JP6529261B2 - Vegfアンタゴニストで治療するための患者を同定するための生物学的マーカー - Google Patents
Vegfアンタゴニストで治療するための患者を同定するための生物学的マーカー Download PDFInfo
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Description
に従って、患者の試料に対するVDVシグネチャースコア(VDVi)を計算することによって決定することができ、
式中、Zg=1,i、Zg=2,i、...Zg=n,iは、試料iの各遺伝子またはバイオマーカーg(g=1からg=n)に対する発現値の標準化されたz−スコアであり、第1の定義された閾値より低いVDViは、基準レベルに対する低下を示し、第2の定義された閾値を超えるVDViは、基準レベルに対する増大を示す。幾つかの実施形態では、各遺伝子またはバイオマーカーg(g=1からg=n)に対する発現値は、各遺伝子g(g=1からg=n)に対するqRT−PCRの値である。幾つかの実施形態では、第1の定義された閾値は、−4から−0.5(例えば−4、−3.5、−3、−2.5、−2、−1.5、−1または−0.5)であり、第2の定義された閾値は、0.5から4(例えば0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5または4)である。幾つかの実施形態では、第1の定義された閾値は、−4から−1(例えば−4、−3.5、−3、−2.5、−2、−1.5または−1)であり、第2の定義された閾値は、1から4(例えば1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5または4)である。幾つかの実施形態では、第1の定義された閾値は、−4から−1.5(例えば−4、−3.5、−3、−2.5、−2または−1.5)であり、第2の定義された閾値は、1.5から4(例えば1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5または4)である。他の実施形態では、第1の定義された閾値は、−4から−2(例えば−4、−3.5、−3、−2.5または−2)であり、第2の定義された閾値は、2から4(例えば2、2.5、3、3.5または4)である。
本発明は、VEGFアンタゴニスト、例えば抗VEGF抗体での治療に感受性または応答性の患者をモニタリングおよび/または同定するための方法および組成物を提供する。本発明は、VEGFアンタゴニスト(抗VEGF抗体など)で治療する前の、表1または表2に記載される少なくとも1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22、23またはそれ以上の遺伝子の発現レベルの決定が、VEGFアンタゴニスト、例えば抗VEGF抗体での治療に感受性または応答性の患者を同定するのに有用であるという発見に基づく。場合によっては、次いで、VEGFアンタゴニスト療法を患者のために選択することができ、さらに、VEGFアンタゴニスト療法を場合によっては患者に施すことができる。
用語「バイオマーカー」および「マーカー」は本明細書で互換的に使用されて、DNA系、RNA系、タンパク質系、炭水化合物系または糖脂質系の分子マーカーを指す。対象または患者の試料中のそれらの発現または存在は、標準的な方法(または本明細書に開示される方法)によって検出することができ、VEGFアンタゴニストに対する哺乳類対象の応答性または感受性をモニタリングするのに有用である。そうしたバイオマーカーには、これらに限定されないが、表1および表2に記載される遺伝子が含まれる。そうしたバイオマーカーの発現は、VEGFアンタゴニストに感受性または応答性の患者から得た試料において、(例えば、VEGFアンタゴニストへの応答性について検査を受けた患者の群/集団由来の試料中のバイオマーカーの中央発現レベル;先の時点で前もって個体から得た試料中のそのレベル;または原発腫瘍状態でVEGFアンタゴニスト(抗VEGF抗体など)を用いる前治療を受け、現在転移に見舞われている可能性がある患者由来の試料中のそのレベルを含めた)基準レベルより高いまたはより低いと決定することができる。上記少なくとも1つの遺伝子、例えば表1および表2に記載される遺伝子などの基準発現レベルより大きいまたはその基準発現レベル未満の発現レベルを有する個体は、VEGFアンタゴニストでの治療に応答する可能性が高い対象/患者として同定することができる。例えば、基準レベル(上記の中央値レベルなど)と比べて(すなわち、より高いまたはより低い)最大505、45%、40%、35%、30%、25%、20%、15%、10%または5%の遺伝子発現レベルを示すそうした対象/患者は、抗VEGF抗体などのVEGFアンタゴニストでの治療に応答する可能性が高い対象/患者として同定することができる。
ループ Kabat AbM Chothia 接触
L1 L24-L34 L24-L34 L26-L32 L30-L36
L2 L50-L56 L50-L56 L50-L52 L46-L55
L3 L89-L97 L89-L97 L91-L96 L89-L96
H1 H31-H35B H26-H35B H26-H3 H30-H35B (Kabatの番号付け)
H1 H31-H35 H26-H35 H26-H32 H30-H35 (Chothiaの番号付け)
H2 H50-H65 H50-H58 H53-H55 H47-H58
H3 H95-H102 H95-H102 H96-H101 H93-H101
本発明は、VEGFアンタゴニスト(例えば抗VEGF抗体)療法に応答性である可能性が高い患者を同定および/またはモニタリングするための方法を提供する。本方法は、特に、VEGFアンタゴニスト(例えば抗VEGF抗体)の患者への投与が有効である確度を高めるのに有用である。本方法は、患者由来の生体試料中の1種または複数の遺伝子バイオマーカーの発現の検出であって、1種または複数のそうしたバイオマーカーの発現が、患者が抗VEGF抗体などのVEGFアンタゴニストに感受性であるか、または応答性であるかの指標となる発現の検出を含む。より詳細には、患者由来の試料中の、表1または表2に記載される少なくとも1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、21、22または23種の遺伝子の発現が、抗VEGF抗体などのVEGFアンタゴニストに患者が応答性であるか、または感受性であるかをモニタリングするのに有用である。幾つかの実施形態では、以下の群:Alk1、CD34、CD105、CD144、Col4a1、Col4a2、Dll4、EFNB2、EGFL7、ESM1、LAMA4、NG2、Nid2、Notch1、NRP1、NRP2、RGS5、Sema3f、TSP1、VEGFR1、VEGFR2、VEGFR3およびVIMから選択される少なくとも1つの遺伝子の発現が、抗VEGF抗体などのVEGFアンタゴニストに患者が応答性であるか、または感受性であるかをモニタリングするのに有用である。本方法は、場合によっては、患者に投与するためのVEGFアンタゴニスト(例えばベバシズマブなどの抗VEGF抗体)の選択をさらに含むことができ、場合によっては、患者へのVEGFアンタゴニスト(例えばベバシズマブなどの抗VEGF抗体)の投与をさらに含むことができる。
によって与えられ、式中、Zg=1,i、Zg=2,i、...Zg=n,iは、試料iの各遺伝子またはバイオマーカーg(g=1からg=n)に対する発現値の標準化されたz−スコアであり、第1の定義された閾値より低いVDViは、基準レベルに対して低下すること(例えば集団的な低発現)を示し、第2の定義された閾値を超えるVDViは、基準レベルに対して増大すること(例えば集団的な過剰発現)を示す。各遺伝子またはバイオマーカーg(g=1からg=n)に対する発現値は、例えば各遺伝子gまたはバイオマーカー(g=1からg=n)に対するqRT−PCRの値でもよい。第1の定義された閾値は、−4から−0.5(例えば−4、−3.5、−3、−2.5、−2、−1.5、−1または−0.5)でもよく、第2の定義された閾値は、0.5から4(例えば0.5、1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5または4)でもよい。ある場合では、第1の定義された閾値は、−4から−1(例えば−4、−3.5、−3、−2.5、−2、−1.5または−1)でもよく、第2の定義された閾値は、1から4(例えば1、1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5または4)でもよい。他の場合では、第1の定義された閾値は、−4から−1.5(例えば−4、−3.5、−3、−2.5、−2または−1.5)でもよく、第2の定義された閾値は、1.5から4(例えば1.5、2、2.5、3、3.5または4)でもよい。あるいは、第1の定義された閾値は、−4から−2(例えば−4、−3.5、−3、−2.5または−2)でもよく、第2の定義された閾値は、2から4(例えば2、2.5、3、3.5または4)でもよい。
本明細書に記載の遺伝子バイオマーカーは、当技術分野で既知の任意の方法を使用して検出することができる。例えば、哺乳動物由来の組織または細胞試料は、ノーザン、ドットブロットまたはポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)解析、アレイハイブリダイゼーション、RNaseプロテクションアッセイを使用して、またはDNAマイクロアレイスナップショットを含めた、市販品として入手可能なDNA SNPチップマイクロアレイを使用して、例えば目的の遺伝子バイオマーカー由来のmRNAまたはDNAについて好都合にはアッセイすることができる。例えば定量的PCRアッセイなどのリアルタイムPCR(RT−PCR)アッセイが当技術分野で周知である。本発明の例示的実施形態では、生体試料中の目的の遺伝子バイオマーカー由来のmRNAを検出するための方法は、少なくとも1つのプライマーを使用して逆転写によって試料からcDNAを生成すること、およびそのようにして生成されたcDNAを増幅すること、および増幅cDNAの存在を検出することを含む。加えて、そうした方法は、(例えば、アクチンファミリーメンバーなどの「ハウスキーピング」遺伝子の比較コントロールmRNA配列のレベルを同時に調査することによって)生体試料中のmRNAレベルを決定することを可能にする1つまたは複数のステップを含むことができる。場合によっては、増幅cDNAの配列を決定することができる。
特定の一実施形態では、表1または表2に記載される遺伝子の発現は、RT−PCR技術によって行うことができる。PCRに使用されるプローブは、検出可能なマーカー、例えば放射性同位元素、蛍光化合物、生物発光化合物、化学発光化合物、金属キレーターまたは酵素などで標識することができる。そうしたプローブおよびプライマーを使用して、試料において、表1または表2に記載される発現遺伝子の存在を検出することができる。当業者なら理解するように、非常に多くの異なるプライマーおよびプローブを、本明細書に提供する配列に基づいて調製することができ、表1もしくは表2に記載される発現遺伝子の増幅、クローニング、ならびに/または存在および/もしくはレベルを決定するために効果的に使用することができる。
例えば、Alk1、CD34、CD105、CD144、Col4a1、Col4a2、Dll4、EFNB2、EGFL7、ESM1、LAMA4、NG2、Nid2、Notch1、NRP1、NRP2、RGS5、Sema3f、TSP1、VEGFR1、VEGFR2、VEGFR3およびVIMの少なくとも1つなどのタンパク質バイオマーカーの検出に関しては、様々なタンパク質アッセイが利用可能であり、これらには、例えば抗体ベースの方法ならびに質量分光法および当技術分野で既知の他の類似した手段が含まれる。抗体ベースの方法の場合は、例えば、試料を、抗体−バイオマーカー複合体が形成するのに十分な条件下で前記バイオマーカーに対して特異的な抗体と接触させ、次いで、前記複合体を検出することができる。タンパク質バイオマーカーの存在の検出は、血漿または血清を含めた多種多様の組織および試料をアッセイするための幾つかの方法で、例えばウェスタンブロット法(免疫沈降法と共にまたは無しで)、二次元SDS−PAGE法、免疫沈降法、蛍光活性化セルソーティング法(FACS)、フローサイトメトリ法およびELISA法によって達成することができる。そうしたアッセイ形式を使用する幅広いイムノアッセイ法が利用可能であり、例えば米国特許第4,016,043号、第4,424,279号および第4,018,653号を参照されたい。これらには、非競合型の単一部位および二部位または「サンドイッチ」アッセイ、ならびに伝統的な競合的結合アッセイの両方が含まれる。これらのアッセイは、標的バイオマーカーへの標識抗体の直接結合も含む。
バイオマーカーの検出で使用するために、キットまたは製造品も本発明によって提供される。そうしたキットは、血管新生障害の対象がVEGFアンタゴニストに対して実際上応答性であるかどうかを決定するのに使用することができる。こうしたキットは、バイアル、チューブなどの1つまたは複数の容器手段を厳重に閉じ込めて収容するように区分された運搬手段を含むことができ、各容器手段は、本方法で使用される別々の要素のうちの1つを含む。例えば、容器手段のうちの1つは、検出可能な程度に標識された、または検出可能な程度に標識可能なプローブを含むことができる。そうしたプローブは、抗体またはタンパク質もしくはメッセージに対してそれぞれ特異的なポリヌクレオチドでもよい。キットが、標的核酸を検出するために核酸ハイブリダイゼーションを利用する場合は、キットは、標的核酸配列の増幅のためのヌクレオチド(複数可)を含む容器、および/またはレポーター分子、例えば酵素標識、蛍光標識もしくは放射性同位元素標識に結合したビオチン結合タンパク質などのレポーター手段、例えばアビジンもしくはストレプトアビジンを含む容器を有することができる。
本明細書で使用する場合、予測ルールの一般的な形態は、応答または非応答を予測するための、またはより一般的には、適切に定義された臨床エンドポイントの点から利益または利益の欠如を予測するための臨床的共変量を潜在的に含む、1つまたは複数のバイオマーカーの関数の仕様にある。
バイオマーカーXに関して、高発現レベルが悪い臨床応答と関係があることが、臨床試験集団で見られる(一変量解析)。より厳密な解析によって、2つのタイプの臨床応答がこの集団中に存在し、その第1の群が第2の群より応答が悪く、同時に、第1の群についてのバイオマーカーの発現が、少なくとも1用量のVEGFアンタゴニストの投与後に一般に高いことが示される。調整された共変量解析によって、各群について、臨床的利益と臨床応答との関係が逆転すること、すなわち、群内でより低い発現レベルが、よりよい臨床応答と関係があることが明らかになる。全体的な反対の効果は、共変量タイプによってマスクされ、予測ルールの一部としての共変量を調整した解析は方向性を逆転させた。
バイオマーカーXに関して、高発現レベルが悪い臨床応答とわずかに関係があることが、臨床試験集団において見出される(一変量解析)。第2のバイオマーカーYに関して、類似した観察が一変量解析によって行われた。XとYの組み合わせによって、両方のバイオマーカーが低い場合に優れた臨床応答が見られることが明らかになった。これにより、両方のバイオマーカーがあるカットオフよりも低い場合に利益を予測するためのルールが作られる(ヘビサイド予測関数のAND−−接続)。この組み合わせルールに関しては、一変量の意味における単純なルールはもはやあてはまらず、例えば、Xの発現レベルが低くても、よりよい臨床応答を自動的に予測しない。
アンタゴニストでの治療に最も応答性または感受性の患者集団が一旦同定されれば、単独または他の医薬と組み合わせた、本明細書でのこのアンタゴニストでの治療は、血管新生障害の改善をもたらす。例えばそうした治療は、腫瘍サイズの低減または無増悪生存をもたらすことができる。さらに、本明細書のアンタゴニストと少なくとも1つの第2の医薬(複数可)の組み合わせでの治療は、好ましくは、相加的な、より好ましくは相乗的な(または相加的より大きい)、治療的利益を患者へもたらす。好ましくは、本組み合わせ方法では、第2の医薬の少なくとも1回の投与と本明細書のアンタゴニストの少なくとも1回の投与の間のタイミングは、約1カ月以下、より好ましくは約2週間またはそれ以下である。本明細書に記載されるようなVEGFアンタゴニストの投与は、場合によっては本発明に含まれる。したがって、さらなる実施形態では、本発明は、VEGFアンタゴニストの投与(例えばベバシズマブなどの抗VEGF抗体)によって、患者のがん(例えば結腸直腸がん、乳がん、肺がんまたは神経膠芽細胞腫)を治療する方法であって、患者が本明細書に記載の方法によって、そうした治療の利益を享受するものとして同定されるまたは同定されている方法を提供する。
本発明において使用されるアンタゴニストの治療製剤は、保存を目的として、所望の純度を有するアンタゴニストを随意の医薬的に許容可能な担体、賦形剤または安定化剤と混合することによって、凍結乾燥製剤または水性液剤の形態で調製される。製剤に関する一般的な情報は、例えばGilmanら(編)(1990)、The Pharmacological Bases of Therapeutics、第8版、Pergamon Press;A.Gennaro (編)、Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences、第18版、(1990)、Mack Publishing Co.、Eastori、Pennsylvania.;Avisら(編)、(1993)Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Parenteral Medications Dekker、New York;Liebermanら(編)、(1990)Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Tablets Dekker、New York;およびLiebermanら(編)、(1990)、Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Disperse Systems Dekker、New York、Kenneth A.Walters(編)(2002)Dermatological and Transdermal Formulations(Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences)、第119巻、Marcel Dekkerを参照されたい。
実施例1.材料および方法
マウス系統&マウスモデル
RIP−TβAgマウスをExelixis,Inc.から、Beige Nude XIDマウスをHarlanから入手した。Genentech,Inc.の動物実験委員会(Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)(IACUC)のガイドラインに従って、動物を飼育および世話した。
すべての投薬レジメンは、IACUCガイドラインに従って行った。研究動物は、毎日モニターし、体重は少なくとも週2回測定した。生物発光イメージングによって腫瘍成長および療法への応答をモニタリングすることを含めた、頭蓋内腫瘍の確立に使用される手順は、以前に記載されている(OzawaおよびJames.J Vis Exp.41:1〜5、2010)。抗血管性内皮成長因子(VEGF)モノクローナル抗体B20−4.1.1、抗ブタクサ(コントロール)および抗Dll4を、以前に記載(Fuhら、J Biol Chem.281:6625〜6631、2006)されているように調製し、精製して、免疫無防備状態のマウスでのすべての実験に関して、5または10mg/kgで腹腔内(i.p.)注入によって週2回、およびRIP−TβAgマウスでは、週1回(5mg/kgで)投薬した。スニチニブは、経口強制飼養によって60mg/kgで毎日投薬した。創傷治癒アッセイは、Baisら(Cell.141:166〜177、2010)に以前に記載されているように行った。
腫瘍担持RIP−TβAgマウスから切断された膵臓全体を、ショ糖(30%)中で5〜10分4℃でインキュベートし、続いてPBSで洗浄した(2回、各15分)。次いで、膵臓を最適切断温度(Optimum Cutting Temperature)(OCT、Sakura Finetek)培地を含有するクリオモールドに設置し、−70℃で維持した。膵臓の切片(6μm)を、クリオスタット装置(Leica Microsystems)を使用して各OCTブロックから切り取り、染色に使用するまで−70℃で維持した。免疫蛍光染色に関しては、凍結切片を室温で風乾し、冷アセトンで5〜10分間固定した。次いで、切片を再び乾燥し、PBS中に2.5%BSAおよび5%ロバ血清を含むバッファーで30〜60分間ブロッキングした。ブロッキングバッファーで希釈(製造業者のガイドラインの通りに希釈)した一次抗体を用いた染色を一晩4℃で行った。次いで、切片をPBSで洗浄し、ブロッキングバッファーで1:300に希釈した二次抗体に30〜60分間曝露し、次いで、PBS中で再び洗浄した。最後に、切片を、4’,6−ジアミジノ−2−フェニルインドール(DAPI、Molecular Probes)を含有するDAKO(DAKO)にマウントして、核を可視化した。
以下のように、全RNAを、コントロールおよび抗VEGFで治療したRIP−TβAg腫瘍から、7日間の治療の後に抽出した。重量に応じて腹腔内に注入される0.25%アバチンを使用して、マウスに麻酔をかけた。腹腔を開いて、膵管に接近し、総胆管を介して膵臓を灌流した。製造業者の指示の通りに希釈した約2.5mlのLiberase TL(Roche)で膵臓を灌流した。次いで、この膵臓を腹腔から切離し、さらに、腫瘍を膵外分泌部から大きく切離した。腫瘍を新鮮な潅流溶液に懸濁し、37℃で5〜6分間撹拌し、次いで、解剖顕微鏡下で再度調査し、膵外分泌部のいかなる残存断片も除去した。次いで、きれいな腫瘍をRNAlater溶液(Qiagen,Inc.)に急速凍結した。免疫不全マウスでのすべての移植実験に関して、研究期間の終わりに動物を安楽死させ、腫瘍を切離し、および素早く凍結した。全RNAを抽出し、Agilent Whole Mouse Genome 44Kアレイ、Affymetrix HGU133−plus2またはAgilent Whole Human Genomeアレイを使用して、製造業者の指示に従って、マイクロアレイを行った。
D551(ATCC)皮膚線維芽細胞を、ウシ胎仔血清(Sigma−Aldrich)、ペニシリン(100ユニット/mL)、ストレプトマイシン(100μg/mL)を補充したM199培地(Invitrogen)中で培養した。初代ヒト臍帯血管内皮細胞(HUVEC)は、Lonza Walkersvilleから購入し、EGM−2培地(Lonza Walkersville)中で維持した。馴化培地:D551細胞を90%コンフルエンスまで生育させ、培地をEGM−2に変え、7日のインキュベーション後上清を収集し、4℃で保存した。
COL4A2、NID2およびMEST遺伝子発現のサイレンシング:細胞を70%コンフルエンスまで生育させ、DharmaFECT1を使用して、製造業者(Thermo Scientific)の指示に従ってsiRNAをトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクションのためのすべてのsiRNAの終濃度は12.5nMであり、各遺伝子についてのmRNAのダウンレギュレーションをqRT−PCRによって確認した。トランスフェクションしてから24時間後に細胞をトリプシン処理し、Cytodexマイクロキャリアビーズ(Sigma−Aldrich)と、2,500個のビーズあたり1×106細胞の比で混合した。37℃で4時間コーティングを行い、混合物を20分毎に手で振盪した。次いで、コーティングしたビーズを6ウェルディッシュに移し、37℃および5%CO2で18〜20時間EGM−2中に放置した。翌日、コーティングしたビーズをEGM−2で洗浄し、EGM−2にフィブリノーゲン(2mg ml−1;Sigma−Aldrich)を入れた溶液に溶解した。約200個のHΜVECコーティングビーズを含む溶液を、24ウェル組織培養プレートの1ウェル中の0.625U ml−1のトロンビン(Sigma)に添加した。8×104皮膚線維芽細胞(D551)を、クロットの上に蒔き、20μg/mlの抗体を含む2mlのD551馴化培地/EGM−2(1:3)でインキュベートした。2日毎に培地を交換し、4日目にアッセイを終わらせた。HUVECの出芽を、4%パラホルムアルデヒド(PFA)中で2時間室温で固定されたフィブリンゲル中で免疫染色によって可視化し、次いで、ブロッキングバッファー(DAKO)で4時間室温ブロッキングし、Alexa Fluor488ファロイジン(1:100)およびHoechst33258(1:1000)(Invitrogen)と共に4℃で一晩インキュベートし、続いて画像撮影した。Image Xpress Microを使用して画像を取り込み、MetaXpressソフトウェアでHUVECの出芽を解析した。血管成長の3要素を測定した。総成長は、ビーズあたりのすべての出芽の累積長を表し、平均成長は、ビーズあたりの出芽分枝数を表し、ビーズあたりの総プロセスは、ビーズ表面を覆う細胞から直接始まる出芽数を数えることによって決定した。統計的解析のために、各条件について4つのウェルを評価し、各実験を3回反復した。
RNeasyミニキット(Qiagen)を用いて、製造業者のプロトコールに従ってRNAを調製した。500ngの全RNAを、High Capacity cDNA逆転写キット(Applied Biosystems)を使用して逆転写にかけた。Applied Biosystems7500機器でリアルタイムPCRを行った。すべての検査遺伝子に対するTaqmanプローブをApplied Biosystemsから取得した。各遺伝子の相対的発現レベルを、アクチンに対して標準化した。
NO16966のXELOX治療群に登録された患者からの保存用腫瘍試料由来の切片を病理医が評価し、高い腫瘍含量領域を大きく切離して、続いて、FFPE RNA単離キット(Roche;患者あたり7〜10切片)を使用してRNAを単離した。標準的技法に従ってcDNAを合成した後に、製造業者のプロトコールに従ってFluidigm BiomarkプラットホームでqPCRプロトコールを用いて、RNAレベルを評価した。
Agilent WMGマイクロアレイからのlog2比強度値およびAffymetrix Mouse430.2マイクロアレイからのロバストマルチアレイ平均(RMA)標準化強度(対数スケールにも基づく)を、パッケージ「Biobase」を使用して、式セットとしてRにインポートし、「limma」パッケージの関数「lmFit」および「eBayes」を使用して、線形モデルを各フィーチャに適合させた。抗VEGFで治療した試料において(抗ブタクサコントロールで治療した試料と比較して)有意に(p<0.05)ダウンレギュレーションしたフィーチャは保持し、EntrezGene識別子に変換した。これらの遺伝子の和集合を、VEGF応答性血管構造の代表と見なした。このVDV遺伝子発現シグネチャーが他の実験で変動する程度は、「limma」(上記)パッケージを使用して、線形モデルをマイクロアレイデータに適合させ、FalconおよびGentleman(Bioinformatics.23:257〜258、2007)の方法に従ってシグネチャー中の遺伝子由来のt−統計量の平均を計算することによって決定した。
統計的タスクは、以下のステップを含むことができる:
1.候補バイオマーカーの事前選択
2.関連する臨床的有効性の応答性予測共変量の事前選択
3.一変量レベルでのバイオマーカー予測関数の選択
4.一変量レベルでの臨床的共変量を含むバイオマーカー予測関数の選択
5.多変量レベルでのバイオマーカー予測関数の選択
6.多変量レベルでの臨床的共変量を含むバイオマーカー予測関数の選択
候補バイオマーカーの統計的事前選択は、臨床的利益の尺度との関連性の強度に指向している。この目的のために、種々の臨床エンドポイントは、誘導された代用スコアに、例えば、観察打切りを回避するTTPに関する臨床的利益スコアの程度の順序割当として変換することができる。これらの代用変換測定値は、例えばノンパラメトリックなスピアマンの順位相関アプローチによって、単純相関解析に容易に使用することができる。他の方法は、例えばCox比例ハザード回帰のように、事象までの時間の回帰モデルにおけるメトリック共変量として、バイオマーカー測定値を使用することである。バイオマーカー値の統計的分布に応じて、このステップは、例えば、分散安定化変換および適切なスケールの使用として、あるいは生の測定値の代わりにパーセンタイルを使用するなどの標準化ステップとして、幾つかの前処理を必要とする場合がある。さらなるアプローチは、例えば、単一患者を基準にして、(x軸=バイオマーカー値、y軸=臨床的利益の測定値)の散布を示すことによる、二変量散布図の精査である。例えば、平滑化スプラインによって達成されるような幾つかのノンパラメトリックな回帰直線は、バイオマーカーと臨床的利益の関連を可視化するのに有用であり得る。
本明細書で定義された臨床的共変量の統計的事前選択は、バイオマーカーを事前選択するためのアプローチに類似し、また、臨床的利益の尺度との関連性の強度に指向している。それ故、原則として、上記1で考慮したのと同じ方法が適用される。統計的判定基準に加えて、臨床経験および理論的知識に由来する判定基準を、関連する臨床的共変量を事前選択するのに適用することができる。
用語「予測関数」は、一般的に、標的予測を暗示するのにスケーリングされた数をもたらす、バイオマーカー測定値の数値関数を意味するのに使用される。
一変量は、1つのバイオマーカーのみの使用を指し、臨床的共変量に関しては、これは、多変量モデルであり得る。このアプローチは、この方法が関連する共変量情報の組み込みを可能にすべきことを除けば、臨床的共変量を用いない探索と類似している。カットオフを選択する散布図法によって、共変量の限られた使用のみが可能になり、例えば、二値共変量は、プロット内でコードされる色であり得る。解析が幾つかの回帰アプローチに依拠する場合は、共変量(また、一度にそれらの多く)を使用することは、通常容易である。上の3に記載したCoxモデルに基づくカットオフ探索により、共変量を容易に取り込むことが可能になり、それによって、共変量調整された一変量カットオフ探索につながる。共変量による調整は、モデルにおける共変量として、または層別解析における包含を介して行うことができる。
異なる一変量予測関数選択内に、それらの予測可能性を維持する幾つかのバイオマーカー候補が存在するときは、バイオマーカーの組み合わせによって、すなわち多変量予測関数を考慮することによって、さらなる改善が達成され得る。
関連する臨床的共変量が存在するときは、複数のバイオマーカーと複数の臨床的共変量とを組み合わせることによって、さらなる改善を達成することができる。異なる予測関数の選択は、臨床的共変量を含む可能性に関して評価される。
様々な動物実験からの定量的な組織学的データを、Microsoft Excelソフトウェアを使用してプロットした。スチューデントのt検定を適用して目的のデータセットを比較し、p値<0.05を有する差異を有意であると見なした。NO16966試験におけるXELOX(カペシタビンおよびオキサリプラチン)を含む治療群由来の1017人の患者からの103個の生検物を、VDV遺伝子の遺伝子発現について解析した。qRT−PCRの値を、ハウスキーピング遺伝子によって、および一般的な基準試料に対して標準化して、δ−δCt値を得た。続いて、22個のVDV遺伝子のそれぞれのδ−δCt値を、Z−スコアに対して平均センタリングおよび分散スケーリングした。
によって与えられ、式中、Zg,iは、試料iおよびnの遺伝子gに対するqRT−PCRの値の標準化されたz−スコアであり、今回は22である。VDVi値は、特定のセットの遺伝子の発現が、中心平均値に対して集団的に過剰発現または低発現する程度に関する定量的な情報を提供する。
VEGF経路阻害活性の直接的なインビボバイオマーカーの同定への第1ステップとして、確立された、膵神経内分泌腫瘍(PNET)のトランスジェニックマウスモデルにおいて、VEGF中和の生物学的結果を特徴付けた。高度に血管新生化したRIP−TβAg遺伝子改変腫瘍マウスモデル(GEMM)において、抗VEGFモノクローナル抗体(mAb)治療は、抗腫瘍効力を有すること、および全生存を増大することが以前に示された(Singhら、J.Pathology 227(4):417〜430、2012)。RIP−TβAg末期腫瘍の組織学的解析によって、抗VEGF治療は微小血管密度(MVD)の急速な低減を引き起こし、それは、治療後72時間で検出可能であり、7日目にプラトーの約50%に達することが示された(図1A、左)。抗VEGF誘導性の、腫瘍血管構造のこの部分(以降、「VEGF依存性血管構造」またはVDVと呼ぶ)の除去は、後の治療時点で、有意に逆行も増大もしない(図1A、左)。これらの実験では、腫瘍血管密度および増殖指数を、それぞれMECA−32染色(赤色、左)およびKi67染色(赤色、右)を介して、組織学的に評価した。DAPI(青色)で核を対比染色した。観察された急速な抗血管効果とは対照的に、VEGF中和の間接的な抗腫瘍効果は、よりゆっくり進んだ。コントロール(抗ブタクサ)治療群と比較した際の抗VEGF治療群における腫瘍増殖指数の低減は7日目には観察されなかったが、14日目には明らかであり(図1A、右)、結果としての腫瘍量の低減は、21日目でのみで明らかあった(図1B)。これは、初期の時点において、このモデルでのVEGF遮断の生物学的結果が主に血管特異的であることを示唆するものである。
VEGFシグナル伝達遮断へのVDV応答は間質特異的であり、複数の腫瘍モデル全体にわたって保存されている。
本発明者らは、マウス末期PNETモデルで同定されたVDV転写シグネチャーが他の腫瘍モデルでも検出可能であるかどうかを決定しようとした。
次に、本発明者らは、VEGF刺激が、2つの異なる病理学的状況、すなわち、Dll4/Notch1シグナル伝達経路の遮断に応答した創傷治癒および腫瘍血管新生の増大において、内皮のVDV遺伝子発現を逆に増大させることによって、未熟な新生血管構造の形成を特色付けできる程度を評価した。
インサイツハイブリダイゼーション(ISH)のデータによって、Esm1は、HM7結腸異種移植腫瘍由来の血管の重要な部分で高く発現しているが、抗VEGFで治療した腫瘍由来の血管ではほとんど検出不可能であることが示された(図4A〜図4C)。これはEsm1が本物のproxVDV遺伝子であることと矛盾しない。しかし、ESM1はVEGF以外の他の刺激によって制御されおり(Scherpereelら、Crit.Care Med.34(2):532〜537、2006)、かつESM1は腫瘍細胞でも時折発現し得るので、本発明者らは、FDAが承認したVEGF/VEGFR−2阻害剤に応答して、VEGF下流のシグナル伝達の生物活性をインビボで計測するために、集団的およびより特異的な手段としてのさらなるproxVDV遺伝子候補を検証する必要があった。したがって、これらの実験では、確立されたMDA−MB−231腫瘍を担持するマウスを、コントロールのmAb、抗VEGF mAb(ベバシズマブに対する代用薬として)、スニチニブ(スーテント(登録商標);Escudier.Expert Rev.Anticancer Ther.10(3):305〜317、2010)、RTKの中でも特にVEGFR−2を標的にする小分子TKI、またはより特異的なVEGFR−2阻害剤のアキシチニブ(Kindlerら、Lancet Oncol.12(3):256〜262、2011;Grunwaldら、Onco.Targets Ther.5:111〜117、2012)で治療した。続いて、腫瘍を、治療後8、16または72時間で収集して、解析した(図5A、上のパネル)。先の観察と一致して、3種の阻害剤すべてが、治療してから72時間後に収集した腫瘍において、MVDの有意な低減を誘導した(図4D)。遺伝子発現レベルで、すべての場合において、proxVDV遺伝子が、汎血管マーカーCd31およびPlvapについて見られるよりも大きなダウンレギュレーションを示すことを本発明者らは発見した(図5A)。重要なことに、Vegfaの発現ならびに非血管マーカー、E−cad(上皮)およびCd45(造血性)の発現は、検査したVEGF経路阻害剤のうちのいずれかによる顕著な影響を受けなかった(図4E)。このことは、proxVDV遺伝子発現の変化は、「オンターゲット」および内皮特異的らしいことを示唆するものである。72時間目では、スニチニブは、最強のVEGF経路阻害剤であるように思われる(図5A)。
本発明者らがマウスモデルで同定したVEGF中和への応答が、ヒト腫瘍血管構造で保存されているかテストするために、ベバシズマブ(AVASTIN(登録商標))で治療した患者由来の腫瘍生検物において、VDVシグネチャー発現へのVEGF遮断の効果を検討した。ここでは、本発明者らは、単剤として1用量のベバシズマブで治療した19人の炎症性乳がん患者由来の治療前および治療後21日目のマッチドペアの生検物からの、公表されたマイクロアレイデータ(Wedamら、Journal of Clin.Oncology.24:769〜777、2006)を活用した。先験的に、従来のバイオインフォマティクス解析では、これらの生検物おいてベバシズマブ治療に応答する最も特異的な血管遺伝子発現変化を区別することができなかった(Yangら、Clin Cancer Res.14:5893〜5899、2008)が、ヒトオルソログのVDV遺伝子セットの焦点を合わせた発現解析は、治療前の生検物と比較して、ベバシズマブ治療後の臨床試料において、VDV転写産物の明らかなダウンレギュレーションを示した(図7)。マウス腫瘍モデルと同様に、本発明者らは、ESM1、NID2、PRND、KCNE3およびMESTなどの幾つかのproxVDV遺伝子の発現が、VEGF治療の際により顕著に低下することを観察した。したがって、前臨床モデルにおいて本発明者らが同定したVDV遺伝子セットによって、臨床腫瘍試料におけるVEGFシグナル伝達阻害への進化的に保存された血管応答の検出が可能になる。
本発明者らのデータは、VDV遺伝子が富化されたヒト腫瘍血管は、VEGFシグナル伝達阻害に比類なく応答性であることを示す。本発明者らは、次に、治療前の腫瘍試料におけるこれらのマーカーの相対的富化が、抗VEGF療法への応答性を実際に予測することができるという仮説をテストした。
この実施例は、患者がVEGFアンタゴニストに対して応答性または感受性であるかどうかをモニターするためのアッセイを記載している。インフォームドコンセントと共に試料(例えば血液または組織生検物)を、VEGFアンタゴニスト(例えば抗VEGF抗体)で治療する前に1人または複数の患者から得る。周知の手順に従って、DNAおよび血清/血漿を単離する。この試料は、個体試料としてプールしてもよいし、維持してもよい。
Claims (29)
- 癌を患っている患者が、VEGFアンタゴニストでの治療に応答する可能性が高いかどうかを判定するためのデータを収集する方法であって、
(a)患者へのVEGFアンタゴニストのいかなる投与よりも前に患者から得た生体試料において、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現を検出すること、および
(b)前記Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現レベルをCol4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の基準発現レベルと比較することを含み、
基準レベルに対する、生体試料中の前記Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現のレベルの増大によって、VEGFアンタゴニストでの治療に応答する可能性が高い患者が同定される、方法。 - 癌を患っている患者に対するVEGFアンタゴニストの治療的有効性を最適化するためのデータを収集する方法であって、
(a)患者へのVEGFアンタゴニストのいかなる投与よりも前に患者から得た生体試料において、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現を検出すること、および
(b)前記Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現レベルをCol4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の基準発現レベルと比較することを含み、
基準レベルに対する、生体試料中の前記Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現のレベルの増大によって、VEGFアンタゴニストでの治療に応答する可能性が高い患者が同定される、方法。 - 患者が、VEGFアンタゴニストのいかなる投与よりも前にVEGFアンタゴニストへの応答性について検査を受けた患者集団中に存在し、基準レベルが、前記患者集団における、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現の中央値レベルである、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 患者から得た生体試料中のCol4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現が、mRNAを測定することによって検出される、請求項1から3の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 患者から得た生体試料中のCol4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現が、血漿タンパク質レベルを測定することによって検出される、請求項1から3の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 生体試料が腫瘍組織である、請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 患者から得た生体試料において、Alk1、CD34、CD105、CD144、Col4a1、Dll4、EFNB2、EGFL7、NG2、Notch1、NRP1、NRP2、RGS5、Sema3f、TSP1、VEGFR1、VEGFR2、VEGFR3、及びVIMからなる群から選択される一以上の遺伝子の発現を検出することをさらに含む、請求項1から6の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- VEGFアンタゴニストが抗VEGF抗体である、請求項1から7の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 抗VEGF抗体がベバシズマブである、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 患者が血管新生障害を有する、請求項1から9の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 患者が、結腸直腸がん、乳がん、肺がん、神経膠芽細胞腫、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択されるがんを有する、請求項1から10の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- (c)基準レベルに対する、生体試料中のCol4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現のレベルの増大が検出される場合に、前記患者の治療のためにVEGFアンタゴニストを選択することをさらに含む、請求項1から11の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記VEGFアンタゴニストが抗VEGF抗体である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 抗VEGF抗体がベバシズマブである、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 療法が考慮される患者集団の、癌を患っている特定の患者に対する療法を選択するためのデータを収集する方法であって、
(a)患者へのVEGFアンタゴニストのいかなる投与よりも前に患者から得た生体試料において、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現を検出すること、
(b)前記Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現レベルをCol4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の基準発現レベルと比較し、基準レベルに対する、生体試料中のCol4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現のレベルの増大によって、VEGFアンタゴニストでの治療に応答する可能性が高い患者が同定されること、および
(c)患者が、VEGFアンタゴニストでの治療に応答する可能性が高いと同定される場合は、療法としてVEGFアンタゴニストを選択すること、または
(d)患者が、VEGFアンタゴニストでの治療に応答する可能性が高いと同定されない場合は、VEGFアンタゴニストではない療法を選択すること
を含む、方法。 - 基準レベルが、患者集団における、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現の中央値レベルである、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 患者から得た生体試料において、Alk1、CD34、CD105、CD144、Col4a1、Dll4、EFNB2、EGFL7、NG2、Notch1、NRP1、NRP2、RGS5、Sema3f、TSP1、VEGFR1、VEGFR2、VEGFR3、及びVIMからなる群から選択される一以上の遺伝子の発現を検出することをさらに含む、請求項15又は16に記載の方法。
- (c)の療法が、抗腫瘍剤、化学療法剤、成長阻害剤、細胞傷害性薬物、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される薬剤である、請求項15から17の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- (d)の療法が、抗腫瘍剤、化学療法剤、成長阻害剤、細胞傷害性薬物、およびそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される薬剤である、請求項15から17の何れか一項に記載の方法。
- 血管新生障害を有する患者を同定するためのデータを収集する方法であって、
(a)患者へのVEGFアンタゴニストのいかなる投与よりも前に患者から得た生体試料において、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現を検出するステップ、および
(b)前記Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現レベルを、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の基準レベルと比較するステップを含み、 基準レベルに対する、生体試料中の前記Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現のレベルの増大によって、血管新生障害を有する患者が同定される、方法。 - (c)基準レベルに対する、生体試料中の前記Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の発現のレベルの増大が検出される場合に、前記患者の治療のためにVEGFアンタゴニストを選択することをさらに含む、請求項20に記載の方法。
- Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2のそれぞれに対する発現値が、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2のそれぞれに対するqRT−PCRの値である、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 第1の定義された閾値が、−4から−0.5であり、第2の定義された閾値が0.5から4である、請求項22に記載の方法。
- 第1の定義された閾値が、−4から−1であり、第2の定義された閾値が1から4である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 第1の定義された閾値が−4から−1.5であり、第2の定義された閾値が1.5から4である、請求項25に記載の方法。
- 第1の定義された閾値が−4から−2であり、第2の定義された閾値が2から4である、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 請求項1から4及び6から27の何れか一項に記載の方法に使用するためのキットであって、4つ以上のポリヌクレオチドを含み、
4つ以上のポリヌクレオチドは、患者から得た生体試料中の、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の存在又は発現レベルの評価を可能にし、4つ以上のポリヌクレオチドは、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の相補体にストリンジェントな条件下でハイブリダイズする、キット。 - 請求項1から3、5から22及び24から27の何れか一項に記載の方法に使用するためのキットであって、4つ以上の抗体又はその抗原結合断片を含み、
4つ以上の抗体又はその抗原結合断片は、患者から得た生体試料中の、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2の存在又は発現レベルの評価を可能にし、4つ以上の抗体又はその抗原結合断片は、Col4a2、ESM1、LAMA4、及びNid2に特異的に結合する、キット。
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EP2802346A1 (en) | 2014-11-19 |
IL233467B (en) | 2018-07-31 |
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HK1204933A1 (en) | 2015-12-11 |
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CA2862835A1 (en) | 2013-07-18 |
JP2015512612A (ja) | 2015-04-30 |
MX2014008463A (es) | 2014-08-27 |
ZA201405305B (en) | 2015-11-25 |
AU2013207778B2 (en) | 2017-10-12 |
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