヌクレオチド鎖の前記蛍光標識は相互に自己消光性であり、そうすることで、前記標識が前記シグナル発生領域の外側にある場合に励起された相互に自己消光性である標識からの蛍光シグナルは消光する、
ステップと;
励起ビームで、前記ポリヌクレオチド鎖の前記蛍光標識を、それらが前記アパーチャーの前記シグナル発生領域を通過する際に励起するステップであって、前記励起ビームが前記第2のチャンバーを通して前記ナノポアアレイに向けられ、それにより金属層が前記第1のチャンバーにおける光学標識の励起を実質的に防止する、ステップと;
前記シグナル発生領域における前記蛍光標識からの蛍光シグナルを検出するステップであって前記ポリヌクレオチド鎖の特性を決定するステップと;
各アパーチャーの前記シグナル発生領域において検出された前記蛍光シグナルから前記ポリヌクレオチド鎖のヌクレオチドの配列を決定するステップと
を含む方法。 - 前記不透明層が金属層である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記金属層がアルミニウム層または金層を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記アパーチャーのそれぞれの前記シグナル発生領域が、前記第2のチャンバーに最も近い前記金属層の表面から前記第2のチャンバーに延在する、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 励起および検出する前記ステップが落射照明システムとともに実施される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記ナノポアアレイの前記アパーチャーのそれぞれが、その中に固定化されたタンパク質ナノポアを含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記タンパク質ナノポアのそれぞれが、前記アパーチャーを横断して配置された脂質二重層に固定化される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記蛍光標識がアクセプター標識であり、前記励起ビームが前記アパーチャーのそれぞれにおいてドナー標識を励起し、前記ドナー標識が、前記アクセプター標識を、それらが前記シグナル発生領域を通過する際に励起する、請求項2に記載の方法。
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