JP5458484B2 - Display element - Google Patents

Description

  The present invention relates to a novel electrochromic display element.

  In recent years, with the increase in the operating speed of personal computers, the spread of network infrastructure, the increase in capacity and price of data storage, etc., information such as documents and images conventionally provided in printed materials such as paper has become easier. Opportunities for obtaining and browsing electronic information are increasing.

  As a means for browsing such electronic information, conventional liquid crystal displays and CRTs (CRTs), and in recent years, light-emitting types such as organic electroluminescence displays are mainly used. In particular, when electronic information is document information, It is necessary to keep an eye on this browsing means for a relatively long time, and these actions are not necessarily human-friendly means. Generally, as a disadvantage of the light-emitting display, flickering makes the eyes tired, inconvenient to carry, read There are known problems such as the posture being restricted and the need to adjust the line of sight to the still screen, and the increased power consumption when read for a long time.

  As a display means that compensates for these drawbacks, a reflection type display that uses external light and does not consume power for image retention (memory type) is known, but has sufficient performance for the following reasons. It's hard to say.

  That is, the method using a polarizing plate such as a reflective liquid crystal has a low reflectance of about 40% and is difficult to display white, and many of the production methods used for producing the constituent members are not easy. In addition, the polymer dispersed liquid crystal requires a high voltage and utilizes the difference in refractive index between organic substances, so that the resulting image has insufficient contrast. In addition, the polymer network type liquid crystal has problems such as a high voltage and a complicated TFT circuit required to improve the memory performance. In addition, a display element based on electrophoresis requires a high voltage of 10 V or more, and there is a concern about durability due to electrophoretic particle aggregation. As a method for performing color display using these methods, a method using a color filter is known. In principle, the former has a problem that a bright white display cannot be obtained due to coloring of the color filter.

  An electrochromic method is known as a method capable of full color display and bright white display. In this method, when the image is repeatedly rewritten, the display characteristics may change from the initial state. Therefore, driving with the lowest possible voltage is desirable from the viewpoint of suppressing changes in the display characteristics. Then, it had the subject that the rewriting speed fell.

As a technique for improving the rewriting speed, a technique for adsorbing a viologen compound on an n-type semiconductor (see Patent Document 1) is known. However, this technique has a problem that the displayed image has a low memory property and is used. Depending on the purpose, the rewriting speed may be insufficient.
Japanese Patent No. 3934420

  The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and its purpose is to provide a novel electrochemical method capable of realizing a bright white display, a high rewriting speed, and a full color display having a high memory property with a simple member configuration. And providing a simple display element.

  The above problem could be solved by the following configuration.

1. At least one of the counter electrodes has a porous film of a p-type oxide semiconductor, and at least one compound selected from the following chemical formula is immobilized on the porous film of the p-type oxide semiconductor; and A display element that performs white display or colored display other than black by driving the counter electrode.

3. 3. The display element according to 1 or 2 above, wherein the compound represented by the general formula (A) has an adsorptive group that chemically or physically adsorbs on the electrode surface.

4). The adsorptive group is -COOH, -P = O (OH) ₂ , -OP = O (OH) _2, or -Si (OR) ₃ (R represents an alkyl group). 4. The display element according to 3 above.

  5. 5. The display element according to any one of 1 to 4, wherein an N-oxyl derivative is provided between the counter electrodes.

  6). 6. The display element according to 5 above, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is immobilized on an electrode other than the porous electrode of the p-type oxide semiconductor.

  7). The display device according to 5 or 6, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is represented by the following general formula (1).

[Wherein, Ra and Rb are each independently an optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, heterocyclic group, or>C═O,>C═S,> C═N— A group bonded to a nitrogen atom via Rc is represented. Rc represents a hydrogen atom or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent. Ra and Rb may be connected to each other to form a cyclic structure. ]
8). 8. The display device according to 7 above, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is selected from compounds represented by the following general formulas (2) to (5).

Wherein represents _{R 21, R 22, R 23} , R 24 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group, Z ₁ Represents an atomic group necessary to form a cyclic structure. The atoms constituting R _{21 to} R ₂₄ and Z ₁ may be connected to each other to form a cyclic structure, and Z ₁ may further have a substituent. ]

[Wherein, R ₇ is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic ring which may have a substituent, which is substituted directly or via an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom or a sulfur atom with a carbonyl carbon atom. R ₈ represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent. R ₇ and R ₈ may be connected to each other to form a cyclic structure. ]

[Wherein, Z ₂ represents an atomic group necessary for forming a cyclic structure, and may further have a substituent. ]

[Wherein, R _{9 to} R ₁₃ each independently represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent. ]
9. 8. The display element according to 7 above, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is a polymer having in its molecule a structure represented by the following general formula (6).

Wherein, X is structure that forms the main chain of the polymer, represents at least one selected from the following formulas (6-1) ~ (6-4), R 1 ~R 3 is independently Represents an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[Wherein, R ⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ]

[Wherein, R ⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ⁵ represents an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. ]

[Wherein, R ^{6 to} R ⁸ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ]

[Wherein, R ^{6 to} R ⁸ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ⁹ represents an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. ]]
10. 8. The display device as described in 7 above, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is a polymer having in its molecule a structure represented by the following general formula (7).

[Wherein R ¹⁰ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ]
11. 8. The display device according to 7, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is a polymer having a structure represented by the following general formula (8) in the molecule.

[Wherein, R ¹² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R ^{13 to} R ¹⁵ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ]
12 8. The display element according to 7 above, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is a polymer having in its molecule a structure represented by the following general formula (9).

[Wherein, R ^{16 to} R ²³ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and n represents an integer. ]
13. The above 1 characterized in that the electrolyte contains a metal salt compound and the compound represented by the general formula (A), and performs a black display, a white display, or a color display other than black by driving the counter electrode. The display element of any one of -12.

  14 14. The display element according to 13, wherein the metal salt compound is a silver salt compound.

15. 15. The display element as described in 13 or 14 above, wherein the electrolyte contains at least one compound represented by the following general formula (10) or (11).

General formula (10)
R ₂₆ -S-R ₂₇
[Wherein R ₂₆ and R ₂₇ each represents a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group. However, when a ring containing an S atom is formed, an aromatic group is not taken. ]

[Wherein, M represents a hydrogen atom, a metal atom or quaternary ammonium. Z represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. n represents an integer of 0 to 5, and R ₂₈ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylcarbonamide group, an arylcarbonamide group, an alkylsulfonamide group, an arylsulfonamide group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group Group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, alkylcarbamoyl group, arylcarbamoyl group, carbamoyl group, alkylsulfamoyl group, arylsulfamoyl group, sulfamoyl group, cyano group, alkylsulfonyl group, arylsulfonyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryl Represents an oxycarbonyl group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, a carboxyl group, a carbonyl group, a sulfonyl group, an amino group, a hydroxy group or a heterocyclic group, and when n is 2 or more, each R ₂₈ may be the same or different, and may be linked to each other to form a condensed ring. ]
16. 16. The display element according to any one of 13 to 15, wherein the electrolyte contains at least one compound represented by the following general formula (12) or (13).

[Wherein, L represents an oxygen atom or CH ₂ , and R _{29 to} R ₃₂ each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, or an alkoxy group. ]

[Wherein, R ₃₃ and R ₃₄ each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group or an alkoxy group. ]

  According to the present invention, a novel electrochemical display element capable of realizing a bright white display, a high rewriting speed, and a full color display having a high memory property with a simple member configuration can be provided.

  Hereinafter, the best mode for carrying out the present invention will be described in detail.

  As a result of intensive studies in view of the above problems, the present inventor has found that at least one of the counter electrodes has a porous film of a p-type oxide semiconductor, and the compound represented by the general formula (A) is the p A new type of electrical material with a simple material structure, which is fixed to a porous film of a type oxide semiconductor and has a bright white display, a high rewrite speed, and a high memory property by driving the counter electrode. It has been found that a chemical display element can be realized and has reached the present invention.

  Details of the present invention will be described below.

[Basic structure of display element]
In the display element of the present invention, the display portion is provided with one corresponding counter electrode. The electrode 1 which is one of the counter electrodes close to the display unit is provided with a transparent electrode such as an ITO electrode, and the other electrode 2 is provided with a conductive electrode. At least one of the electrode 1 and the electrode 2 has a p-type oxide semiconductor porous electrode on which the compound represented by the general formula (A) according to the present invention is immobilized. It can take the structure by which the N-oxyl compound is hold | maintained between. The N-oxyl compound may be retained in the electrolyte or may be immobilized on the electrode surface. A metal complex may be contained in the electrolyte as necessary. By applying a voltage of both positive and negative polarities between the counter electrodes of the display element of the present invention, the electrochromic reaction of the compound represented by the general formula (A) or the dissolution and precipitation reaction of the metal is performed, black, white, A colored state other than black can be switched reversibly.

[P-type oxide semiconductor]
The p-type semiconductor of the present invention is a semiconductor in which holes are excessive and holes are used as carriers for carrying charges. Examples of oxides having p-type semiconductor characteristics include nickel oxide, zinc oxide, copper aluminum oxide, copper gallium oxide, and copper strontium oxide. Preferred as the p-type oxide semiconductor of the present invention are zinc oxide, copper aluminum oxide, copper gallium oxide, and copper strontium oxide from the viewpoints of transparency and conductivity.

  As for the characteristics of the semiconductor of the present invention, it is possible to confirm whether it has p-type characteristics or n-type characteristics by measuring the Hall coefficient, Seebeck coefficient, or the like.

[Compound represented by formula (A)]
The electrochromic compound represented by the general formula (A) according to the present invention will be described.

In the general formula (A), R ₁ represents a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, and R ₂ and R ₃ each represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent. X represents> N—R ₄ , an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom, and R ₄ represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.

In the general formula (A), specific examples of the substituent represented by R ₁ , R ₂ , R ₃ include, for example, an alkyl group (for example, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a tert-butyl group). , Pentyl group, hexyl group, etc.), cycloalkyl group (eg, cyclohexyl group, cyclopentyl group, etc.), alkenyl group, cycloalkenyl group, alkynyl group (eg, propargyl group, etc.), glycidyl group, acrylate group, methacrylate group, aromatic Group (for example, phenyl group, naphthyl group, anthracenyl group, etc.), heterocyclic group (for example, pyridyl group, thiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, imidazolyl group, furyl group, pyrrolyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, selenazolyl group) Group, sliphoranyl group, piperidinyl group, pyrazolyl group, tetrazoli group Group), alkoxy group (eg methoxy group, ethoxy group, propyloxy group, pentyloxy group, cyclopentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, cyclohexyloxy group etc.), aryloxy group (eg phenoxy group etc.), alkoxycarbonyl Group (for example, methyloxycarbonyl group, ethyloxycarbonyl group, butyloxycarbonyl group, etc.), aryloxycarbonyl group (for example, phenyloxycarbonyl group, etc.), sulfonamide group (for example, methanesulfonamide group, ethanesulfonamide group) , Butanesulfonamide group, hexanesulfonamide group, cyclohexanesulfonamide group, benzenesulfonamide group, etc.), sulfamoyl group (for example, aminosulfonyl group, methylaminosulfonyl group, dimethylaminosulfonyl group) Group, butylaminosulfonyl group, hexylaminosulfonyl group, cyclohexylaminosulfonyl group, phenylaminosulfonyl group, 2-pyridylaminosulfonyl group, etc.), urethane group (for example, methylureido group, ethylureido group, pentylureido group, cyclohexylureido) Group, phenylureido group, 2-pyridylureido group, etc.), acyl group (eg acetyl group, propionyl group, butanoyl group, hexanoyl group, cyclohexanoyl group, benzoyl group, pyridinoyl group etc.), carbamoyl group (eg amino Carbonyl group, methylaminocarbonyl group, dimethylaminocarbonyl group, propylaminocarbonyl group, pentylaminocarbonyl group, cyclohexylaminocarbonyl group, phenylaminocarbonyl group, 2-pyridyl Aminocarbonyl group etc.), acylamino group (eg acetylamino group, benzoylamino group, methylureido group etc.), amide group (eg acetamido group, propionamide group, butanamide group, hexaneamide group, benzamide group etc.), sulfonyl Group (for example, methylsulfonyl group, ethylsulfonyl group, butylsulfonyl group, cyclohexylsulfonyl group, phenylsulfonyl group, 2-pyridylsulfonyl group, etc.), sulfonamide group (for example, methylsulfonamide group, octylsulfonamide group, phenylsulfone) Amide group, naphthylsulfonamide group, etc.), amino group (for example, amino group, ethylamino group, dimethylamino group, butylamino group, cyclopentylamino group, anilino group, 2-pyridylamino group, etc.), halogen atom For example, chlorine atom, bromine atom, iodine atom, etc.), cyano group, nitro group, sulfo group, carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, phosphono group (for example, phosphonoethyl group, phosphonopropyl group, phosphonooxyethyl group), oxamoyl group Etc. Further, these groups may be further substituted with these groups.

R ₁ is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, preferably a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group, more preferably a substituted or unsubstituted 2-hydroxyphenyl group or 4-hydroxyphenyl group.

R ₂ and R ₃ are preferably an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aromatic group, or a heterocyclic group, more preferably one of R ₂ and R ₃ is a phenyl group, the other is an alkyl group, and more preferably R ₂ and R ₃ are both phenyl groups.

X is preferably> N—R ₄ . R ₄ is preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aromatic group, a heterocyclic group, or an acyl group, more preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or acyl. It is a group.

  Specific examples of the electrochromic compound represented by formula (A) are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.

(Adsorbable group)
In the display element of the present invention, it is preferable that the compound represented by the general formula (A) according to the present invention has an adsorptive group that chemically or physically adsorbs on the electrode surface.

  The chemical adsorption according to the present invention is a relatively strong adsorption state due to a chemical bond with the electrode surface, and the physical adsorption according to the present invention is a relatively strong van der Waals force acting between the electrode surface and the adsorbed substance. It is weakly adsorbed.

The adsorptive group according to the present invention is preferably a chemisorbable group. Examples of the adsorptive group to be chemisorbed include —COOH, —P—O (OH) ₂ , —OP═O (OH) ₂ and —Si (OR) ₃ (R represents an alkyl group) is preferable.

[N-oxyl derivative]
The N-oxyl derivative according to the present invention may function as a mediator of an electrodeposition reaction or an electrochromic reaction or may function as a counter electrode reactant. When functioning as a mediator, the electrodeposition reaction or the electrochromic reaction In the case of functioning as a counter electrode reactant, it is desirable to have an activity opposite to that of the electrodeposition reaction or electrochromic reaction.

  The N-oxyl derivative according to the present invention may be contained in the electrolyte or may be immobilized on the electrode surface. Examples of the method of immobilizing on the electrode surface include a method of introducing an adsorptive group chemically or physically adsorbing with the electrode surface into the N-oxyl derivative, a method of polymerizing the N-oxyl derivative to form a thin film on the electrode surface, and the like. Is mentioned. The N-oxyl derivative may be added in the form of an N-oxyl radical or in the form of an N-hydroxy compound.

  Hereinafter, the general formulas (1) to (9) related to the nitroquid radical compound according to the present invention will be described.

[Compound represented by the general formula (1)]
In this invention, it is one of the preferable aspects that the N-oxyl derivative which concerns on this invention is a compound represented by the said General formula (1).

  In the general formula (1), Ra and Rb are each independently an optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, heterocyclic group, or> C═O,> C═S,> C = represents a group bonded to a nitrogen atom via N-Rc. Rc represents a hydrogen atom or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent. Ra and Rb may be connected to each other to form a cyclic structure.

  The aliphatic hydrocarbon group includes chain and cyclic groups, and the chain group includes linear and branched groups. Such aliphatic hydrocarbon groups include methyl, ethyl, vinyl, propyl, isopropyl, propenyl, butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, iso-hexyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl, Examples include octyl, iso-octyl, cyclooctyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl and the like.

  Examples of the aromatic hydrocarbon group include a phenyl group and a naphthyl group. Examples of the heterocyclic group include a pyridyl group, a thiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a furyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, and a pyridazinyl group. , Serenazolyl group, sulfolanyl group, piperidinyl group, pyrazolyl group, tetrazolyl group, morpholino group and the like.

  These substituents may further have a substituent. These substituents are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include alkyl groups (for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group, octyl group, dodecyl group, tridecyl group, Tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group etc.), cycloalkyl group (eg cyclopropyl group, cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group etc.), alkenyl group (eg vinyl group, allyl group, butenyl group, octenyl group etc.), cycloalkenyl group (eg , 2-cyclopenten-1-yl group, 2-cyclohexen-1-yl group, etc.), alkynyl group (eg, propargyl group, ethynyl group, trimethylsilylethynyl group, etc.), aryl group (eg, phenyl group, naphthyl group, p) -Tolyl group, m-chlorophenyl group, o-hexadecanoylamino Phenyl group, etc.), heterocyclic group (for example, pyridyl group, thiazolyl group, oxazolyl group, imidazolyl group, furyl group, pyrrolyl group, pyrazinyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, selenazolyl group, sulfolanyl group, piperidinyl group, pyrazolyl group, Tetrazolyl group, morpholino group, etc.), heterocyclic oxy group (for example, 1-phenyltetrazol-5-oxy group, 2-tetrahydropyranyloxy group, pyridyloxy group, thiazolyloxy group, oxazolyloxy group, imidazolyloxy group, etc.) ), Halogen atoms (for example, chlorine atom, bromine atom, iodine atom, fluorine atom, etc.), alkoxy groups (for example, methoxy group, ethoxy group, propyloxy group, tert-butoxy group, pentyloxy group, hexyloxy group, octyl) Oxy group, dodecyloxy Group), cycloalkoxy group (for example, cyclopentyloxy group, cyclohexyloxy group, etc.), aryloxy group (for example, phenoxy group, 2-naphthyloxy group, 2-methylphenoxy group, 4-tert-butylphenoxy group, 3 -Nitrophenoxy group, 2-tetradecanoylaminophenoxy group, etc.), alkylthio group (for example, methylthio group, ethylthio group, propylthio group, pentylthio group, hexylthio group, octylthio group, dodecylthio group, etc.), cycloalkylthio group (for example, Cyclopentylthio group, cyclohexylthio group, etc.), arylthio group (for example, phenylthio group, 1-naphthylthio group, etc.), heterocyclic thio group (for example, pyridylthio group, thiazolylthio group, oxazolylthio group, imidazolylthio group, furylthio group, pinyl) Rorylthio group, etc.), alkoxycarbonyl group (eg, methoxycarbonyl group, ethoxycarbonyl group, butoxycarbonyl group, octyloxycarbonyl group, dodecyloxycarbonyl group, etc.), aryloxycarbonyl group (eg, phenyloxycarbonyl group, naphthyloxycarbonyl) Group), sulfamoyl group (for example, aminosulfonyl group, methylaminosulfonyl group, dimethylaminosulfonyl group, butylaminosulfonyl group, hexylaminosulfonyl group, cyclohexylaminosulfonyl group, octylaminosulfonyl group, dodecylaminosulfonyl group, phenylamino) Sulfonyl group, naphthylaminosulfonyl group, 2-pyridylaminosulfonyl group, morpholinosulfonyl group, pyrrolidinosulfonyl group, etc.), ureido (For example, methylureido group, ethylureido group, pentylureido group, cyclohexylureido group, octylureido group, dodecylureido group, phenylureido group, naphthylureido group, 2-pyridylaminoureido group, etc.), acyl group (for example, acetyl group Ethylcarbonyl group, propylcarbonyl group, pentylcarbonyl group, cyclohexylcarbonyl group, octylcarbonyl group, 2-ethylhexylcarbonyl group, dodecylcarbonyl group, phenylcarbonyl group, naphthylcarbonyl group, pyridylcarbonyl group, etc.), acyloxy group (for example, Formyloxy, acetyloxy, pivaloyloxy, stearoyloxy, benzoyloxy, p-methoxyphenylcarbonyloxy, ethylcarbonyloxy, Rucarbonyloxy group, octylcarbonyloxy group, dodecylcarbonyloxy group, phenylcarbonyloxy group, etc.), acylamino group (for example, acetylamino group, benzoylamino group, formylamino group, pivaloylamino group, lauroylamino group, 3, 4, 5-tri-n-octyloxyphenylcarbonylamino group), carbamoyl group (for example, aminocarbonyl group, methylaminocarbonyl group, dimethylaminocarbonyl group, propylaminocarbonyl group, pentylaminocarbonyl group, cyclohexylaminocarbonyl group, octyl) Aminocarbonyl group, 2-ethylhexylaminocarbonyl group, dodecylaminocarbonyl group, phenylaminocarbonyl group, naphthylaminocarbonyl group, 2-pyridylaminocarbonyl group , Morpholinocarbonyl group, piperazinocarbonyl group, etc.), alkanesulfinyl group or arylsulfinyl group (for example, methanesulfinyl group, ethanesulfinyl group, butanesulfinyl group, cyclohexanesulfinyl group, 2-ethylhexanesulfinyl group, dodecanesulfinyl group) , Phenylsulfinyl group, naphthylsulfinyl group, 2-pyridylsulfinyl group, etc.), alkanesulfonyl group or arylsulfonyl group (for example, methanesulfonyl group, ethanesulfonyl group, butanesulfonyl group, cyclohexanesulfonyl group, 2-ethylhexanesulfonyl group, Dodecanesulfonyl group, phenylsulfonyl group, naphthylsulfonyl group, 2-pyridylsulfonyl group, etc.), amino group (for example, amino group, methylamino group, Tilamino group, dimethylamino group, butylamino group, cyclopentylamino group, 2-ethylhexylamino group, dodecylamino group, anilino group, N-methylanilino group, diphenylamino group, naphthylamino group, 2-pyridylamino group), silyloxy group (Eg, trimethylsilyloxy group, tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy group, etc.), aminocarbonyloxy group (eg, N, N-dimethylcarbamoyloxy group, N, N-diethylcarbamoyloxy group, morpholinocarbonyloxy group, N, N -Di-n-octylaminocarbonyloxy group, Nn-octylcarbamoyloxy group, etc.), alkoxycarbonyloxy group (for example, methoxycarbonyloxy group, ethoxycarbonyloxy group, tert-butoxycarbonyl) Oxy group, n-octylcarbonyloxy group, etc.), aryloxycarbonyloxy group (for example, phenoxycarbonyloxy group, p-methoxyphenoxycarbonyloxy group, pn-hexadecyloxyphenoxycarbonyloxy group, etc.), alkoxycarbonylamino Groups (for example, methoxycarbonylamino group, ethoxycarbonylamino group, tert-butoxycarbonylamino group, n-octadecyloxycarbonylamino group, N-methyl-methoxycarbonylamino group, etc.), aryloxycarbonylamino groups (for example, phenoxycarbonyl) Amino group, p-chlorophenoxycarbonylamino group, mn-octyloxyphenoxycarbonylamino group, etc.), sulfamoylamino group (for example, sulfamoylamino group, N, N -Dimethylaminosulfonylamino group, Nn-octylaminosulfonylamino group, etc.), mercapto group, arylazo group (eg, phenylazo group, naphthylazo group, p-chlorophenylazo group, etc.), heterocyclic azo group (eg, pyridylazo group) , Thiazolylazo group, oxazolylazo group, imidazolylazo group, furylazo group, pyrrolylazo group, 5-ethylthio-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylazo group, etc., imino group (for example, N-succinimido-1-yl group, N-phthalimido-1-yl group, etc.), phosphino group (for example, dimethylphosphino group, diphenylphosphino group, methylphenoxyphosphino group, etc.), phosphinyl group (for example, phosphinyl group, dioctyloxyphosphinyl group, di) Ethoxyphosphinyl group, etc.), phosphine Nyloxy group (for example, diphenoxyphosphinyloxy group, dioctyloxyphosphinyloxy group, etc.), phosphinylamino group (for example, dimethoxyphosphinylamino group, dimethylaminophosphinylamino group, etc.), silyl group (For example, trimethylsilyl group, tert-butyldimethylsilyl group, phenyldimethylsilyl group, etc.), cyano group, nitro group, hydroxyl group, sulfo group, carboxyl group and the like can be mentioned.

  The compound represented by the general formula (1) may be a multimer such as a dimer or trimer linked by these substituents, or may be a polymer.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (1) are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.

  In addition, as a compound represented by General formula (1) based on this invention, the specific compound of the compound represented by General formula (2)-(5) mentioned later is included.

[Compound represented by formula (2)]
In the present invention, it is one of the preferred embodiments that the N-oxyl derivative according to the present invention is a compound represented by the general formula (2).

In the general formula (2), R ₂₁ , R ₂₂ , R ₂₃ and R ₂₄ are each independently an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, or heterocyclic group which may have a hydrogen atom or a substituent. Represents. These aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group and heterocyclic group have the same meanings as those in the general formula (1).

Z ₁ represents an atomic group necessary for forming a cyclic structure, and preferably forms a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring. Z ₁ may further have a substituent, and examples of the substituent include the same substituents as exemplified in the general formula (1). The atoms constituting R _{21 to} R ₂₄ and Z ₁ may be linked to each other to form a cyclic structure. For example, together with the nitrogen atom, a polycyclic structure such as an azanorbornene structure or an azaadamantane structure is taken. Also good.

  The ring structure of the compound represented by the general formula (2) is preferably a piperidine ring, a pyrrolidine ring, or an azaadamantane ring.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (2) are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.

[Compound represented by formula (3)]
In this invention, it is one of the preferable aspects that the N-oxyl derivative which concerns on this invention is a compound represented by the said General formula (3).

In the general formula (3), R ₇ is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which may be substituted, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, which is substituted directly or via an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom or a sulfur atom with a carbonyl carbon atom. Represents a group or a heterocyclic group, and R ₈ represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent. These aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, and heterocyclic group have the same meanings as in General Formula (1). R ₇ and R ₈ may be connected to each other to form a cyclic structure. In the general formula (3), R ₈ is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon group, and particularly preferably a phenyl group which may have a substituent. The substituent on the phenyl group is preferably an electron-withdrawing group such as a cyano group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, or a trifluoromethyl group. R ₇ is preferably an aliphatic hydrocarbon group directly bonded to a carbonyl carbon atom, particularly preferably a branched alkyl group or a cycloalkyl group.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (3) are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.

[Compound represented by formula (4)]
In the present invention, it is one of the preferred embodiments that the N-oxyl derivative according to the present invention is a compound represented by the general formula (4).

In the general formula (4), Z ₂ represents an atomic group necessary for forming a cyclic structure, and preferably forms a 5-membered ring or a 6-membered ring. Z ₂ may further have a substituent, and examples of the substituent include the substituents exemplified in Formula (1). Z ₂ may be a condensed ring.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (4) are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.

  As the compound represented by the general formula (4), N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxymaleic imide, N-hydroxyhexahydrophthalimide, and N-hydroxyphthalimide radical compounds are preferable.

[Compound represented by formula (5)]
In the present invention, it is one of the preferred embodiments that the N-oxyl derivative according to the present invention is a compound represented by the general formula (5).

In the general formula (5), R _{9 to} R ₁₃ each independently represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent. These aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, and heterocyclic group have the same meanings as those in formula (1).

In the general formula (5), R ₉ is preferably an aromatic hydrocarbon group, and particularly preferably a phenyl group which may have a substituent. The substituent on the phenyl group is preferably an electron-withdrawing group such as a cyano group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, or a trifluoromethyl group. The R ₁₀ to R _13, preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a methyl group is particularly preferred.

  Specific examples of the compound represented by the general formula (5) are shown below, but the present invention is not limited to these exemplified compounds.

[Compound represented by the general formula (6)]
In this invention, it is one of the preferable aspects that the N-oxyl derivative which concerns on this invention is a compound represented by the said General formula (6).

  In the general formula (6), X is a structure forming the main chain of the polymer, and represents at least one selected from the general formulas (6-1) to (6-4).

R ^{1 to} R ³ each independently represents an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, and an isopropyl group. From this viewpoint, a methyl group is preferable.

  Next, the general formulas (6-1) to (6-4), which are structures forming the main chain of the polymer represented by X, will be further described.

In the general formula (6-1), R ⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

In the general formula (6-2), R ⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. R ⁵ represents an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. For example, methylene group, ethylene group, ethane-1,1-diyl group, propane-1,1-diyl group, propane-1,2-diyl group, propane A -1,3-diyl group, a propane-2,2-diyl group, and the like can be mentioned. Among them, a methylene group is preferable from the viewpoint of easy synthesis.

In the general formula (6-3), R ^{6 to} R ⁸ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

In the general formula (6-4), R ^{6 to} R ⁸ each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. R ⁹ represents an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, for example, methylene group, ethylene group, ethane-1,1-diyl group, propane-1,1-diyl group, propane-1,2-diyl group, propane A -1,3-diyl group, a propane-2,2-diyl group, and the like can be mentioned. Among them, a methylene group is preferable from the viewpoint of easy synthesis.

  Although the exemplary compounds 6-1 to 6-8 of the N-oxyl derivative represented by the general formula (6) are shown below, the present invention is not limited only to these exemplified compounds.

  For example compound 6-1, tetramethylanidin is used as a catalyst, and methyl vinyl ketone is Michael-added to 2-nitropropane to give 5-nitro-2-hexanone. Next, the obtained 5-nitro-2-hexanone is cyclized in water using ammonium chloride and zinc to obtain a cyclic nitrone compound. Ethynyl group is introduced into the obtained cyclic nitrone compound by Grignard reaction using ethynylmagnesium bromide in ether and further converted into a nitroxide radical by air oxidation using a copper catalyst. This is polymerized with a rhodium catalyst to give Exemplary Compound 6-1. Other exemplary compounds can also be obtained by a method similar to the above synthesis method. That is, after introducing an ethynyl group and a vinyl group into a cyclic nitrone compound by a Grignard reaction, a polymerizable monomer having a nitroxide radical is obtained by an oxidation reaction. This is polymerized with a suitable polymerization catalyst. In the case of an ethynyl group, it can be polymerized not only by a rhodium catalyst but also by a catalyst in which molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, tantalum chloride and an alkyltin compound, an alkylaluminum compound or the like are combined. In the case of a vinyl group, it can be polymerized by a catalyst in which a transition metal compound such as titanium tetrachloride, titanium trichloride, vanadium tetrachloride, or vanadium trichloride is combined with an organometallic compound of a typical metal such as triethylaluminum. The target N-oxyl derivative can be synthesized by appropriately changing the synthesis scheme, raw materials to be used, reaction conditions and the like, and combining known synthesis techniques.

[Compound represented by the general formula (7)]
In this invention, it is one of the preferable aspects that the N-oxyl derivative based on this invention is a compound represented by the said General formula (7).

In the general formula (7), R ¹⁰ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, secondary butyl group, tertiary butyl group. Etc. R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.

  The compound represented by the general formula (7) preferably has a number average molecular weight of 500 or more, more preferably 5000 or more. This is because if the number average molecular weight is 500 or more, it is difficult to dissolve in the electrolyte solution, and if the number average molecular weight is 5000 or more, it is almost insoluble. The upper limit of the number average molecular weight is not particularly limited, but for the convenience of synthesis, a compound having a number average molecular weight of 5000000 or less, more preferably a number average molecular weight of 1000000 or less can be suitably used. The shape of the compound represented by the general formula (7) may be any of a chain shape, a branched shape, and a network shape. Moreover, the structure which bridge | crosslinked with the crosslinking agent may be sufficient.

  Although the exemplary compounds 7-1 to 7-8 of the N-oxyl derivative represented by the general formula (7) are shown below, the present invention is not limited only to these exemplified compounds.

  The compound represented by the general formula (7) according to the present invention can be synthesized, for example, according to the synthesis route described in [Chemical Formula 8] of JP-A-2007-35375.

[Compound represented by formula (8)]
In this invention, it is one of the preferable aspects that the N-oxyl derivative based on this invention is a compound represented by the said General formula (8).

In the general formula (8), R ¹² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, secondary butyl group, tertiary butyl group. Etc. R ¹³ to R ¹⁵ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group each independently.

  The compound represented by the general formula (8) preferably has a number average molecular weight of 500 or more, and more preferably 5000 or more. This is because if the number average molecular weight is 500 or more, it is difficult to dissolve in the electrolyte solution, and if the number average molecular weight is 5000 or more, it is almost insoluble. The upper limit of the number average molecular weight is not particularly limited, but for the convenience of synthesis, a compound having a number average molecular weight of 5000000 or less, more preferably a number average molecular weight of 1000000 or less can be suitably used. The shape of the compound represented by the general formula (8) may be any of a chain shape, a branched shape, and a network shape. Moreover, the structure which bridge | crosslinked with the crosslinking agent may be sufficient.

  Although the exemplary compounds 8-1 to 8-8 of the N-oxyl derivative represented by the general formula (8) are shown below, the present invention is not limited only to these exemplified compounds.

  The compound represented by the general formula (8) according to the present invention can be synthesized, for example, according to the synthesis route described in [Chemical Formula 9] of JP-A-2007-35375.

[Compound represented by formula (9)]
In this invention, it is one of the preferable aspects that the N-oxyl derivative which concerns on this invention is a compound represented by the said General formula (9).

In the general formula (9), R ^{16 to} R ²³ each represents a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and n represents an integer of 5 to 200.

R ^{16 to} R ²³ may be a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and may be a chain, cyclic or branched alkyl group, preferably an alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms. It is a group. Examples of the alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, and a t-butyl group. The alkyl group may be substituted with a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom, or a boron atom. n represents an integer of 5 to 200, preferably an integer of 10 to 100.

  Examples of the N-oxyl derivative represented by the general formula (9) are shown below, but the present invention is not limited only to the compounds exemplified here.

  The compound represented by the general formula (9) can be produced, for example, by subjecting a monomer having a norbornene skeleton to ring-opening polymerization using a metathesis catalyst such as a second generation Grubbs catalyst.

《Metal salt compound》
The metal salt compound according to the present invention is any compound as long as it contains a metal species that can be dissolved and precipitated by driving the counter electrode on at least one electrode on the counter electrode. There may be. Preferred metal species are silver, bismuth, copper, nickel, iron, chromium, zinc and the like, and particularly preferred are silver and bismuth.

[Silver salt compound]
The silver salt compound according to the present invention is silver or a compound containing silver in the chemical structure, such as silver oxide, silver sulfide, metallic silver, silver colloidal particles, silver halide, silver complex compound, silver ion and the like. There are no particular restrictions on the phase state species such as the solid state, the solubilized state in liquid, and the gas state, and the charged state species such as neutral, anionic, and cationic.

  The metal ion concentration contained in the electrolyte according to the present invention is preferably 0.2 mol / kg ≦ [Metal] ≦ 2.0 mol / kg. If the metal ion concentration is 0.2 mol / kg or more, a silver solution having a sufficient concentration can be obtained, and a desired driving speed can be obtained. If the metal ion concentration is 2 mol / kg or less, precipitation is prevented, and storage at low temperature is possible. The stability of the electrolyte solution is improved.

[Halogen ion, metal ion concentration ratio]
In the display element of the present invention, the molar concentration of halogen ions or halogen atoms contained in the electrolyte is [X] (mol / kg), and silver contained in the electrolyte or the total silver of the compound containing silver in the chemical structure. When the molar concentration is [Metal] (mol / kg), it is preferable to satisfy the condition defined by the following formula (1).

Formula (1): 0 ≦ [X] / [Metal] ≦ 0.1
The halogen atom as used in the field of this invention means an iodine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and a fluorine atom. When [X] / [Metal] is greater than 0.1, X ⁻ → X ₂ is generated during the metal redox reaction, and X ₂ easily cross-oxidizes with the deposited metal to dissolve the deposited metal. Therefore, the molar concentration of the halogen atom is preferably as low as possible with respect to the molar concentration of the metal. In the present invention, 0 ≦ [X] / [Metal] ≦ 0.001 is more preferable. In the case of adding halogen ions, the halogen species preferably have a total molar concentration of [I] <[Br] <[Cl] <[F] from the viewpoint of improving memory properties.

"Electrolytes"
The “electrolyte” as used in the present invention generally refers to a substance that dissolves in a solvent such as water and exhibits a ionic conductivity in a solution (hereinafter referred to as “narrowly defined electrolyte”). A mixture containing other metals, compounds, or the like, regardless of whether it is an electrolyte or a non-electrolyte, is called an electrolyte (“broadly defined electrolyte”).

[Compound represented by general formula (10) or general formula (11)]
In the display element of this invention, it is preferable that electrolyte contains at least 1 sort (s) of the compound represented by General formula (10) or General formula (11).

In the general formula (10), R ₂₆ and R ₂₇ each represent a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group, which includes an aromatic straight chain group or a branched group. Further, these hydrocarbon groups may contain one or more nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, phosphorus atoms, sulfur atoms, and halogen atoms. However, when a ring containing an S atom is formed, an aromatic group is not taken.

  Examples of groups that can be substituted for the hydrocarbon group include amino groups, guanidino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, hydroxyl groups, halogen compounds, carboxylic acid groups, carboxylate groups, amide groups, sulfinic acid groups, sulfonic acid groups, and sulfates. Groups, phosphonic acid groups, phosphate groups, nitro groups, cyano groups and the like.

  Generally, in order to cause dissolution and precipitation of silver, it is necessary to solubilize silver in an electrolyte. For example, silver or a compound containing silver is solubilized by coexisting with a compound containing a chemical structural species that interacts with silver, such as a coordinate bond with silver or a weak covalent bond with silver. It is common to use a means for converting to an object. As the chemical structural species, halogen atoms, mercapto groups, carboxyl groups, imino groups and the like are known, but in the present invention, the thioether group is also useful as a silver solvent and has little influence on the coexisting compound, It is characterized by high solubility in solvents.

  Hereinafter, although the specific example of a compound represented by General formula (10) which concerns on this invention is shown, in this invention, it is not limited only to these illustrated compounds.

10-1: CH ₃ SCH ₂ CH ₂ OH
10-2: HOCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ OH
10-3: HOCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ OH
10-4: HOCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ OH
_{10-5: HOCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2} CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 OH
10-6: HOCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH ₂ OH
10-7: H ₃ CSCH ₂ CH ₂ COOH
10-8: HOOCCH ₂ SCH ₂ COOH
10-9: HOOCCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ COOH
10-10: HOOCCH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ COOH
10-11: HOOCCH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ COOH
10-12: HOOCCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ COOH
_{10-13: HOOCCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2} CH 2 SCH 2 CH (OH) CH (OH) CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 COOH
10-14: H ₃ CSCH ₂ CH ₂ CH ₂ NH _{2
10-15: H 2 NCH 2 CH 2} SCH 2 CH 2 NH 2
_{10-16: H 2 NCH 2 CH 2} SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 NH 2
_{10-17: H 3 CSCH 2 CH 2} CH (NH 2) COOH
_{10-18: H 2 NCH 2 CH 2} OCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 NH 2
_{10-19: H 2 NCH 2 CH 2} SCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 NH 2
10-20: H ₂ NCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ NH ₂
10-21: HOOC (NH ₂ ) CHCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ CH (NH ₂ ) COOH
10-22: HOOC (NH ₂ ) CHCH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH (NH ₂ ) COOH
10-23: HOOC (NH ₂ ) CHCH ₂ OCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH (NH ₂ ) COOH
_{10-24: H 2 N (O =} ) CCH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 C (= O) NH 2
_{10-25: H 2 N (O =} ) CCH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 C (= O) NH 2
_{10-26: H 2 NHN (O =} ) CCH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 C (= O) NHNH 2
_{10-27: H 3 C (O =} ) CNHCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 NHC (= O) CH 3
_{10-28: H 2 NO 2 SCH 2} CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SO 2 NH 2
_{10-29: NaO 3 SCH 2 CH 2} CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 Na
_{10-30: H 3 CSO 2 NHCH 2} CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 SCH 2 CH 2 NHO 2 SCH 3
10-31: H ₂ N (NH) CSCH ₂ CH ₂ SC (NH) NH ₂ .2HBr
10-32: H ₂ (NH) CSCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH ₂ OCH ₂ CH ₂ SC (NH) NH ₂ .2HCl
10-33: H ₂ N (NH) CNHCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ NHC (NH) NH ₂ .2HBr
10-34: [(CH ₃ ) ₃ NCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ SCH ₂ CH ₂ N (CH ₃ ) ₃ ] 2 ⁺ · 2Cl ⁻

  Among the above-exemplified compounds, Exemplified Compound 10-2 is particularly preferable from the viewpoint that the object and effects of the present invention can be exhibited.

  Next, the compound represented by the general formula (11) according to the present invention will be described.

In the general formula (11), M represents a hydrogen atom, a metal atom, or quaternary ammonium. Z represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring excluding imidazole rings. n represents an integer of 0 to 5, and R ₂₈ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylcarbonamide group, an arylcarbonamide group, an alkylsulfonamide group, an arylsulfonamide group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group Group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, alkylcarbamoyl group, arylcarbamoyl group, carbamoyl group, alkylsulfamoyl group, arylsulfamoyl group, sulfamoyl group, cyano group, alkylsulfonyl group, arylsulfonyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryl oxycarbonyl group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, a carboxyl group, a carbonyl group, a sulfonyl group, an amino group, a hydroxy group or a heterocyclic group, when n is 2 or more, each of R ₂₈ It may be the same, or different, may form a condensed ring by combining to each other.

Examples of the metal atom represented by M in the general formula (11) include Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Ag. Examples of the quaternary ammonium include NH ₄ , N (CH ₃ ) ₄ , N (C ₄ H ₉ ) ₄ , N (CH ₃ ) ₃ C ₁₂ H ₂₅ , N (CH ₃ ) ₃ C ₁₆ H ₃₃ , N (CH ₃ ) ₃ CH ₂ C ₆ H _{5 and the} like It is done.

  Examples of the nitrogen-containing heterocycle represented by Z in the general formula (11) include a tetrazole ring, a triazole ring, an imidazole ring, an oxadiazole ring, a thiadiazole ring, an indole ring, an oxazole ring, a benzoxazole ring, and a benzimidazole ring. Benzothiazole ring, benzoselenazole ring, naphthoxazole ring and the like.

Examples of the halogen atom represented by R ₂₈ in the general formula (11) include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom. Examples of the alkyl group include methyl, ethyl, propyl, i- Examples include propyl, butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, octyl, dodecyl, hydroxyethyl, methoxyethyl, trifluoromethyl, benzyl, etc. Examples of the aryl group include phenyl, naphthyl and the like. Examples of the alkylcarbonamide group include acetylamino, propionylamino, butyroylamino and the like. Examples of the arylcarbonamide group include benzoylamino and the like. Examples of the sulfonamide group include methanesulfonyl group. Examples include an amino group and an ethanesulfonylamino group. Examples of the arylsulfonamide group include a benzenesulfonylamino group and a toluenesulfonylamino group. Examples of the aryloxy group include phenoxy and the like. Examples of the group include each group such as methylthio, ethylthio, and butylthio. Examples of the arylthio group include phenylthio group and tolylthio group. Examples of the alkylcarbamoyl group include methylcarbamoyl, dimethylcarbamoyl, Examples include ethyl carbamoyl, diethyl carbamoyl, dibutyl carbamoyl, piperidyl carbamoyl, morpholyl carbamoyl and the like, and aryl carbamoyl groups include, for example, phenyl carbamoyl, methyl phenyl Examples thereof include rubamoyl, ethylphenylcarbamoyl, benzylphenylcarbamoyl, etc. Examples of the alkylsulfamoyl group include methylsulfamoyl, dimethylsulfamoyl, ethylsulfamoyl, diethylsulfamoyl, dibutylsulfamoyl. Examples of each group include moyl, piperidylsulfamoyl, morpholylsulfamoyl, and arylsulfamoyl groups include, for example, phenylsulfamoyl, methylphenylsulfamoyl, ethylphenylsulfamoyl, benzylphenylsulfamoyl. Examples of the alkylsulfonyl group include methanesulfonyl group and ethanesulfonyl group. Examples of the arylsulfonyl group include phenylsulfonyl and 4-chlorophenylsulfonyl. And alkoxycarbonyl groups include, for example, methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl, and the like, and aryloxycarbonyl groups include, for example, phenoxycarbonyl, and the like. Examples of the alkylcarbonyl group include acetyl, propionyl, and butyroyl groups. Examples of the arylcarbonyl group include benzoyl group and alkylbenzoyl group. Examples of the acyloxy group include, for example, Examples include acetyloxy, propionyloxy, butyroyloxy and the like, and examples of the heterocyclic group include oxazole ring, thiazole ring, triazole ring, selenazole ring, tetrazole ring, oxadiazole ring, thiadiazole ring, Jin ring, a triazine ring, a benzoxazole ring, benzothiazole ring, an indolenine ring, benzimidazole benzoselenazole ring, naphthothiazole ring, triazaindolizine ring, diaza indolizine ring, tetraazacyclododecane indolizine ring group, and the like. These substituents further include those having a substituent.

  Next, although the preferable specific example of a compound represented by General formula (11) is shown, this invention is not limited to these compounds.

  Of the above-exemplified compounds, Exemplified Compounds 11-12 and 11-18 are particularly preferable from the viewpoint that the object and effects of the present invention can be exhibited.

[Compounds represented by general formulas (12) and (13)]
In the display element of the present invention, the electrolyte preferably contains a compound represented by the general formula (12) or (13).

In the general formula (12), L represents an oxygen atom or CH ₂ , and R _{29 to} R ₃₂ each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, or an alkoxy group.

In the general formula (13), R ₃₃ and R ₃₄ each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group or an alkoxy group.

  First, the detail of the compound represented by General formula (12) is demonstrated.

In the general formula (12), L represents an oxygen atom or CH ₂ , and R _{29 to} R ₃₂ each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, or an alkoxy group.

  Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, and the like as aryl groups. Examples of the cycloalkyl group such as phenyl group, naphthyl group and the like include, for example, a cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group and the like, an alkoxyalkyl group, for example, a β-methoxyethyl group, a γ-methoxypropyl group and the like, as an alkoxy group, Examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propyloxy group, a pentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group, an octyloxy group, and a dodecyloxy group.

  Hereinafter, although the specific example of a compound represented by General formula (12) is shown, in this invention, it is not limited only to these illustrated compounds.

  Subsequently, the detail of the compound represented by General formula (13) is demonstrated.

In the general formula (13), R ₃₃ and R ₃₄ each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, or an alkoxy group.

  Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, and the like as aryl groups. Examples of the cycloalkyl group such as phenyl group, naphthyl group and the like include, for example, a cyclopentyl group, cyclohexyl group and the like, an alkoxyalkyl group, for example, a β-methoxyethyl group, a γ-methoxypropyl group and the like, as an alkoxy group, Examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propyloxy group, a pentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group, an octyloxy group, and a dodecyloxy group.

  Hereinafter, although the specific example of a compound represented by General formula (13) is shown, in this invention, it is not limited only to these illustrated compounds.

  Among the compounds represented by the general formula (12) and the general formula (13) exemplified above, the exemplified compounds 12-1, 12-2, 12-4, and 13-3 are particularly preferable.

  The compounds represented by the general formulas (12) and (13) according to the present invention are one kind of electrolyte solvents. However, in the display element of the present invention, another solvent is used as long as the object effects of the present invention are not impaired. Can be used together. Specifically, tetramethylurea, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 2- (N-methyl) -2-pyrrolidinone, hexamethylphosphortriamide, N-methylpropionamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N dimethylformamide, N-methylformamide, butyronitrile, propionitrile, acetonitrile, acetylacetone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-butanol, 1-butanol, 2 -Propanol, 1-propanol, ethanol, methanol, acetic anhydride, ethyl acetate, ethyl propionate, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyfuran, tetrahydrofuran, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol monobuty Ether, water and the like. Among these solvents, it is preferable to include at least one solvent having a freezing point of −20 ° C. or lower and a boiling point of 120 ° C. or higher.

  Furthermore, as a solvent which can be used in the present invention, J.P. A. Riddick, W.M. B. Bunger, T.A. K. Sakano, “Organic Solvents”, 4th ed. , John Wiley & Sons (1986). Marcus, “Ion Solvation”, John Wiley & Sons (1985), C.I. Reichardt, “Solvents and Solvent Effects in Chemistry”, 2nd ed. VCH (1988), G .; J. et al. Janz, R.A. P. T.A. Tomkins, “Nonqueous Electronics Handbook”, Vol. 1, Academic Press (1972).

  In the present invention, the electrolyte solvent may be a single type or a mixture of solvents, but a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate is preferred. The addition amount of ethylene carbonate is preferably 10% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less of the total electrolyte solvent mass. A particularly preferable electrolyte solvent is a mixed solvent having a mass ratio of propylene carbonate / ethylene carbonate of 7/3 to 3/7. When the propylene carbonate ratio is larger than 7/3, the ionic conductivity is inferior and the response speed is lowered. When the propylene carbonate ratio is smaller than 3/7, the electrolyte tends to be deposited at a low temperature.

《White scattering material》
In the present invention, from the viewpoint of further increasing the display contrast and the white display reflectance, it is preferable to contain a white scattering material, and a porous white scattering layer may be formed and present.

  The porous white scattering layer applicable to the present invention can be formed by applying and drying an aqueous mixture of an aqueous polymer and a white pigment that is substantially insoluble in the electrolyte solvent.

  Examples of the white pigment applicable in the present invention include titanium dioxide (anatase type or rutile type), barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and zinc hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium phosphate, Magnesium hydrogen phosphate, alkaline earth metal salt, talc, kaolin, zeolite, acidic clay, glass, organic compounds such as polyethylene, polystyrene, acrylic resin, ionomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, benzoguanamine resin, urea-formalin resin, A melamine-formalin resin, a polyamide resin, or the like may be used alone or in combination, or in a state having voids that change the refractive index in the particles.

In the present invention, among the white particles, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and zinc hydroxide are preferably used. In addition, titanium dioxide surface-treated with inorganic oxides (Al ₂ O ₃ , AlO (OH), SiO _2, etc.), in addition to these surface treatments, trimethylolethane, triethanolamine acetate, trimethylcyclosilane, etc. Titanium dioxide subjected to organic treatment can be used.

  Of these white particles, it is more preferable to use titanium oxide or zinc oxide from the viewpoint of coloring prevention at high temperature and the reflectance of the element due to the refractive index.

  In the present invention, examples of the water-based polymer that does not substantially dissolve in the electrolyte solvent include a water-soluble polymer and a polymer dispersed in the water-based solvent.

Examples of water-soluble compounds include proteins such as gelatin and gelatin derivatives, cellulose derivatives, natural compounds such as polysaccharides such as starch, gum arabic, dextran, pullulan and carrageenan, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, acrylamide polymers and their Examples include synthetic polymer compounds such as derivatives. Examples of gelatin derivatives include acetylated gelatin, phthalated gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol derivatives include terminal alkyl group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, terminal mercapto group-modified polyvinyl alcohol, and cellulose derivatives include hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, and the like. It is done. Furthermore, Research Disclosure and those described in pages (71) to (75) of JP-A No. 64-13546, US Pat. No. 4,960,681, JP-A No. 62-245260, etc. superabsorbent polymers described, namely -COOM or -SO ₃ M (M is a hydrogen atom or an alkali metal) homopolymer or a vinyl monomer together or with other vinyl monomers of the vinyl monomer having a (e.g., sodium methacrylate, Copolymers with ammonium acid, potassium acrylate, etc.) are also used. Two or more of these binders can be used in combination.

  In the present invention, gelatin and gelatin derivatives, or polyvinyl alcohol or derivatives thereof can be preferably used.

  Polymers dispersed in an aqueous solvent include natural rubber latex, styrene butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, nitrile rubber, chloroprene rubber, isoprene rubber and other latexes, polyisocyanate, epoxy, acrylic, silicone, polyurethane, Examples thereof include a thermosetting resin in which urea, phenol, formaldehyde, epoxy-polyamide, melamine, alkyd resin, vinyl resin and the like are dispersed in an aqueous solvent. Of these polymers, it is preferable to use an aqueous polyurethane resin described in JP-A-10-76621.

  In the present invention, “substantially insoluble in an electrolyte solvent” is defined as a state in which the dissolved amount per kg of electrolyte solvent is 0 g or more and 10 g or less at a temperature of −20 ° C. to 120 ° C. The amount of dissolution can be determined by a known method such as a component determination method using a chromatogram or a gas chromatogram.

  In the present invention, the water mixture of the water-based compound and the white pigment is preferably in a form in which the white pigment is dispersed in water according to a known dispersion method. The mixing ratio of the aqueous compound / white pigment is preferably 1 to 0.01, more preferably 0.3 to 0.05 in terms of volume ratio.

  In the present invention, the medium for applying the water mixture of the water-based compound and the white pigment may be at any position as long as it is on the component between the counter electrodes of the display element, but on the electrode surface of at least one of the counter electrodes. It is preferable to give to. As a method for applying to a medium, for example, a coating method, a liquid spraying method, a spraying method via a gas phase, a method of flying droplets using vibration of a piezoelectric element, for example, a piezoelectric inkjet head, Examples thereof include a bubble jet (registered trademark) type ink jet head that causes droplets to fly using a thermal head that uses bumping, and a spray type that sprays liquid by air pressure or liquid pressure.

  The coating method can be appropriately selected from known coating methods. For example, an air doctor coater, blade coater, rod coater, knife coater, squeeze coater, impregnation coater, reverse roller coater, transfer roller coater, curtain coater, double coater Examples include roller coaters, slide hopper coaters, gravure coaters, kiss roll coaters, bead coaters, cast coaters, spray coaters, calendar coaters, and extrusion coaters.

  Drying of the water mixture of the aqueous compound and the white pigment applied on the medium may be performed by any method as long as water can be evaporated. For example, heating from a heat source, a heating method using infrared light, a heating method using electromagnetic induction, and the like can be given. Further, water evaporation may be performed under reduced pressure.

  Porous as used in the present invention refers to the formation of a porous white scattering material by applying a water admixture of the water-based compound and the white pigment onto the electrode and drying it, and then the silver or silver is chemically treated on the scattering material. After supplying an electrolyte solution containing the compound contained in the structure, it can be sandwiched between opposing electrodes, giving a potential difference between the opposing electrodes, causing a silver dissolution precipitation reaction, and penetrating ions that can move between the electrodes Tell the state.

  In the display element of the present invention, it is desirable to carry out a curing reaction of the water-based compound with a curing agent during or after applying and drying the water mixture described above.

  Examples of the hardener used in the present invention include, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,678,739, column 41, 4,791,042, JP-A-59-116655, and 62-245261. No. 61-18942, 61-249054, 61-245153, JP-A-4-218044, and the like. More specifically, aldehyde hardeners (formaldehyde, etc.), aziridine hardeners, epoxy hardeners, vinyl sulfone hardeners (N, N'-ethylene-bis (vinylsulfonylacetamide) Ethane, etc.), N-methylol hardeners (dimethylolurea, etc.), boric acid, metaboric acid or polymer hardeners (compounds described in JP-A-62-234157). When gelatin is used as the aqueous compound, it is preferable to use a vinyl sulfone type hardener or a chlorotriazine type hardener alone or in combination. Moreover, when using polyvinyl alcohol, it is preferable to use boron-containing compounds such as boric acid and metaboric acid.

  These hardeners are used in an amount of 0.001 to 1 g, preferably 0.005 to 0.5 g, per 1 g of the aqueous compound. In addition, it is possible to perform heat treatment and humidity adjustment during the curing reaction in order to increase the film strength.

<Electronic insulation layer>
In the display element of the present invention, an electrical insulating layer can be provided.

  The electronic insulating layer applicable to the present invention may be a layer having both ionic conductivity and electronic insulating properties. For example, a solid electrolyte membrane in which a polymer or salt having a polar group is formed into a film, electronic insulating properties And a porous solid body having a low relative dielectric constant, such as a silicon-containing compound, and the like.

  As a method for forming a porous film, a sintering method (fusion method) (using fine pores formed between particles by adding polymer fine particles or inorganic particles to a binder or the like and partially fusing them), an extraction method ( After forming a constituent layer with a solvent-soluble organic substance or inorganic substance and a binder that does not dissolve in the solvent, the organic substance or inorganic substance is dissolved with the solvent to obtain pores), and the polymer is heated or degassed Known forming methods such as a foaming method in which foaming is performed, a phase change method in which a mixture of polymers is phase-separated by operating a good solvent and a poor solvent, and a radiation irradiation method in which pores are formed by radiating various types of radiation Can be used. Specifically, JP-A-10-30181, JP-A-2003-107626, JP-B-7-95403, JP-A-2635715, JP-A-2894523, JP-A-2987474, JP-A-3066426, and JP-A-3464513. No. 3,483,464, No. 3535942, No. 30622203, and the like.

《Thickener added with electrolyte》
In the display element of the present invention, a thickener can be used for the electrolyte. For example, gelatin, gum arabic, poly (vinyl alcohol), hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, poly ( Vinylpyrrolidone), poly (alkylene glycol), casein, starch, poly (acrylic acid), poly (methyl methacrylic acid), poly (vinyl chloride), poly (methacrylic acid), copoly (styrene-maleic anhydride), copoly ( Styrene-acrylonitrile), copoly (styrene-butadiene), poly (vinyl acetal) s (eg, poly (vinyl formal) and poly (vinyl butyral)), poly (esters), poly (urethanes), phenoxy resins, poly (PVC Redene), poly (epoxide) s, poly (carbonates), poly (vinyl acetate), cellulose esters, poly (amides), hydrophobic transparent binders such as polyvinyl butyral, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyester, Examples include polycarbonate, polyacrylic acid, polyurethane and the like.

  These thickeners may be used in combination of two or more. Moreover, the compound as described in pages 71-75 of Unexamined-Japanese-Patent No. 64-13546 can be mentioned. Among these, the compounds preferably used are polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinyl pyrrolidones, hydroxypropyl celluloses, and polyalkylene glycols from the viewpoint of compatibility with various additives and improvement in dispersion stability of white particles.

《Other additives》
Examples of the constituent layers of the display element of the present invention include auxiliary layers such as a protective layer, a filter layer, an antihalation layer, a crossover light cut layer, and a backing layer. Sensitizer, noble metal sensitizer, photosensitive dye, supersensitizer, coupler, high boiling point solvent, antifoggant, stabilizer, development inhibitor, bleach accelerator, fixing accelerator, color mixing inhibitor, formalin scavenger, Toning agents, hardeners, surfactants, thickeners, plasticizers, slip agents, UV absorbers, anti-irradiation dyes, filter light absorbing dyes, anti-bacterial agents, polymer latex, heavy metals, antistatic agents, matting agents Etc. can be contained as required.

  These additives mentioned above are more specifically described in Research Disclosure (hereinafter abbreviated as RD), Volume 176 Item / 17643 (December 1978), Volume 184, Item / 18431 (August 1979), 187. Volume Item / 18716 (November 1979) and Volume 308 Item / 308119 (December 1989).

  The types of compounds and their descriptions shown in these three research disclosures are listed below.

Additive RD17643 RD18716 RD308119
Page Classification Page Classification Page Classification Chemical sensitizer 23 III 648 Upper right 96 III
Sensitizing dye 23 IV 648-649 996-8 IV
Desensitizing dye 23 IV 998 IV
Dye 25-26 VIII 649-650 1003 VIII
Development accelerator 29 XXI 648 Upper right Anti-fogging agent and stabilizer
24 IV 649 Upper right 1006-7 VI
Brightener 24 V 998 V
Hardener 26 X 651 Left 1004-5 X
Surfactant 26-7 XI 650 Right 1005-6 XI
Antistatic agent 27 XII 650 Right 1006-7 XIII
Plasticizer 27 XII 650 Right 1006 XII
Slipper 27 XII
Matting agent 28 XVI 650 Right 1008-9 XVI
Binder 26 XXII 1003-4 IX
Support 28 XVII 1009 XVII
"substrate"
Examples of the substrate that can be used in the present invention include polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, polycarbonates, cellulose acetate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene dinaphthalene dicarboxylate, polyethylene naphthalates, polyvinyl chloride, polyimide, and polyvinyl acetal. Synthetic plastic films such as polystyrene can also be preferably used. Syndiotactic polystyrenes are also preferred. These can be obtained, for example, by the methods described in JP-A Nos. 62-117708, 1-46912 and 1-178505. Further, a metal substrate such as stainless steel, a paper support such as baryta paper and resin coated paper, and a support provided with a reflective layer on the plastic film, supported by JP-A-62-253195 (pages 29-31) The thing described as a body is mentioned. RDNo. 17643, page 28, ibid. No. 18716, page 647, right column to page 648, left column, and No. 307105, page 879 can also be preferably used. As these supports, those having resistance to curling due to heat treatment of Tg or less as in US Pat. No. 4,141,735 can be used. Further, the surface of these supports may be subjected to surface treatment for the purpose of improving the adhesion between the support and other constituent layers. In the present invention, glow discharge treatment, ultraviolet irradiation treatment, corona treatment, and flame treatment can be used as the surface treatment. Furthermore, the support body described in pages 44 to 149 of publicly known technology No. 5 (issued by Aztec Co., Ltd. on March 22, 1991) can also be used. Furthermore, RDNo. 308119, page 1009, Product Licensing Index, Volume 92, P108, “Supports”, and the like. In addition, a glass substrate or an epoxy resin kneaded with glass can be used.

"electrode"
In the display element of the present invention, it is preferable that at least one of the counter electrodes is a metal electrode. As the metal electrode, for example, known metal species such as platinum, gold, silver, copper, aluminum, zinc, nickel, titanium, bismuth, and alloys thereof can be used. The metal electrode is preferably a metal having a work function close to the redox potential of silver in the electrolyte. Above all, silver or a silver electrode having a silver content of 80% or more is advantageous for maintaining the reduced state of silver. Excellent in preventing dirt. As an electrode manufacturing method, an existing method such as an evaporation method, a printing method, an ink jet method, a spin coating method, or a CVD method can be used.

  In the display element of the present invention, it is preferable that at least one of the counter electrodes is a transparent electrode. The transparent electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is transparent and conducts electricity. For example, Indium Tin Oxide (ITO: Indium Tin Oxide), Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO: Indium Zinc Oxide), Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide (FTO), Indium Oxide, Zinc Oxide, Platinum, Gold, Silver, Rhodium, Copper, Examples thereof include chromium, carbon, aluminum, silicon, amorphous silicon, and BSO (Bismuth Silicon Oxide). In order to form the electrode in this manner, for example, an ITO film may be vapor-deposited on the substrate by a sputtering method or the like, or an ITO film may be formed on the entire surface and then patterned by a photolithography method. The surface resistance value is preferably 100Ω / □ or less, and more preferably 10Ω / □ or less. The thickness of the transparent electrode is not particularly limited, but is generally 0.1 to 20 μm.

<< Other components of the display element >>
In the display element of the present invention, a sealant, a columnar structure, and spacer particles can be used as necessary.

  Sealing agent is for sealing so that it does not leak outside and is also called sealing agent. Epoxy resin, urethane resin, acrylic resin, vinyl acetate resin, ene-thiol resin, silicon resin, modified resin A curing type such as a polymer resin, such as a thermosetting type, a photocurable type, a moisture curable type, and an anaerobic curable type can be used.

  The columnar structure provides strong self-holding (strength) between the substrates, for example, a columnar body, a quadrangular columnar body, an elliptical columnar body, a trapezoidal array arranged in a predetermined pattern such as a lattice arrangement. A columnar structure such as a columnar body can be given. Alternatively, stripes arranged at predetermined intervals may be used. This columnar structure is not a random array, but can be properly maintained at intervals of the substrate, such as an evenly spaced array, an array in which the interval gradually changes, and an array in which a predetermined arrangement pattern is repeated at a constant period. The arrangement is preferably considered so as not to disturb the display. If the ratio of the area occupied by the columnar structure in the display area of the display element is 1 to 40%, a practically sufficient strength as a display element can be obtained.

  A spacer may be provided between the pair of substrates for uniformly maintaining a gap between the substrates. Examples of the spacer include a sphere made of resin or inorganic oxide. Further, a fixed spacer having a surface coated with a thermoplastic resin is also preferably used. In order to hold the gap between the substrates uniformly, only the columnar structure may be provided, but both the spacer and the columnar structure may be provided, or instead of the columnar structure, only the spacer is used as the space holding member. May be used. The diameter of the spacer is equal to or less than the height of the columnar structure, preferably equal to the height. When the columnar structure is not formed, the diameter of the spacer corresponds to the thickness of the cell gap.

<< Display element driving method >>
The method for controlling the transparent state and the colored state of the display element of the present invention is preferably determined based on the oxidation-reduction potential of the compound represented by the general formula (A) and the deposition overvoltage of silver ions.

  For example, in the case of a display element having a compound represented by the general formula (A) and a silver compound between counter electrodes, a colored state other than black is shown on the oxidation side and a black state is shown on the reduction side. As an example of the control method in this case, the compound represented by the general formula (A) is oxidized by applying a noble voltage from the oxidation-reduction potential of the compound represented by the general formula (A) and colored other than black. The state is indicated, and the compound represented by the general formula (A) is reduced to a white state by applying a voltage between the oxidation-reduction potential of the compound represented by the general formula (A) and the precipitation overvoltage of the silver compound. By applying a voltage lower than the deposition overvoltage of the silver compound, silver is deposited on the electrode to show a black state, and between the oxidation potential of the deposited silver and the oxidation-reduction potential of the compound represented by the general formula (A) The method of melt | dissolving and decoloring silver which precipitated by applying the voltage of this is mentioned.

  The driving operation of the display element of the present invention may be simple matrix driving or active matrix driving. The simple matrix driving in the present invention is a driving method in which a current is sequentially applied to a circuit in which a positive line including a plurality of positive electrodes and a negative electrode line including a plurality of negative electrodes are opposed to each other in a vertical direction. Say that. By using simple matrix driving, there is an advantage that the circuit configuration and driving IC can be simplified and manufactured at low cost. The active matrix drive is a system in which scanning lines, data lines, and current supply lines are formed in a grid pattern, and are driven by TFT circuits provided in each grid pattern. Since switching can be performed for each pixel, there are merits such as gradation and memory function. For example, a circuit described in FIG. 5 of JP-A-2004-29327 can be used.

<Product application>
The display element of the present invention can be used in an electronic book field, an ID card field, a public field, a traffic field, a broadcast field, a payment field, a distribution logistics field, and the like. Specifically, keys for doors, student ID cards, employee ID cards, various membership cards, convenience store cards, department store cards, vending machine cards, gas station cards, subway and railway cards, bus cards, Cash cards, credit cards, highway cards, driver's licenses, hospital examination cards, electronic medical records, health insurance cards, Basic Resident Registers, passports, electronic books, etc.

  EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In addition, although the display of "part" or "%" is used in an Example, unless otherwise indicated, "part by mass" or "mass%" is represented.

Example 1
[Production of Display Element 1-1]
(Production of ITO)
An ITO (Indium Tin Oxide) film having a pitch of 145 μm and an electrode width of 130 μm was formed on a 2 cm × 4 cm glass substrate having a thickness of 1.5 mm according to a known method to obtain ITO.

(Production of electrode 1)
After applying a paste liquid containing titanium dioxide having an average particle diameter of 10 nm on the ITO electrode by a screen printing method, the paste liquid was heated at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to remove the solvent of the titanium dioxide having a thickness of 1 μm. A nanoporous membrane was formed. Next, the following ink 1 was applied to the nanoporous film at 120 dpi using an inkjet apparatus having a piezo-type head, to produce an electrode 1. In addition, dpi as used in the field of this invention represents the number of dots per 2.54 cm.

(Preparation of ink liquid 1)
The following compound EC-1 was dissolved in acetonitrile / ethanol so as to be 3 mmol / L to prepare ink liquid 1.

EC-1: Compound bis (2-phosphonoethyl) -4,4′-bipyridinium dibromide described in Example 1 in JP-A-2003-270670 (Preparation of electrode 11)
A nickel electrode having an electrode thickness of 0.1 μm, a pitch of 145 μm, and an electrode interval of 130 μm is formed on a glass substrate having a thickness of 1.5 mm and a size of 2 cm × 4 cm by using a known method. And a gold-nickel electrode (electrode 11) having a depth of 0.05 μm replaced with gold from the electrode surface was obtained.

(Preparation of electrolyte 1)
0.025 g of tetrabutylammonium perchloride was dissolved in 2.5 g of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain an electrolytic solution 1.

(Production of display element)
After the periphery of the electrode 1 is edged with an olefin-based sealant containing glass spherical beads having an average particle diameter of 40 μm as a volume fraction of 10%, the striped electrodes are orthogonal to the electrodes 1 and 11 respectively. The cells were bonded together and further heated and pressed to produce an empty cell. The electrolytic solution 1 was vacuum-injected into the empty cell, and the injection port was sealed with an epoxy-based ultraviolet curable resin to produce a display element 1-1.

[Production of Display Element 1-2]
(Preparation of CuAlO ₂ porous film)
Cu ₂ O and Al ₂ O ₃ were each subjected to a solid phase reaction to synthesize CuAlO ₂ powder. 950 mg of the obtained CuAlO ₂ powder and 50 mg of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) were weighed and mixed. 4 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added here, and it stirred until it became a slurry form. The obtained slurry liquid was applied to the entire electrode 1 with a doctor blade so that the film thickness after drying was 1 μm, then dried at 80 ° C. for 3 minutes, and further annealed at 350 ° C. under N ₂ gas for 24 hours. Thus, an electrode having a CuAlO ₂ porous film (hereinafter referred to as a CuAlO ₂ electrode) was obtained. When the Hall coefficient of the obtained electrode was measured, a result suggesting p-type conductivity was obtained.

(Preparation of electrode 2)
Ink 1 was applied onto the CuAlO ₂ electrode at 120 dpi by an inkjet apparatus having a piezo-type head, and electrode 2 was produced.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-2 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-1 except that the electrode 1 was changed to the electrode 2.

[Production of Display Element 1-3]
(Preparation of electrode 3)
The following ink 2 was applied onto the CuAlO ₂ electrode at 120 dpi by an inkjet apparatus having a piezo-type head, and an electrode 3 was produced.

(Preparation of ink liquid 2)
The following compound EC-2 was dissolved in acetonitrile / ethanol so as to be 3 mmol / L to prepare ink liquid 2.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-3 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-1 except that the electrode 1 was changed to the electrode 3.

[Production of Display Element 1-4]
(Preparation of electrode 4)
After applying a paste liquid containing titanium dioxide having an average particle diameter of 10 nm on the ITO electrode by a screen printing method, the paste liquid was heated at 150 ° C. for 30 minutes to remove the solvent of the titanium dioxide having a thickness of 1 μm. A nanoporous membrane was formed. Next, the following ink 3 was applied to the nanoporous film at 120 dpi with an inkjet apparatus having a piezo-type head, to produce an electrode 4.

(Preparation of ink liquid 3)
Compound A-42 was dissolved in acetonitrile / ethanol so as to be 3 mmol / L to prepare ink liquid 3.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-4 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-1 except that the electrode 1 was changed to the electrode 4.

[Production of Display Element 1-5]
(Preparation of electrode 5)
The following ink 3 was applied onto the CuAlO ₂ electrode at 120 dpi by an inkjet apparatus having a piezo-type head, and an electrode 5 was produced.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-5 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-1 except that the electrode 1 was changed to the electrode 5.

[Production of Display Element 1-6]
(Preparation of CuGaO ₂ porous film)
Cu ₂ O and Ga ₂ O ₃ were each subjected to solid phase reaction to synthesize CuGaO ₂ powder. 950 mg of the obtained CuGaO ₂ powder and 50 mg of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) were weighed and mixed. 4 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added here, and it stirred until it became a slurry form. The obtained slurry liquid was applied to the entire electrode 1 with a doctor blade so that the film thickness after drying was 1 μm, then dried at 80 ° C. for 3 minutes, and further annealed at 350 ° C. under N ₂ gas for 24 hours. Thus, an electrode having a CuGaO ₂ porous film (hereinafter referred to as a CuGaO ₂ electrode) was obtained. When the Hall coefficient of the obtained electrode was measured, a result suggesting p-type conductivity was obtained.

(Preparation of electrode 6)
Ink 3 was applied onto the CuGaO ₂ electrode electrode at 120 dpi by an ink jet apparatus having a piezo-type head to produce electrode 6.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-6 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-1 except that the electrode 1 was changed to the electrode 6.

[Production of Display Element 1-7]
(Preparation of electrolyte 2)
0.025 g of tetrafluoroborate spiro (1,1 ′)-bipyrrolidinium was dissolved in 2.5 g of Compound 12-4 to obtain an electrolytic solution 2.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-7 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-5 except that the electrolytic solution 1 was changed to the electrolytic solution 2.

[Production of Display Element 1-8]
(Preparation of electrolyte 3)
0.025 g of spiro (1,1 ′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate and 0.1 g of compound 2-29 were dissolved in 2.5 g of compound 12-4 to obtain an electrolytic solution 3.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-8 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-7, except that the electrolytic solution 1 was changed to the electrolytic solution 3.

[Production of Display Element 1-9]
(Preparation of electrolyte 4)
0.025 g of spiro (1,1 ′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate and 0.1 g of compound 3-1 were dissolved in 2.5 g of compound 12-4 to obtain an electrolytic solution 4.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-9 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-7, except that the electrolytic solution 1 was changed to the electrolytic solution 4.

[Production of Display Element 1-12]
(Preparation of electrode 12)
300 mg of compound 4-5, 600 mg of carbon powder (conductivity imparting agent), and 100 mg of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) were weighed and mixed. 4 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added here, and it stirred until it became a slurry form. The obtained slurry liquid was applied on the electrode 11 with a doctor blade so that the film thickness after drying was 1 μm, and then dried at 80 ° C. for 3 minutes to obtain an electrode 12.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-10 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-7, except that the electrode 11 was changed to the electrode 12.

[Production of Display Element 1-11]
(Preparation of electrolyte 5)
In 2.5 g of Compound 12-4, 0.025 g of tetrafluoroborate spiro (1,1 ′)-bipyrrolidinium and 0.1 g of Compound 5-4 were dissolved to obtain an electrolytic solution 4.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-11 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-7, except that the electrolytic solution 1 was changed to the electrolytic solution 5.

[Production of Display Element 1-12]
(Preparation of electrode 13)
300 mg of compound 6-15, 600 mg of carbon powder (conducting agent), and 100 mg of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) were weighed and mixed. 4 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added here, and it stirred until it became a slurry form. The obtained slurry liquid was applied on the electrode 11 with a doctor blade so that the film thickness after drying was 1 μm, and then dried at 80 ° C. for 3 minutes to obtain an electrode 13.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-12 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-7, except that the electrode 11 was changed to the electrode 13.

[Production of Display Element 1-13]
(Preparation of electrode 14)
300 mg of compound 7-5, 600 mg of carbon powder (conducting agent), and 100 mg of polyvinylidene fluoride (binder) were measured and mixed. 4 ml of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was added here, and it stirred until it became a slurry form. The obtained slurry liquid was applied on the electrode 11 with a doctor blade so that the film thickness after drying was 1 μm, and then dried at 80 ° C. for 3 minutes to obtain an electrode 14.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-13 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-7, except that the electrode 11 was changed to the electrode 14.

[Production of Display Element 1-16]
(Preparation of electrode 7)
The following ink 4 was applied onto a CuAlO ₂ electrode at 120 dpi by an inkjet apparatus having a piezo-type head, to produce an electrode 7.

(Preparation of ink liquid 4)
Ink liquid 4 was prepared by dissolving compound A-113 in acetonitrile / ethanol to 3 mmol / L.

(Production of display element)
Display element 1-16 was produced in the same manner as display element 1-8, except that electrode 5 was changed to electrode 7.

[Production of Display Element 1-17]
(Preparation of electrode 8)
Ink 3 was applied onto the CuGaO ₂ electrode at 120 dpi by an ink jet apparatus having a piezo-type head to produce electrode 8.
(Production of display element)
A display element 1-17 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-8, except that the electrode 5 was changed to the electrode 8.

[Production of Display Element 1-18]
(Preparation of electrode 9)
The following ink 5 was applied onto the CuAlO ₂ electrode at 120 dpi by an inkjet apparatus having a piezo-type head, and an electrode 9 was produced.

(Preparation of ink liquid 5)
Ink liquid 5 was prepared by dissolving compound A-115 in acetonitrile / ethanol to 3 mmol / L.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-18 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-8, except that the electrode 5 was changed to the electrode 9.

[Production of Display Element 1-19]
(Production of electrode 10)
Ink 5 was applied onto the CuGaO ₂ electrode at 120 dpi by an ink jet apparatus having a piezo-type head to produce electrode 10.

(Production of display element)
A display element 1-19 was produced in the same manner as the display element 1-8, except that the electrode 5 was changed to the electrode 10.

<< Evaluation of display element >>
(Display speed)
The reflectance at the maximum absorption wavelength in the visible light region when a voltage of +1.8 V was applied to the transparent electrode side for 1.5 seconds was measured using a spectrocolorimeter CM-3700d manufactured by Konica Minolta Sensing Co., Ltd. Reflectance was used as an index of color display speed. Here, the smaller the reflectance, the faster the display speed.

(Memory)
Reflectance R (measured by a spectrocolorimeter CM-3700d manufactured by Konica Minolta Sensing Co., Ltd.) at the maximum absorption wavelength in the visible light region when a voltage of +1.8 V was applied to the transparent electrode for 1.5 seconds. 0), and the difference from the reflectance R (10) when allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes was used as an index of memory property. Here, the smaller the difference in reflectance, the better the memory performance.

  The results obtained as described above are shown in Table 1.

  As is clear from the results shown in Table 1, it can be seen that a display element that satisfies the conditions of the present invention is excellent in display speed and memory performance.

Example 2
<< Production of display element >>
[Production of Display Elements 2-1 to 2-20]
(Preparation of electrolyte 6)
In 2.5 g of dimethyl sulfoxide, 0.1 g of bismuth chloride, 0.2 g of lithium bromide, and 0.025 g of tetrabutylammonium perchloride were dissolved to obtain an electrolytic solution 6.

(Preparation of electrolyte 7)
In 2.5 g of Compound 12-4, 0.1 g of silver p-toluenesulfonate, 0.2 g of Compound 11-12, and 0.025 g of spiro- (1,1 ′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate are dissolved. Thus, an electrolytic solution 7 was obtained.

(Preparation of electrolyte solution 8)
In 2.5 g of compound 12-4, 0.1 g of silver p-toluenesulfonate, 0.2 g of compound 10-3 and 0.025 g of spiro- (1,1 ′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate are dissolved. Thus, an electrolytic solution 7 was obtained.

(Preparation of electrolyte 9)
In 2.5 g of Compound 12-4, 0.1 g of silver p-toluenesulfonate, 0.2 g of Compound 11-12, 0.025 g of spiro- (1,1 ′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate and Compound 2 -29 was dissolved 0.1g, and the electrolyte solution 9 was obtained.

(Preparation of electrolyte 10)
In 2.5 g of Compound 12-4, 0.1 g of silver p-toluenesulfonate, 0.2 g of Compound 11-12, 0.025 g of spiro- (1,1 ′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate and Compound 3 -1 was dissolved to obtain an electrolytic solution 10.

(Preparation of electrolyte solution 11)
In 2.5 g of Compound 12-4, 0.1 g of silver p-toluenesulfonate, 0.2 g of Compound 11-12, 0.025 g of spiro- (1,1 ′)-bipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate and Compound 5 Electrolyte 11 was obtained by dissolving 0.1 g of -4.

(Production of display element)
Display elements 2-1 to 2-20 were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 with the combination of the electrode and the electrolyte shown in Table 2.

<< Evaluation of display element >>
In the same manner as in Example 1, the display speed and the memory property were evaluated.

  The results obtained are shown in Table 2.

  As is apparent from the results shown in Table 2, it can be seen that a display element that satisfies the conditions of the present invention is excellent in display speed and memory performance.

Claims (16)

At least one of the counter electrodes has a porous film of a p-type oxide semiconductor, and at least one compound selected from the following chemical formula is immobilized on the porous film of the p-type oxide semiconductor; and A display element that performs white display or colored display other than black by driving the counter electrode.

  The display element according to claim 1, wherein the p-type oxide semiconductor contains copper oxide or zinc oxide. The display element according to claim 1, wherein the compound represented by the general formula (A) has an adsorptive group that is chemically adsorbed or physically adsorbed on the electrode surface. The adsorptive group is —COOH, —P═O (OH) ₂ , —OP═O (OH) ₂ or —Si (OR) ₃ (R represents an alkyl group). The display element according to claim 3.   The display element according to claim 1, further comprising an N-oxyl derivative between the counter electrodes.   The display element according to claim 5, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is fixed to an electrode other than the porous electrode of the p-type oxide semiconductor. The display element according to claim 5, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is represented by the following general formula (1).

[Wherein, Ra and Rb are each independently an optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group, aromatic hydrocarbon group, heterocyclic group, or>C═O,>C═S,> C═N— A group bonded to a nitrogen atom via Rc is represented. Rc represents a hydrogen atom or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent. Ra and Rb may be connected to each other to form a cyclic structure. ] The display element according to claim 7, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is selected from compounds represented by the following general formulas (2) to (5).

[Wherein R ₂₁ , R ₂₂ , R ₂₃ , R ₂₄ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent, and Z ₁ Represents an atomic group necessary to form a cyclic structure. The atoms constituting R _{21 to} R ₂₄ and Z ₁ may be connected to each other to form a cyclic structure, and Z ₁ may further have a substituent. ]

[Wherein, R ₇ is an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic ring which may have a substituent, which is substituted directly or through an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom or a sulfur atom with a carbonyl carbon atom. R ₈ represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent. R ₇ and R ₈ may be connected to each other to form a cyclic structure. ]

[Wherein Z ₂ represents an atomic group necessary to form a cyclic structure, and may further have a substituent. ]

[Wherein, R _{9 to} R ₁₃ each independently represents an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group or a heterocyclic group which may have a substituent. ] The display element according to claim 7, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is a polymer having in its molecule a structure represented by the following general formula (6).

Wherein, X is structure that forms the main chain of the polymer, represents at least one selected from the following formulas ^{(6-1) ~ (6-4),} R 1 ~R 3 is independently Represents an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[Wherein R ⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ]

[Wherein, R ⁴ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ⁵ represents an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. ]

[Wherein, R ^{6 to} R ⁸ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ]

[Wherein, R ^{6 to} R ⁸ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and R ⁹ represents an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. ]] The display element according to claim 7, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is a polymer having in its molecule a structure represented by the following general formula (7).

[Wherein, R ¹⁰ represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R ¹¹ represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ] The display element according to claim 7, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is a polymer having in its molecule a structure represented by the following general formula (8).

[Wherein, R ¹² represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and R ^{13 to} R ¹⁵ each independently represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. ] The display element according to claim 7, wherein the N-oxyl derivative is a polymer having in its molecule a structure represented by the following general formula (9).

[Wherein R ^{16 to} R ²³ represent a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, and n represents an integer. ]   The metal salt compound and the compound represented by the general formula (A) are contained in the electrolyte, and black display, white display, and color display other than black are performed by driving the counter electrode. The display element of any one of 1-12.   The display element according to claim 13, wherein the metal salt compound is a silver salt compound. The display element according to claim 13 or 14 , wherein the electrolyte contains at least one compound represented by the following general formula (10) or (11).
General formula (10)
R ₂₆ -S-R ₂₇
[Wherein R ₂₆ and R ₂₇ each represents a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group. However, when a ring containing an S atom is formed, an aromatic group is not taken. ]

[Wherein, M represents a hydrogen atom, a metal atom or quaternary ammonium. Z represents a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring. n represents an integer of 0 to 5, and R ₂₈ represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylcarbonamide group, an arylcarbonamide group, an alkylsulfonamide group, an arylsulfonamide group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group Group, alkylthio group, arylthio group, alkylcarbamoyl group, arylcarbamoyl group, carbamoyl group, alkylsulfamoyl group, arylsulfamoyl group, sulfamoyl group, cyano group, alkylsulfonyl group, arylsulfonyl group, alkoxycarbonyl group, aryl Represents an oxycarbonyl group, an alkylcarbonyl group, an arylcarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, a carboxyl group, a carbonyl group, a sulfonyl group, an amino group, a hydroxy group or a heterocyclic group, and when n is 2 or more, each R ₂₈ may be the same or different, and may be linked to each other to form a condensed ring. ] The display element according to any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein the electrolyte contains at least one compound represented by the following general formula (12) or (13).

[Wherein, L represents an oxygen atom or CH ₂ , and R _{29 to} R ₃₂ each represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group, or an alkoxy group. ]

[Wherein, R ₃₃ and R ₃₄ each represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxyalkyl group or an alkoxy group. ]