JP5898767B2 - エンケファリン類似体 - Google Patents
エンケファリン類似体 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5898767B2 JP5898767B2 JP2014519654A JP2014519654A JP5898767B2 JP 5898767 B2 JP5898767 B2 JP 5898767B2 JP 2014519654 A JP2014519654 A JP 2014519654A JP 2014519654 A JP2014519654 A JP 2014519654A JP 5898767 B2 JP5898767 B2 JP 5898767B2
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- A61K31/165—Amides, e.g. hydroxamic acids having aromatic rings, e.g. colchicine, atenolol, progabide
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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Description
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侵害受容性の痛みは、組織の傷害により、または傷害を引き起こす可能性を有する強い刺激により誘導される。痛みの求心性(afferents)は、傷害の部位における侵害受容体による刺激の伝達により活性化され、脊髄をそれらの終結のレベルで感作する。次いでこれが中継されて脊髄路を脳へと上り、そこで痛みが知覚される(Meyer et al., 1994 Textbook of Pain 13-44)。侵害受容体の活性化は2つのタイプの求心性神経線維を活性化する。ミエリン化されたA−デルタ線維は急速に伝達し、鋭い刺すような痛みの感覚の原因であり、一方でミエリン化されていないC線維はより遅い速度で伝達し、鈍い、または疼く痛みを伝える。中程度の〜激しい急性の侵害受容性の痛みは、挫傷/捻挫、術後痛(あらゆるタイプの外科手術の後の痛み)、外傷後の痛み、火傷、心筋梗塞、急性膵臓炎、および腎疝痛からの痛みの顕著な特徴であるが、それらに限定されない。また、癌関連急性痛症候群は、一般に療法的相互作用、例えば化学療法毒性、免疫療法、ホルモン療法および放射線療法によるものである。中程度の〜激しい急性の侵害受容性の痛みは、腫瘍と関連する痛み(例えば骨の痛み、頭痛および顔面痛、内臓痛)または癌療法と関係する痛み(例えば化学療法後症候群(postchemotherapy syndromes)、慢性術後痛症候群、放射線照射後症候群(post radiation syndromes))であり得る癌性疼痛、椎間板(intervertabral discs)のヘルニアもしくは破裂または腰部椎間関節、仙腸関節、傍脊柱筋もしくは後縦靭帯の異常によるものであり得る背部痛の顕著な特徴であるが、それらに限定されない。
本発明によれば、本発明の化合物は、痛覚過敏、異痛症および進行中の痛みが含まれる神経障害性の痛みおよび神経障害性の痛みの症状を処置するために用いることができる可能性がある。神経障害性の痛みは、神経系における一次病巣または機能不全により開始される、または引き起こされる痛みとして定義されている(IASPの定義)。神経の損傷は外傷および疾患により引き起こされる可能性があり、従って用語‘神経障害性の痛み’は多様な病因を有する多くの障害を含む。これらには、糖尿病性神経障害、帯状疱疹後神経痛、背部痛、癌性神経障害、HIV性神経障害、幻肢痛、手根管症候群、慢性アルコール中毒、甲状腺機能低下、三叉神経痛、尿毒症、またはビタミン欠乏症が含まれるが、それらに限定されない。神経障害性の痛みは、それが保護的役割を有しないため、病的である。それはしばしば最初の原因が消失したかなり後に存在し、一般に数年間続き、患者の生活の質を著しく低下させる(Woolf and Mannion 1999 Lancet 353: 1959-1964)。神経障害性の痛みの症状は、それらはしばしば同じ疾患を有する患者の間でさえ不均一であるため、処置するのが難しい(Woolf & Decosterd 1999 Pain Supp. 6: S141-S147; Woolf and Mannion 1999 Lancet 353: 1959-1964)。それらには、持続性であり得る自発痛、または発作性且つ異常な誘起された痛み、例えば痛覚過敏(有害な刺激に対する増大した感受性)および異痛症(通常なら無害な刺激に対する感受性)が含まれる。
強い急性の痛みおよび慢性の痛みは、病態生理的プロセスにより駆動される経路と同じ経路を含み、それゆえに保護機構を提供することを止めて代わりに広い範囲の疾患状態と関係する衰弱させる症状に寄与し得る。痛みは多くの外傷および疾患状態の特徴である。疾患または外傷により体組織への実質的な損傷が起こった場合、侵害受容体の活性化の特徴が変化する。局所的にその傷害の周辺の末梢で、およびその侵害受容体が終着する中枢において感作が存在する。これは損傷の部位における、および近くの正常な組織における過敏性につながる。急性の痛みではこれらの機構は有用であり得て、修復プロセスが起こることおよび一度その傷害が治癒したらその過敏性が正常に戻ることを可能にし得る。しかし、多くの慢性的な痛みの状態では、その過敏性はその治癒プロセスよりもはるかに長続きし、それは通常は神経系の傷害によるものである。この傷害はしばしば求心性線維の不適応につながる(Woolf & Salter 2000 Science 288: 1765-1768)。臨床的な痛みは、不快感および異常な感受性がその患者の症状の中で特徴となっている場合に存在する。
患者は極めて不均一である傾向があり、様々な痛みの症状を示す可能性がある。いくつかの典型的な痛みの亜型が存在する:1)鈍い、焼けるよう、または刺すようである可能性のある自発痛;2)侵害刺激に対する大げさな痛みの応答(痛覚過敏);3)通常は無害な刺激により痛みがもたらされる(異痛症)(Meyer et al., 1994 Textbook of Pain 13-44)。背部痛、関節炎の痛み、CNSの外傷、または神経障害性の痛みを有する患者は類似の症状を有する可能性があるが、基礎となる機構は異なっており、従って異なる処置方針を必要とする可能性がある。
慢性の痛みは、慢性の侵害受容性の痛み、慢性の神経障害性の痛み、慢性の炎症性の痛み、突破痛、持続性の痛み、痛覚過敏、異痛症、中枢感作、末梢感作、脱抑制および増強された促通(augmented facilitation)の1種類以上を含む。
炎症性の状態には、急性炎症、持続性急性炎症、慢性炎症、ならびに急性および慢性炎症の組み合わせが含まれる。
他のタイプの痛みには以下のものが含まれるが、それらに限定されない:
−筋肉痛、線維筋痛症、脊椎炎、血清陰性(非リウマチ性)関節症、非関節性リウマチ、ジストロフィン異常症、グリコーゲン分解、多発性筋炎、化膿性筋炎が含まれるがそれらに限定されない筋骨格障害;
−中枢性卒中後痛、多発性硬化症、脊髄損傷、パーキンソン病およびてんかんが含まれるがそれらに限定されない神経系の病変または機能不全により引き起こされる痛みにより定義されるような中枢痛または‘視床痛’;
−狭心症、心筋梗塞(myocardical infarction)、僧帽弁狭窄症、心膜炎、レイノー現象、強皮症、浮腫性硬化症(scleredoma)、骨格筋虚血が含まれるがそれらに限定されない心臓および血管の痛み;
−内臓痛、および胃腸障害。内臓は腹腔の臓器を包含する。これらの臓器には、性器、脾臓、および消化器系の一部が含まれる。内臓と関係する痛みは、消化性内臓痛および非消化性内臓痛に分けることができる。一般的に遭遇する胃腸(GI)障害には、機能性腸障害(FBD)および炎症性腸疾患(IBD)が含まれる。これらのGI障害には、FBDに関して胃食道逆流、消化不良、過敏性腸症候群(IBS)および機能性腹痛症候群(FAPS)、ならびにIBDに関してクローン病、回腸炎および潰瘍性大腸炎が含まれる、現在ほどほどにしか制御されていない広い範囲の疾患状態が含まれ、その全てが定期的に内臓痛をもたらす。他のタイプの内臓痛には、月経困難症、骨盤痛、膀胱炎および膵臓炎と関係する痛みが含まれる;
片頭痛、前兆を伴う片頭痛、前兆を伴わない片頭痛、群発頭痛、緊張型頭痛が含まれるがそれらに限定されない頭痛。歯痛、側頭下顎筋膜痛、耳鳴、顔面潮紅、下肢静止不能症候群および乱用潜在性の発現阻止が含まれるがそれらに限定されない口腔顔面痛。さらなる痛みの状態には、背部痛、滑液包炎、歯痛、線維筋痛症または顔面筋痛(myofacial pain)、月経痛、片頭痛、神経障害性の痛み(有痛性糖尿病性神経障害が含まれる)、帯状疱疹後神経痛と関係する痛み、術後痛、関連痛、三叉神経痛、眼の痛み、耳の痛み、内臓痛(間質性膀胱炎およびIBSが含まれる)、ならびにAIDS、異痛症、火傷、癌、痛覚過敏、過感作(hypersensitisation)、脊髄外傷および/または脊髄変性、ならびに卒中と関係する痛みが含まれ得る。
・Nav1.7チャンネル調節物質、例えば国際公開第2009/012242号または国際公開第2010/079443号において開示されている化合物;
・代替的ナトリウムチャンネル調節物質、例えばNav1.3調節物質(例えば国際公開第2008/118758号において開示されているようなもの);またはNav1.8調節物質(例えば国際公開第2008/135826号において開示されているようなもの、より具体的にはN−[6−アミノ−5−(2−クロロ−5−メトキシフェニル)ピリジン−2−イル]−1−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−5−カルボキサミド);
・神経成長因子シグナル伝達の阻害薬、例えば:NGFに結合してNGFの生物学的活性および/またはNGFシグナル伝達により媒介される下流の経路(単数または複数)を阻害する薬剤(例えばタネズマブ(tanezumab))、TrkA拮抗薬またはp75拮抗薬;
・内在性カンナビノイドのレベルを増大させる化合物、例えば脂肪酸アミド(amid)加水分解酵素(FAAH)阻害活性を有する化合物、特に国際公開第2008/047229号において開示されている化合物(例えばN−ピリダジン−3−イル−4−(3−{[5−(トリフルオロメチル)ピリジン−2−イル]オキシ}ベンジリデン)ピペリデン−1−カルボキサミド(N-pyridazin-3-yl-4-(3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-yl]oxy}benzylidene)piperidene-1-carboxamide));
・オピオイド鎮痛薬、例えばモルヒネ、ヘロイン、ヒドロモルホン、オキシモルホン、レボルファノール、レバロルファン、メタドン、メペリジン、フェンタニール、コカイン、コデイン、ジヒドロコデイン、オキシコドン、ヒドロコドン、プロポキシフェン、ナルメフェン、ナロルフィン、ナロキソン、ナルトレキソン、ブプレノルフィン、ブトルファノール、ナルブフィンまたはペンタゾシン;
・非ステロイド系抗炎症薬(NSAID)、例えばアスピリン、ジクロフェナク、ジフルシナール(diflusinal)、エトドラク、フェンブフェン、フェノプロフェン、フルフェニサール(flufenisal)、フルルビプロフェン、イブプロフェン、インドメタシン、ケトプロフェン、ケトロラック(ketorolac)、メクロフェナム酸、メフェナム酸、メロキシカム(meloxicam)、ナブメトン(nabumetone)、ナプロキセン、ニメスリド(nimesulide)、ニトロフルルビプロフェン、オルサラジン(olsalazine)、オキサプロジン(oxaprozin)、フェニルブタゾン、ピロキシカム、スルファサラジン、スリンダク、トルメチンまたはゾメピラク(zomepirac);
・バルビツレート系鎮静薬、例えばアモバルビタール、アプロバルビタール、ブタバルビタール、ブタビタール(butabital)、メフォバルビタール、メタルビタール、メトヘキシタール、ペントバルビタール、フェノバルビタール(phenobartital)、セコバルビタール、タルブタール、チアミラール(theamylal)またはチオペンタール;
・鎮静作用を有するベンゾジアゼピン、例えばクロルジアゼポキシド、クロラゼペート、ジアゼパム、フルラゼパム、ロラゼパム、オキサゼパム、テマゼパム(temazepam)またはトリアゾラム;
・鎮静作用を有するH1拮抗薬、例えばジフェンヒドラミン、ピリラミン、プロメタジン、クロルフェニラミンまたはクロルシクリジン;
・鎮静薬、例えばグルテチミド、メプロバメート、メタカロンまたはジクロラールフェナゾン;
・骨格筋弛緩薬、例えばバクロフェン、カリソプロドール、クロルゾキサゾン、シクロベンザプリン(cyclobenzaprine)、メトカルバモールまたはオルフレナジン(orphrenadine);
・NMDA受容体拮抗薬、例えばデキストロメトルファン((+)−3−ヒドロキシ−N−メチルモルフィナン)もしくはその代謝産物であるデキストロルファン((+)−3−ヒドロキシ−N−メチルモルフィナン)、ケタミン、メマンチン(memantine)、ピロロキノリン、キニン、シス−4−(ホスホノメチル)−2−ピペリジンカルボン酸、ブジピン(budipine)、EN−3231(MorphiDex(登録商標)、モルヒネおよびデキストロメトルファンの組み合わせ配合物)、トピラメート(topiramate)、ネラメキサン(neramexane)またはペルジンフォテル(perzinfotel)であり、NR2B拮抗薬、例えばイフェンプロジル(ifenprodil)、トラキソプロジル(traxoprodil)または(−)−(R)−6−{2−[4−(3−フルオロフェニル)−4−ヒドロキシ−1−ピペリジニル]−1−ヒドロキシエチル−3,4−ジヒドロ−2(1H)−キノリノンが含まれる;
・アルファ−アドレナリン作動性物質、例えばドキサゾシン(doxazosin)、タムスロシン(tamsulosin)、クロニジン、グアンファシン、デクスメタトミジン(dexmetatomidine)、モダフィニル(modafinil)、または4−アミノ−6,7−ジメトキシ−2−(5−メタン−スルホンアミド−1,2,3,4−テトラヒドロイソキノール−2−イル)−5−(2−ピリジル)キナゾリン;
・3環系抗うつ薬、例えばデシプラミン、イミプラミン、アミトリプチリンまたはノルトリプチリン;
・抗痙攣薬、例えばカルバマゼピン、ラモトリジン(lamotrigine)、トピラトメート(topiratmate)またはバルプロエート(valproate);
・タキキニン(NK)拮抗薬、特にNK−3、NK−2またはNK−1拮抗薬、例えば(αR,9R)−7−[3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)ベンジル]−8,9,10,11−テトラヒドロ−9−メチル−5−(4−メチルフェニル)−7H−[1,4]ジアゾシノ[2,1−g][1,7]−ナフチリジン−6−13−ジオン(TAK−637)、5−[[(2R,3S)−2−[(1R)−1−[3,5−ビス(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル]エトキシ−3−(4−フルオロフェニル)−4−モルホリニル]−メチル]−1,2−ジヒドロ−3H−1,2,4−トリアゾール−3−オン(MK−869)、アプレピタント(aprepitant)、ラネピタント(lanepitant)、ダピタント(dapitant)または3−[[2−メトキシ−5−(トリフルオロメトキシ)フェニル]−メチルアミノ]−2−フェニルピペリジン(2S,3S);
・ムスカリン拮抗薬、例えばオキシブチニン、トルテロジン(tolterodine)、プロピベリン(propiverine)、塩化トロプシウム(tropsium chloride)、ダリフェナシン(darifenacin)、ソリフェナシン(solifenacin)、テミベリン(temiverine)およびイプラトロピウム(ipratropium);
・COX−2選択的阻害薬、例えばセレコキシブ(celecoxib)、ロフェコキシブ(rofecoxib)、パレコキシブ(parecoxib)、バルデコキシブ(valdecoxib)、デラコキシブ(deracoxib)、エトリコキシブ(etoricoxib)、またはルミラコキシブ(lumiracoxib);
・コールタール鎮痛薬、特にパラセタモール(paracetamol);
・神経弛緩薬、例えばドロペリドール(droperidol)、クロルプロマジン(chlorpromazine)、ハロペリドール(haloperidol)、ペルフェナジン(perphenazine)、チオリダジン(thioridazine)、メソリダジン(mesoridazine)、トリフルオペラジン(trifluoperazine)、フルフェナジン(fluphenazine)、クロザピン(clozapine)、オランザピン(olanzapine)、リスペリドン(risperidone)、ジプラシドン(ziprasidone)、クエチアピン(quetiapine)、セルチンドール(sertindole)、アリピプラゾール(aripiprazole)、ソネピプラゾール(sonepiprazole)、ブロナンセリン(blonanserin)、イロペリドン(iloperidone)、ペロスピロン(perospirone)、ラクロプリド(raclopride)、ゾテピン(zotepine)、ビフェプルノックス(bifeprunox)、アセナピン(asenapine)、ルラシドン(lurasidone)、アミスルプリド(amisulpride)、バラペリドン(balaperidone)、パリンドール(palindore)、エプリバンセリン(eplivanserin)、オサネタント(osanetant)、リモナバン(rimonabant)、メクリネルタント(meclinertant)、Miraxion(登録商標)またはサリゾタン(sarizotan);
・バニロイド(vanilloid)受容体作動薬(例えばレシンフェラトキシン(resinferatoxin))または拮抗薬(例えばカプサゼピン(capsazepine));
・ベータ−アドレナリン作用薬、例えばプロプラノロール;
・局部麻酔薬、例えばメキシレチン;
・コルチコステロイド、例えばデキサメタゾン;
・5−HT受容体作動薬または拮抗薬、特に5−HT1B/1D作動薬、例えばエレトリプタン(eletriptan)、スマトリプタン(sumatriptan)、ナラトリプタン(naratriptan)、ゾルミトリプタン(zolmitriptan)またはリザトリプタン(rizatriptan);
・5−HT2A受容体拮抗薬、例えばR(+)−アルファ−(2,3−ジメトキシ−フェニル)−1−[2−(4−フルオロフェニルエチル)]−4−ピペリジンメタノール(MDL−100907);
・5−HT3拮抗薬、例えばオンダンセトロン(ondansetron)
・コリン作用性(ニコチン性)鎮痛薬、例えばイスプロニクリン(ispronicline)(TC−1734)、(E)−N−メチル−4−(3−ピリジニル)−3−ブテン−1−アミン(RJR−2403)、(R)−5−(2−アゼチジニルメトキシ)−2−クロロピリジン(ABT−594)またはニコチン;
・Tramadol(登録商標);
・PDEV阻害薬、例えば5−[2−エトキシ−5−(4−メチル−1−ピペラジニル−スルホニル)フェニル]−1−メチル−3−n−プロピル−1,6−ジヒドロ−7H−ピラゾロ[4,3−d]ピリミジン−7−オン(シルデナフィル(sildenafil))、(6R,12aR)−2,3,6,7,12,12a−ヘキサヒドロ−2−メチル−6−(3,4−メチレンジオキシフェニル)−ピラジノ[2’,1’:6,1]−ピリド[3,4−b]インドール−1,4−ジオン(IC−351またはタダラフィル(tadalafil))、2−[2−エトキシ−5−(4−エチル−ピペラジン−1−イル−1−スルホニル)−フェニル]−5−メチル−7−プロピル−3H−イミダゾ[5,1−f][1,2,4]トリアジン−4−オン(バルデナフィル(vardenafil))、5−(5−アセチル−2−ブトキシ−3−ピリジニル)−3−エチル−2−(1−エチル−3−アゼチジニル)−2,6−ジヒドロ−7H−ピラゾロ[4,3−d]ピリミジン−7−オン、5−(5−アセチル−2−プロポキシ−3−ピリジニル)−3−エチル−2−(1−イソプロピル−3−アゼチジニル)−2,6−ジヒドロ−7H−ピラゾロ[4,3−d]ピリミジン−7−オン、5−[2−エトキシ−5−(4−エチルピペラジン−1−イルスルホニル)ピリジン−3−イル]−3−エチル−2−[2−メトキシエチル]−2,6−ジヒドロ−7H−ピラゾロ[4,3−d]ピリミジン−7−オン、4−[(3−クロロ−4−メトキシベンジル)アミノ]−2−[(2S)−2−(ヒドロキシメチル)ピロリジン−1−イル]−N−(ピリミジン−2−イルメチル)ピリミジン−5−カルボキサミド、3−(1−メチル−7−オキソ−3−プロピル−6,7−ジヒドロ−1H−ピラゾロ[4,3−d]ピリミジン−5−イル)−N−[2−(1−メチルピロリジン−2−イル)エチル]−4−プロポキシベンゼンスルホンアミド;
・アルファ−2−デルタリガンド、例えばガバペンチン(gabapentin)、プレガバリン(pregabalin)、3-メチルガバペンチン、(1α,3α,5α)(3−アミノ−メチル−ビシクロ[3.2.0]ヘプタ−3−イル)−酢酸、(3S,5R)−3−アミノメチル−5−メチル−ヘプタン酸、(3S,5R)−3−アミノ−5−メチル−ヘプタン酸、(3S,5R)−3−アミノ−5−メチル−オクタン酸、(2S,4S)−4−(3−クロロフェノキシ)プロリン、(2S,4S)−4−(3−フルオロベンジル)−プロリン、[(1R,5R,6S)−6−(アミノメチル)ビシクロ[3.2.0]ヘプタ−6−イル]酢酸、3−(1−アミノメチル−シクロヘキシルメチル)−4H−[1,2,4]オキサジアゾール−5−オン、C−[1−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イルメチル)−シクロヘプチル]−メチルアミン、(3S,4S)−(1−アミノメチル−3,4−ジメチル−シクロペンチル)−酢酸、(3S,5R)−3−アミノメチル−5−メチル−オクタン酸、(3S,5R)−3−アミノ−5−メチル−ノナン酸、(3S,5R)−3−アミノ−5−メチル−オクタン酸、(3R,4R,5R)−3−アミノ−4,5−ジメチル−ヘプタン酸および(3R,4R,5R)−3−アミノ−4,5−ジメチル−オクタン酸;
・代謝型グルタミン酸亜型1受容体(mGluR1)拮抗薬;
・セロトニン再取り込み阻害薬、例えばセルトラリン(sertraline)、セルトラリン代謝産物デメチルセルトラリン(demethylsertraline)、フルオキセチン(fluoxetine)、ノルフルオキセチン(norfluoxetine)(フルキオセチン脱メチル化代謝産物)、フルボキサミン(fluvoxamine)、パロキセチン(paroxetine)、シタロプラム(citalopram)、シタロプラム代謝産物デスメチルシタロプラム、エスシタロプラム(escitalopram)、d,l−フェンフルラミン(d,l−fenfluramine)、フェモキセチン(femoxetine)、イホキセチン(ifoxetine)、シアノドチエピン(cyanodothiepin)、リトキセチン(litoxetine)、ダポキセチン(dapoxetine)、ネファゾドン(nefazodone)、セリクラミン(cericlamine)およびトラゾドン(trazodone);
・ノルアドレナリン(ノルエピネフリン)再取込み阻害薬、たとえばマプロチリン(maprotiline)、ロフェプラミン(lofepramine)、ミルタゼピン(mirtazepine)、オキサプロチリン(oxaprotiline)、フェゾラミン(fezolamine)、トモキセチン(tomoxetine)、ミアンセリン(mianserin)、ブプロプリオン(buproprion)、ブプロプリオン(buproprion)代謝産物ヒドロキシブプロプリオン(hydroxybuproprion)、ノミフェンシン(nomifensine)およびビロキサジン(viloxazine)(Vivalan(登録商標))、特に選択的ノルアドレナリン再取込み阻害薬、たとえばレボキセチン(reboxetine)、特に(S,S)−レボキセチン;
・二重セロトニン−ノルアドレナリン再取込み阻害薬、たとえばベンラファキシン(venlafaxine)、ベンラファキシン代謝産物O−デスメチルベンラファキシン、クロミプラミン(clomipramine)、クロミプラミン代謝産物デスメチルクロミプラミン、デュロキセチン(duloxetine)、ミルナシプラン(milnacipran)およびイミプラミン(imipramine);
・誘導型一酸化窒素シンターゼ(iNOS)阻害薬、例えばS−[2−[(1−イミノエチル)アミノ]エチル]−L−ホモシステイン、S−[2−[(1−イミノエチル)−アミノ]エチル]−4,4−ジオキソ−L−システイン、S−[2−[(1−イミノエチル)アミノ]エチル]−2−メチル−L−システイン、(2S,5Z)−2−アミノ−2−メチル−7−[(1−イミノエチル)アミノ]−5−ヘプテン酸、2−[[(1R,3S)−3−アミノ−4−ヒドロキシ−1−(5−チアゾリル)−ブチル]チオ]−5−クロロ−3−ピリジンカルボニトリル;2−[[(1R,3S)−3−アミノ−4−ヒドロキシ−1−(5−チアゾリル)ブチル]チオ]−4−クロロベンゾニトリル、(2S,4R)−2−アミノ−4−[[2−クロロ−5−(トリフルオロメチル)フェニル]チオ]−5−チアゾールブタノール、2−[[(1R,3S)−3−アミノ−4−ヒドロキシ−1−(5−チアゾリル)ブチル]チオ]−6−(トリフルオロメチル)−3−ピリジンカルボニトリル、2−[[(1R,3S)−3−アミノ−4−ヒドロキシ−1−(5−チアゾリル)ブチル]チオ]−5−クロロベンゾニトリル、N−[4−[2−(3−クロロベンジルアミノ)エチル]フェニル]チオフェン−2−カルボキサミジン、またはグアニジノエチルジスルフィド;
・アセチルコリンエステラーゼ阻害薬、たとえばドネペジル(donepezil);
・プロスタグランジンE2亜型4(EP4)拮抗薬、例えばN−[({2−[4−(2−エチル−4,6−ジメチル−1H−イミダゾ[4,5−c]ピリジン−1−イル)フェニル]エチル}アミノ)−カルボニル]−4−メチルベンゼンスルホンアミドまたは4−[(1S)−1−({[5−クロロ−2−(3−フルオロフェノキシ)ピリジン−3−イル]カルボニル}アミノ)エチル]安息香酸;
・ミクロソーム性プロスタグランジンEシンターゼ1型(mPGES−1)阻害薬;
・ロイコトリエンB4拮抗薬;例えば1−(3−ビフェニル−4−イルメチル−4−ヒドロキシ−クロマン−7−イル)−シクロペンタンカルボン酸(CP−105696)、5−[2−(2−カルボキシエチル)−3−[6−(4−メトキシフェニル)−5E−ヘキセニル]オキシフェノキシ]−吉草酸(ONO−4057)またはDPC−11870;
5−リポキシゲナーゼ阻害薬、例えばジロイトン(zileuton)、6−[(3−フルオロ−5−[4−メトキシ−3,4,5,6−テトラヒドロ−2H−ピラン−4−イル])フェノキシ−メチル]−1−メチル−2−キノロン(ZD−2138)、または2,3,5−トリメチル−6−(3−ピリジルメチル),1,4−ベンゾキノン(CV−6504)。
本発明の化合物および塩類は、血流中に、筋肉中に、または内臓中に直接投与することができる。非経口投与のための適切な手段には、静脈内、動脈内、腹腔内、髄腔内、心室内、尿道内、胸骨内、頭蓋内、筋肉内および皮下が含まれる。非経口投与のための適切な装置には、針(顕微針を含む)、注射器、針無し注射器および注入技法が含まれる。
本発明の化合物および塩類は、皮膚または粘膜に局所的に、すなわち皮膚に、または経皮的に投与することもできる。この目的に関する典型的な配合物には、ゲル、ヒドロゲル、ローション、溶液、クリーム、軟膏、粉剤、手当て用品(dressings)、泡状物質、薄膜、皮膚用パッチ、カシェ剤(wafers)、インプラント、スポンジ、繊維、包帯およびマイクロエマルジョンが含まれる。リポソームも用いられてよい。典型的なキャリヤーには、アルコール、水、鉱油、流動ワセリン、白色ワセリン、グリセリン、ポリエチレングリコールおよびプロピレングリコールが含まれる。浸透増進剤を組み込むことができる[例えば、Finnin and Morgan, J Pharm Sci, 88(10), 955-958 (October 1999)を参照]。
本発明の化合物および塩類は、鼻内に、または吸入により、典型的には乾燥粉末吸入器から乾燥粉末の形態で(単独で、混合物として、例えばラクトースとの乾燥ブレンドで、または例えばホスファチジルコリンのようなリン脂質と混合された混合構成要素粒子としてのいずれかで)、または加圧された容器、ポンプ、スプレー、噴霧器(好ましくは電気流体力学を用いて微細な霧を生成する噴霧器)、もしくはネブライザーからエアロゾルスプレーとして、適切な噴射剤、例えば1,1,1,2−テトラフルオロエタンまたは1,1,1,2,3,3,3−ヘプタフルオロプロパンを用いて、もしくは用いずに投与することもできる。鼻内の使用に関して、その粉末は生体接着剤、例えばキトサンまたはシクロデキストリンを含んでいてよい。
本発明の化合物および塩類は、直腸に、または膣に、例えば坐剤、膣坐剤、または浣腸剤の形態で投与することができる。カカオ脂が伝統的な座剤用基剤であるが、様々な周知の代替物を適宜用いてよい。
本発明の化合物および塩類は、眼または耳に、典型的には等張のpHを調整した滅菌生理食塩水中の微粒子化された懸濁液または溶液の液滴の形態で直接投与することもできる。眼および耳への投与に適した他の配合物には、軟膏、生分解性(例えば吸収性のゲルスポンジ、コラーゲン)および非生分解性(例えばシリコン)インプラント、カシェ剤、レンズ、および微粒子または小胞系、例えばニオソーム(niosomes)またはリポソームが含まれる。ポリマー、例えば架橋されたポリアクリル酸、ポリビニルアルコール、ヒアルロン酸;セルロース系ポリマー、例えばヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、もしくはメチルセルロース;またはヘテロ多糖ポリマー、例えばゲランガム(gelan gum)を保存剤、例えば塩化ベンザルコニウムと一緒に組み込むことができる。そのような配合物はイオン導入により送達することもできる。
本発明の化合物および塩類は、前記の投与方式のいずれかにおける使用に関するそれらの可溶性、溶解速度、矯味、生物学的利用能および/または安定性を向上させるために、可溶性の高分子の物、例えばシクロデキストリンおよびその適切な誘導体またはポリエチレングリコールを含有するポリマーと組み合わせることができる。
ヒトの患者への投与に関して、本発明の化合物および塩類の総1日量は、典型的には、当然投与方式に依存して、0.1mg〜200mgの範囲、好ましくは1mg〜100mgの範囲、より好ましくは1mg〜50mgの範囲である。その総1日量は1回量または分割量で投与されてよい。
以下の調製例および実施例は本発明を説明するが、本発明を限定することは決してない。全ての出発物質は商業的に入手可能であり、または文献において記述されている。全ての温度は℃単位である。フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーはMerckシリカゲル60(9385)を用いて実施した。薄層クロマトグラフィー(TLC)はMerckシリカゲル60プレート(5729)上で実施した。“Rf”は、TLCプレート上で化合物が進んだ距離を溶媒先端が進んだ距離で割ったものを表す。融点はGallenkamp MPD350装置を用いて決定され、未補正である。NMRはVarian−Unity Inova 400MHz NMR分光計またはVarian Mercury 400MHz NMR分光計を用いて実施した。質量分析はFinnigan Navigator単一四重極エレクトロスプレー質量分析計またはFinnigan aQa APCI質量分析計を用いて実施した。
ベータ−アレスチンアッセイ
ベータ−アレスチンのμオピオイド受容体への動員(recruitment)を引き起こす作動薬の能力を、DiscoveRx PathHunter技術を用いて測定した。pro−linkタグを付けたμオピオイド受容体およびEAタグを付けたベータ−アレスチンをU2OS細胞中で発現させ、ベータ−アレスチンの動員をMcGuinness et al., 2009 (J Biomol Screen 14:49-58, Characterizing cannabinoid CB2 receptor ligands using DiscoverRx PathHunter beta-arrestin assay - McGuinness D., Malikzay A., Visconti R., Lin K., Bayne M., Monsma F., Lunn CA.)における方法論に従って測定した。
μオピオイド受容体作動薬のフォルスコリンで刺激されたcAMP生成を阻害する能力を、組み換えによりμオピオイド受容体を発現するCHO細胞において、Nickolls et al., 2005において記述されているようなアルファスクリーン(alphascreen)技術を用いて、追加で50uMのフォルスコリンをアッセイ緩衝液中に含めて測定した(J Pharmacol Exp Ther 313; 1281-88, Functional selectivity of melanocortin 4 receptor peptide and non-peptide agonists: Evidence for ligand specific conformational states. Nickolls SA., Fleck B., Hoare S., Maki R.)。
μオピオイド受容体における機能活性を、電気刺激されたモルモットの分離された筋層間神経叢調製物を用いて、Hughes, J.; Kosterlitz, H. W. and Leslie, F. M. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1975, 53, 371の方法論に従って決定した。
基質代謝のインビトロ測定は、ミクロソーム性シトクロムP450モノオキシゲナーゼ系を用いて決定することができる。これは、インビボでの評価の前の(シトクロムP450が含まれる)第I相代謝によるいくつかの化合物のクリアランスの順位付けにおいて有用な適用である。これらの方法を用いた固有クリアランスの測定は、薬物動態パラメーターの前臨床研究から臨床研究への変換を助けるために種の違いの比較を行うことも可能にする。
ヒトおよびラットの肝ミクロソームアッセイを、Pfizer Global Supply(BD Gentest(商標))からのプールしたミクロソームを用いて実施した。化学試薬は商業的な供給源(Sigma−Aldrich)から購入し、薬物はPfizer Global Researchにおいて合成された。保温混合物は50Mリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)、5mM MgCl2、5mMイソクエン酸および1単位/mlイソクエン酸デヒドロゲナーゼを含有していた。ミクロソームを室温で解凍し、0.5nmolシトクロムP450/mlの終濃度を与えるために十分な量を添加した。1μMの基質の添加後、その保温物(incubation)を37℃で5分間前保温した。次いで1mM NADPの添加により反応を開始し、1時間の時間経過にわたって保温物の分割量(aliquots)を採取した。続いてその反応を氷上で冷却したアセトニトリルの添加により停止した。次いでその保温混合物を遠心分離し、LC−MS/MS系への注入のために上清を分離した。基質濃度がKm未満である限り、代謝は一次であり、時間の経過に対する基質消失の対数線形プロットを与えるはずである。この直線の傾きが一次速度定数(k)であり、タンパク質濃度を計算に入れた(factoring in)際にこれを変換して基質の固有クリアランスを推定することができる。
Clint(ul/分/mgタンパク質)=k×保温体積
タンパク質濃度
ここで、k=−Ln濃度対時間の傾き(分−1)
親油性(LogD)
LogDオクタノール(pH7.4)は親油性の尺度であり、それは所与の基質の疎水性および水素結合相互作用の両方を説明する。このアッセイは、0.1Mリン酸緩衝液(pH7.4)−オクタノール系中で完全に自動化された様式で実施される振盪フラスコ方法論に基づいている。3種類の陽性対照(プロプラノロール(logD=1.1±0.2)、ミダゾラム(logD=3.3±0.2)、およびアミトリプチリン(logD=2.7±0.2)をそれぞれのアッセイと共に運転した(run)。
平均LogD=平均Log10 (オクタノール試料に関する補正されたピーク面積)
(緩衝液試料に関する補正されたピーク面積)
その2通りのlogD値は互いの0.4log単位を有していなければならず、陽性対照は既知のlogD値の0.2log単位以内でなければならない。
APCI 大気圧化学イオン化質量スペクトル
Arbocel 濾過剤(filter agent)
br 広い
cbz ベンジルオキシカルボニル
δ 化学シフト
d 二重線
DCM ジクロロメタン
dd 二重の二重線
DMF N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド
EDC 1−(3−ジメチルアミノプロピル)−3−エチルカルボジイミド塩酸塩
ES エレクトロスプレーイオン化
EtOH エタノール
HBTU O−(ベンゾトリアゾール−1−イル)−N,N,N’,N’−テトラメチルウロニウム ヘキサフルオロホスフェート
HOBt 1−ヒドロキシベンゾトリアゾール一水和物
HPLC 高圧流体クロマトグラフィー
hrs 時間
IBCF イソブチルクロロホルメート
LRMS 低分解能質量スペクトル
m 多重線
Me メチル
MeOH メタノール
m/z 質量スペクトルピーク
NMR 核磁気共鳴
NMM 4−メチルモルホリン
psi 平方インチあたりのポンド
q 四重線
RM 反応混合物
rt 室温(周囲温度)
Rt 保持時間
s 一重線
SM 出発物質
soln. 溶液
t 三重線
TFA トリフルオロ酢酸
THF テトラヒドロフラン
tlc 薄層クロマトグラフィー
疑義を避けるため、本明細書で用いられる命名された化合物はACD Labs Name Software v7.11(商標)を用いて命名されている。
調製例1.N−(tert−ブトキシカルボニル)−2,6−ジメチル−L−チロシル−N−{(2S)−2−[(tert−ブトキシカルボニル)アミノ]−3−フェニルプロピル}−D−アラニンアミド
LRMS m/z (AP+): 413 [MH+]
LogD 0.05,cLogP 1.7
PSA 130
ドフェチリド結合のIC50>22μM
HLM Clint 8.4μL/分/mg
MDR Papp 0.7x10−6cm/秒
μオピオイド受容体作動薬のIC50 9.8nM
調製例2.ベンジル [(1R)−2−({(2R)−2−[(tert−ブトキシカルボニル)アミノ]−3−フェニルプロピル}アミノ)−1−メチル−2−オキソエチル]カルバメート
LRMS m/z (APCI): 413 [MH+]。
PSA 130
ドフェチリド結合のIC50>22μM
HLM Clint<8μL/分/mg
MDR Papp 0.6x10−6cm/秒
μオピオイド受容体作動薬のIC50 6nM
この出願において引用された全ての刊行物は、それぞれ参照により本明細書にそのまま援用される。
Claims (7)
- 請求項1および2のいずれか1項に記載の化合物、互変異性体もしくはイオン形態、またはその薬学的に許容可能な塩、ならびに薬学的に許容可能なキャリヤーを含む医薬組成物。
- 医薬における使用のための、請求項1または2のいずれか1項に記載の化合物、互変異性体、イオン形態または塩。
- オピオイド受容体作動薬を用いた処置の必要が示される疾患または病気の処置における使用のための、請求項1または2のいずれか1項に記載の化合物、互変異性体、イオン形態または塩。
- オピオイド受容体作動薬を用いた処置の必要が示される疾患または病気を処置するための、請求項3に記載の医薬組成物。
- 医学的処置における使用のための請求項1もしくは2のいずれか1項に記載の化合物、互変異性体、イオン形態もしくは塩、または請求項3もしくは6に記載の組成物であって、該医学的処置がさらなる薬物の使用も含む、前記化合物、互変異性体、イオン形態もしくは塩、または組成物。
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